DIEN DAN GIAO DUC TU HOC d TUOI HOC DUCiHG L£ HAI YEN Viec tu hpc va cac ky nang tu hpc d tudi hpc dudng hien nay ehua dupe ehu y dung mirc Nguyen nhan do ap luc qua tai cua npi dung chudng trinh, hpc[.]
DIEN DAN GIAO DUC TU HOC d TUOI HOC DUCiHG L£ HAI YEN Trucmg DHSP Ha Npi Viec tu hpc va cac ky nang tu hpc d thu hpc cae mdn Khoa hpe xa hpi (Van hpc, tudi hpc dudng hien ehua dupe ehu y dung Ljch sir, Giao due cdng dan, Dao dire, Chinh mirc Nguyen nhan ap luc qua tai cua npi trj, My thuat )? Tai hpe sinh thdi khong dung chudng trinh, hpc sinh cac cap hpe khdng thfch dpc sach? Ly giai ve dieu nay, cd the ed thdi gian va cung khdng mudn dpc sach, mpt sd nguyen nhan: khdng biet each dpc sach, khdng biet each tu - Mpt phan nhan td xa hpi, thdi hpe the nao cho hieu qua Cac thay ed giao it the he tre sdng thuc dung hdn, khdng hpe theo quan tam den viec hpc trd ed biet each tu hpc each tam chudng trfch cu, ngam nga thd phu khdng, phan nhieu chi quan tam xem eae em nhu cac eu thdi xua Ngay cdng nghe thdng ed thupc bai khdng tin, dien tir, khoa hpc ky thuat thay ddi tUng Trong bdi canh nhu the khd cd the ngay, tre em cd the ngdi sud't xem tivi, dao tao dupe mpt the he tre cd kha nang chu chdi game, ludt net Cd ngudi ndi vui rang chung dpng hpc hdi, nang dpng sang tao, cd dupe ta dang song a thoi @, dang d nen van minh eae ky nang cua the ki XXI de sau cd the ngon tro - dl chuqt may tinh va nen van minh hpc sudt ddi va xay dung mpt xa hpi hpc tap ngon cai - bam dien thoai di dong, nen chang thuc su Vi vay, nhung ngudi giao vien cae al muon doc sach Xu the hpi nhap kinh te cap hdn het phai cd trach nhiem di sau tim khie'n mpi ngudi deu phai vudn len nam vUng hieu viec tu hpc, cac ky nang tu hpc va tim khoa hpe, ky thuat va kinh te de tdn tai va mpi bien phap giup hpc sinh hieu biet va van canh tranh de lam giau dung cac ky nang tu hpc - Mat khac, ed the nhieu thay giao ed Khuyen khich tre em doc sach giao day cac mdn khoa hpc xa hpi theo kieu Mpt thue trang dang budn hien la nhol nhet, hpc thupc Idng mpt each vd cam, hpc sinh d mpi cap hpc deu rat it dpc sach irng phd vdi viec kiem tra de kieu trac Oe minh hpa cho thuc te nay, ngoai nhUng nghiem Thay ed chi chu trpng mat ndi dung nguyen nhan khaeh quan, chung ta thir di tim kien thurc, ture la ehi tap trung ITnh vuc them cae nguyen nhan khac cua hien trang tren: nhan thurc eua qua trinh tu ma quen mat Tai nhieu hpe sinh thdi khdng himg ITnh vuc xuc cam (cam xuc, tinh cam, y ehi, thai 10 DIEN DAN GlAO DUC dp, ung Xi! ), vay hpc trd cung chi hpc ddi Rieng ITnh vuc tinh cam, xuc cam dupe phd vdi diem sd, thi cir, hpe thupc Idng cho Bloom phan bac thang: Tiep nhan, xong chuyen! Dap lai, Gia trj hda, Td churc va Tfnh each hda Nha bac hpc B.Pascal cudn Tu Nhu vay, de qua trinh hinh nhan - Pensees -1670 da viet: Cd nhirng chan ly each ed hieu qua, viec nang cao nang lure tu dugc cam nhan tir cai tam (verite par le coeur) eua ngudi hpc d eae mdn hpc khoa hpc va nhUng chan ly thu dugc bang cai ly - suy xa hpi va nhan van khdng phai chi ddn thuan luan (verite par la raison) Cd le cae mdn khoa hpe xa hpi phai rat chu y tdi ITnh vuc tinh cam, truyen thu chan ly va kien thire bang cai tam cua thay cd giao, tU dd hpe trd mdi ed the thu nhan kien thirc bang cai tam sang va trd nen yeu thich cac mdn khoa hpe xa hpi Ma ed hirng thu, yeu thich mdn hpc thi mdi mong ket qua cd dupe chat lupng cao, mdi mong hpc trd humg thu tim va say me dpc sach la chu y cac ky nang day va hpc tren ITnh vuc nhan thurc (npi dung, kien thurc, tri thire ) ma dieu rat quan trpng la phai chu y nang cao ea ITnh vuc tinh cam (quan niem, cam xuc, tinh cam, y ehi, thai dp, irng xi^r, hinh nhan each ) eua ngudi hpc Vf du: Day ke chuyen d Tieu hpc thuc chat la day sang tao nghe thuat: nghe thuat trinh bay, diin dat, dung tU, lap luan Dd la su tich hpp cua tu ngdn ngU, nghe thuat va tu hpc ngdn tU, su cam nhan cai hay, cai dep Mdn De lam sang td cae quan diem tren, chung ta can xem xet them cae cac bac thang ve Tam ly hpc nhan thurc cua B Bloom Theo Tam ly hpc nhan thurc, dung nhu phep phan loai theo bac thang (B.Bloom) tu hpe ve khdng phai bien tat ca hpc trd hpa sT, mdn hat nhac khdng the mong tat ca hpc trd ca sT hay nhac sT, mdn Tieng Viet, Van hpe khdng phai de mong hpe trd sau ta't ca nha van, mdn Ke chuyen cua ngudi de hinh nhan each cung vay, khdng phai de mong hpc trd sau qua trinh phat trien phu thupc ea ITnh se trd cac MC Cac mdn hpc vuc: tren, muc tieu chfnh la xay mpt nen van hda - LTnh vue nhan thurc (kien thurc, tri thurc) cho cac em, bdi dudng de cac em biet dupe - LTnh vue tam ly van dpng (phan xa, nhung thao tac nghe thuat, cam thu va bieu tri giac, thich umg, ky nang, ky xao ) - LTnh vuc tinh cam (cam xuc, tinh cam, y chi, thai dp, urng xur ) cam dupe cai hay, cai dep, tang dupe kha nang giao tiep, vd'n tU ngu, vdn sd'ng, hieu biet xa hdi 11 DIEN DAN GIAO DUC Cai ehinh eua day Van, day Tieng Viet, each hpc quan trpng nhat, biet each dpc sach day Hpa, day Am nhac d Tieu hpc ndi rieng chinh la biet each ty hpc Do vay eae em hpc hay d bac phd thdng ndi chung la day ngudi sinh can danh nhung thdi gian thich dang de (day each sd'ng, each cam, each nghT - tha'y dpc sach Xa hpi, cac bac phu huynh, cac thay dupe cai hay cai dep, kha nang giao tiep ) giao, cd giao can cd nhieu hinh thire ddng Tat ca tac dpng rat manh tdi tam hdn cua tre gdp xay dung cac thu vien d nha trudng, xay Nhung em ham me dpc sach biet rung cam dung dan van hda dpc d eae thu vien, td trudc cai dep, cai thien se rat khd lam dieu ehirc cac chuyen de gidi thieu cac sach hay, xau, dieu ac, dd la van de rat quan trpng bd ich, gidi thieu cho cac em cae each dpc muc tieu giao due Cdn neu nhu sd eae sach, eae ky nang dpc sach va tra ciru tai em cd them nhung nang khieu bam sinh, hay lieu Lam dupe dieu nay, chung ta se gdp phat trien thien hudng d mpt ITnh vuc nao dd cdng sire xay dung nen van hda dpc, tao nen thi cang la dieu quy hda va may man nen mdng cho xa hpi hpc tap va hpe sudt ddi Vdi viec danh gia, thi eO hien nay, thay thyc sua Viet Nam Vai tro cua nghe - nhin ddi vdi va trd phai chay theo diem sd, thi eir, bang cap nen ta't ca thay va trd phai day va hpe kieu giao due thdi Ve tam quan trpng cua nghe - nhin, nhdi nhet, hpe nhu cai may de cdn ddi phd vdi cac kieu de trie nghiem, hpe thupc Idng ngudi xua da ndi: Tram nghe khong bang mot Thu bay, chu nhat, djp he lai phai di hpc them, thay, Giau hai mat, kho doi ban tay Nhieu luyen thi vao trudng chuyen Idp chpn Vdi cac nha su pham da tdng ket: nguyen nhan tren, viec dpc sach - van hda dpc * Kien thirc de'n vdi ngudi (do hpe va tu hpc d nha trudng hien khd ed the tap) la: 1% qua vj giac, 2% qua xuc giac, 3% thuc hien dupe qua khiru giac, 10% qua thinh giac, 83% qua Ai cung biet sach va dpc sach la giai thj giac phap va phuong tien ca ban nha't de giup * Kie'n thirc nhd dupe la do: 10% cai ngudi hpc tap Vi vay, theo chung tdi, ta dpc, 20% cai ta nghe, 30% cai ta tha'y, 50% chd dpi su giam tai npi dung ehudng trinh, cai ta tha'y va nghe, 90% cai ta ndi va lam nha trudng, cac thay giao, ed giao, cac bac phu huynh va xa hpi can djnh hudng cho eon em * Neu chi nghe se mau quen, neu dugc nhin se de nhd, neu dugc lam se chdng hieu chung ta biet yeu quy sach bdi sach la ket Cd the nhung dieu tdng ket tren cdn tinh tri tue cua cac tac gia Dpc sach la mpt cd nhieu tranh cai va cung cd the dieu hpc 12 DIEN DAN GIAO DUC dupe va nhd dupe hieu dupe cdn thude anh), hoac hang tram bai hat ban nhac hoac tirng ca nhan Song dieu chac chan ma tat ca 200.000 trang van ban, cung tren mpt dTa CD- mpi ngudi phai khang djnh dd la vai trd to ldn ROM tuong ty la mpt phan mem day hpe ma eua nghe - nhin giao due, dac biet ddi nhd sy trp giup eija may tfnh ta cd the ty hpe vdi tre nhd Tu cua tre em phai bat dau kien thirc cua ca mpt mdn hpc vdi nhOng kien tu true quan sinh dpng (bang nghe - nhin), rdi thire rat cao, eae thi nghiem ao, ca the gidi vi dan dan mdi den tu truu tupng dupe md va vT md cung dupe diin ta vdi ky thuat 3D Hien cdng nghe thdng tin, cac ky bang nhung am va hinh anh rat sd'ng thuat va phUdng tien truyen thdng dang tran dpng, nhieu dTa DVD, VCD ca mua nhac rat ngap va thay ddi tUng Viet Nam, cac hay, rat dep, nhieu trd ehai dien tir rat ly thu trudng hpc, eo sd giao due, hau khap cac ed va bd ich Chi each day 10 nam nhung chuyen quan cdng sd deu da dupe trang bj may vi nhu the la hoang dudng ddi vdi mpi ngudi tinh Cae trudng dai hpc, eao dang, va nhieu Song ben canh niem hanh phue ay, xa hpi va trudng phd thdng da dupe ndi mang, tham chi eae bac phu huynh cung dang rat lo lang ve cd ca ke hoach dua tin hpe ve vdi 20 trieu nhung am va hinh anh xd bd ndi cac nien ndng thdn Nhung mua nhieu may quan karaoke va trd chdi dien tO dang mpe len vi tinh, md nhieu trang w/eb, rdi ndi mang de nhu nam, nhung dTa VCD bay ban tran ngap lam gi neu khdng ed nhung npi dung, thdng tren nhung via he dudng phd Lieu em tin bd ieh (eae trang web, CDR, phan mem, chung ta cd tieu tdn qua nhieu thdi gian trudc sach dien tO ed chat lupng) de truy cap, de man hinh hay bj nhung ddng thae am khai thae Dieu dd ed khac nao xa hpi cung va hinh anh nguy hai nhan chim? cap rat nhieu xe may dep va tdt nhung lai khdng edgiptxang nao! Lucien Febvre gpi thdi dai Phuc la Nen van minh cCia Sach, cdn nhieu ngudi Vay chung ta can nhan thurc nhu the nao ve vai trd eua nghe - nhin de phat huy tdt hieu qua eua nd? Trudc tien, nghe - nhin la mpt cdng ndi hien la Nen van minh ctja Hinh anh eu su pham Ngudi ta tim kiem phuang thurc va Am Vdi nhUng tien bp nhanh chdng khai thae hinh anh va am de truyen dat cua tin hpe va dien ti!r, hien chung ta dupe kien thire cho hpc sinh Hien nhien, cung vdi xem truyen hinh true tiep nhung tran da bdng cdng nghe mdi, dya tren eo sd dien tir hpc va d phia ben ban eau, xem mpt dTa VCD tin hpe (truyen thdng da phuong tien, phan chira dupe tdi 80 phut phim (am va hinh mem day hpc) giup giao vien nhieu phuang 13 DIEN D A N GIAO DUC tien nam bat dupe cac khai niem ehu chdt qua vol truyen thdng, cd du nang lye thich nghi tai nghe mat thay Vupt khdi viec sir dung vdi lupng tdi da thdng tin gdc xua't phat tU nghe - nhin nhu mdt phUdng tien day hpc, cd tam nhin ca nhan tiep xuc vdi bat ky kieu mpt muc tieu quan trpng hon cac muc tieu tai lieu truyen thdng nao Can luu y la cac nham cai thien hieu sua't su pham la: muc tieu ve giao due bang media gap gd vdi * Hpe de trd mpt khan gia nang dpng, mpt nha kham pha ty lap va mpt vien cua giao luu truyen thdng cae mue tieu ehung eua giao due bao gdm: a Giao due khuyen khich sy phat trien ea nhan eua timg hpc sinh * Sir dung hinh anh nghe - nhin nhu b Giao due din dat tre kien tao tri mpt cdng cu eua tri tue de ngudi hpe trd thurc, phai dinh hudng cho tre cd dupe mpt vj mpt khan gia nang dgng, mpt nha kham tri tich eye ddi sdng xa hpi pha ty lap va mpt vien cua giao luu truyen thdng, vi tre em hdm se la ehu c Giao due phai hudng din tre trd cdng dan cd trach nhiem xa hpi nhan eua mai Ngudi cdng dan eua the d Dae biet giao due la mpt cdng cu k^ 21 la ngudi bi bao vay bdi phudng tien va phudng tien rat quan trpng khuyen khich truyen thdng Nhan each tien hda mpt tre em say me ty hpe vu tru van vu khdng ngUng bien eon ngudi trd ke tiep nhan cac thdng diep nghe va nhin dupe thiet lap nham muc dich tao hieu ung cho tn thurc, tinh cam, thai dp va ung xu Nha trudng the ky XXI, khdng Cac dang hoc lieu nghe - nhin giup hoc sinh hutig thu va say me tur hoc Vay hien ed nhung loai hpc lieu nghe - nhin gi giup cac em thu va say me ty hpc? the ne tranh dupe ma can ren giua cho mdi Trong khudn khd mpt bai bao ngan, hpe sinh trd mpt khan gia nang dpng, ed the din mpt vai vi du: Vdi phan mem mpt nha kham pha ty lap va mpt vien Kidsmart danh cho tre em lira tudi miu giao cua giao luu truyen thdng Khdng nhung phai (do cdng ty may tinh IBM tai trp), hinh anh am phdng chdng cho tre em nhung dieu bat lai, sdng dpng kich thich trf td md khien tre giup tre chdng lai dupe cac tac nhan gay anh hang say tim tdi kham pha, vUa chdi vua hpc hudng tieu eye hoac xao thuat me hoac cua Nd chia npi dung bao gdm: Ngdi nha truyen thdng, ma cai chfnh la ren luyen de tre khoa hoc, Ngdi nha khdng gian thoi gian, Ngdi trd ngudi ed du kha nang cua mpt nha toan hgc, Ngdi nha sach va Nhurng khan gia ehu ddng cd tinh sang tao doi dien vat biet nghi Mdi ngdi nha la mpt kho tang 14 DIEN DAN GIAO DUC kien thuc day ap nhung hinh anh va am ty nhien ly thu va cae kien thue mdi me day hap din, kfch thfch tri td md eua tre khien cae sdng dpng Dd chinh la nen mdng cho nhung chau vui hpe say me tim tdi kham pha the gidi tu sang tao sau eua tre siirJ'j:TTJ^:~:r:r^'.:if^'tSf*;'rr~f ^.: Hpe tdt cac mdn Tie'ng Viet, Ljch sir, Toan, Khoa hpc Idp tren may tinh Hpe cd kem am va hinh anh nen cudn hut cae em say me ty hpc Phan mem vUa chdi vua hpc: Phdng thi nghiem cua tre em cho hpc sinh Tieu hpc va THCS ty thyc nghiem theo chu diem vdi 30 tinh hudng CiJiiru J i M d iiiito- a * SI sii SI J-lMi ,iiilJô.d &fiSl ã ^ ilCU'l'itU'ilGMIOil^ ã A ELECIKDNIC^ - $ E 'aMPlES - ^ ELEtTBOmcS QSKroSCILlAIOR.I Q'K OSCILIAIOR ; Q ACfltCIIFIEFl1 QAC.ReCTiriERJ Q •iC.nECTIFIER.J QaOUEH RcM_IR(JiSWlTeH_fiE CAf AnilOR_UIS.CrtAfiC S C0lHI£fi_n.T0.9 Q C0l)IIIEFl_0.IO.M O DAflllHOIOH.PWft B tiECAK.COUNItfi 0II.1MEH.1.WIICH QLAj;iiiiiG_Lir.ni * ^ -!] :;j ' j " _ic e Linm.ocpison.i u&HT^iEhiOR.; ^ SirtiitRsii- ^OHi Phan mem Toan de ve dd thi, tfnh tfch phan, giai phuong trinh •333v-Z3K5^i Cae sach dien tir de hpc Dien, Quang, Hda Nhu vay d tat ea cac mdn hpc, cae vien dien tir cho cac em Bac hpe THCS va cap hpe deu ed the xay dyng cac sach dien THPT cd rat nhieu phan mem de ty hpc Vi tu, phan mem vdi cac am va mau sac du: Phan mem New/ Media md phdng hang hap din khien cac em hUng thu va say me ty tram thi nghiem ao ve Ly - Hda - Sinh - Cdng hpc, hieu dupe ban chat khoa hpe eua bai hpe nghe ehira mpt dTa CDR theo cac chu Rat mong nganh giao due sdm cd nhieu thu diem sau: 15 DIEN DAN GIAO DUC - Quan sat chuyen dpng cua nguyen tir - Trang thai vat chat - Cae hien tupng dien hda - Cae nguyen td phan hdp chat - Tim hieu tdc dp phan umg - Bang tuan hoan nguyen td hda hpc - Chuyen hda dudng mau - Hd hap, hoat ddng eua tim - Co ehe di truyen va phan bao - Quang hpc va trdn mau - Vai trd cua quang hpp - Thue an eua loai vat - Ban chat cua hdn hpp va hpp chat - Cae phan umg nhdm va Halogen -Ldphan ung - ^ - Cac nguyen td phdng xa - Ca'u true cac dem chat va hpp chat •' - Dau - Cac dang phan umg - TU ta/dng va may phat dien - Hien tupng phdng xa Chac chan rang neu dupe hpe bang cae phan mem hpc sinh se rat humg thu say me ty hpc tu dd hieu ban chat khoa hpe eua cac bai hpc mpt each sau sac va hieu qua cao Phai den hon mpt tram nam sou Truyen Kieu cua Nguyen Du doi moi co mpt bdc sT" khdm phd rdng ndng Kieu co mpt dua Vi thay thuo'c mdt toy ndy chinh Id nhd vdn Vu Hgnh Trong cud'n Doc lai Truyen Kieu cua ong, ong da khdng dinh dieu ndy dya vdo mpt cdu tho cua NguySn Du: That l