handbook of evaporation technology

[...]... and operation of evaporator systems will help to reduce evaporator the cost of producing systems is a fruitful a product area for by evaporation achieving 1 reduced Upgrading energy of existing requirements 2 Evaporation Evaporation is the removal of solvent as vapor from a solution or slurry the overwhelming majority of evaporation systems the solvent is water objective is usually to concentrate... (5) capacity through better understanding of the mechanisms through more between unit efficient cleaning use of evaporator because of better types understanding of and fouling costs by modern fabrication techniques and larger size Lower maintenance better materials costs and improved of construction product as a result quality of better by use of understanding of corrosion (6) More logical (7) Better... amount The size and cost of of heat to be trans- is to be transferred under given 10 Handbook MODES of Evaporation OF HEAT The TRANSFER literature of heat transfer heat transfer: conduction, conduction and radiation only these two a temperature comply mechanisms mission ture, depend The the definition on mechanical the term from “heat three operation three, distinct modes of on the mere existence convection,... strictly of lower generally trans- tempera- accepted, not by one, but by several of these mechanisms simultaneously Conduction is the transfer of the same body, without appreciable occur in solids, of heat from one body displacement liquids, Radiation with or from of the particles exists between of a body to another in physical of the contact body part with Conduction it, can or gases is the transfer of. .. first as well a thermodynamic a process From involve the also on the It is evident of heat flow rate amount that this not at which of required on the the heat conditions 9 of heat to transfer energy of thermodytransferred change of analysis of the considers the heat of the rate of heat trans- is the key problem only law the energy type the determination difference depend the conversion second between nor... are of concern efficient bodies, to label boiling a subsequent and place are called are called also employed one elements separation, for con- or more sections term evaporator or one effect 5 Liquid Characteristics The practical application of evaporator technology is profoundly affected by the properties and characteristics of the solution to be concentrated Some of the most important properties of. .. currently of alternate and social available will disruption extend sources Efficient the time in sufficient utilization period during quantity to of the energy which new en- ergy sources can be developed Approximately 25% of the cost of products is the cost of energy to operate plants Energy is the fastest growing element of manufacturing cost Proper specification, design, and operation of evaporator... for agitated vessels can be predicted correlation: hDj/kl = a(L2NP~/~~)2’3(c~~~/k01’3 (~b//k)o’14 Dj = diameter of the agitated L = diameter of the agitator N where = speed of the agitator, The term “a” has the values below: vessel revolutions per hour using 18 Handbook of Evaporation Agitator Technology Type Surface a Jacket Coil Jacket Coil Jacket Coil Jacket 0.62 1 50 0.36 0.87 0.54 083 0.46 Turbine... which the vapor is contacted; corrosion of this same downstream equipment Inadequate separation may also result in pumping problems or inefficient operation due to unwanted recirculation (3) Make efficient use of the available energy This may take several forms Evaporator performance often is rated on the basis of steam economy-pounds of solvent evaporated per pound of steam used Heat is required to raise... solution; hence, the vapor is not the For The desired fore, product and may or may not be recovered evaporation producing usually a concentrated Evaporation drying, product to a solution highly ration viscous drying be a solid, with operations no attempt evaporation the the heat of the Evaporation concentrating of the Theresolvent known from a solution distillation is always be transferred in a liquid from . States of America by Noyes Publications Mill Road, Park Ridge, New Jersey 07656 1098765432 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Minton, Paul E. Handbook of evaporation technology. . evaporator type. Evaporation technology has often been proprietary to a few companies who de- sign evaporation systems. This situation has benefits, but it also has drawbacks to users of evaporation. of producing a product by evaporation. Upgrading of existing evaporator systems is a fruitful area for achieving reduced energy requirements. 1 2 Evaporation Evaporation is the removal of