NGHlfav c u u CHU N G I H A M A C l i M N , TU TUONG HO Cffl MINH QUAN DIEM CUA CHU NGHIA M A C • LENIN vol sir phat trien giao dye • dao tgo a nuoc ta hien nay PGS, TS NGUYEN DUY BAG* 1 Tif nhflng tu[.]
NGHlfav c u u CHU N G I H A M A C - l i M N , TU TUONG HO Cffl MINH QUAN DIEM CUA CHU NGHIA MAC • LENIN vol sir phat trien giao dye • dao tgo a nuoc ta hien PGS, TS NGUYEN DUY BAG* Tif nhflng tu tudfng ciia C Mac va Ph Angghen v4 giao due Trong qua trinh binh thknh chu nghia vkt bien chiing vk chu nghia vat lich su, C Mac vk Ph Angghen da rit quan tam dg'n vln dl giao due Trude hg't, hai dng da phg phan nha trubng tu san tir gd'c ri kinh t l - xa hpi cua nd vk ciing tir dd nhin thiy tfnh chat giai d p cua giao due vk ban chit xa hdi cua giao due: "Nhifng ngubi lao ddng khdng nhifng vl mat thi chat vk tri tug, mk ca vl mat dao due diu bi giai d p thd'ng tri bd roi vk phd mac cho so mgnh Ngubi ta chi dung ed mdt phuong thuc giao due dd'i vdi hp (nhkn dkn lao ddng - NDB) - dd Ik cai roi, mdt sue manh thd bao khdng thi thuyg't phuc dupe mk chi dl dpa nat Tdn giao da thknh co sd cua tokn bd nin giao duc"^ Tir nam 1839 dg'n 1844, C Mac vk Ph Angghen eiing da Hgn tig'p cdng kfch tinh trang lac hau cua nhk trubng d Pho vk d Anh Nhifng nam sau dd Ik thbi ky hinh thknh hpc thuye't C Mac Trong mdt loat tac pham kinh diin nhu: Tinh d n h cua giai d p lao ddng d Anh (1845), He tu tudng Diic (1845 -1846), Su ban ciing cua trilt hoc (1847), Tuygn ngdn cua Dang Cdng san (1848) vk nhiing tac phim tilp theo nhu Tu bin (1867), Chdng Duyrinh (1877) nhiing tutuong mac sung Nhiing luan dilm coban vl nin giao due mac xft cua C Mac vk Ph Angghen cd thi dupe nhan thay trgn d c khia canh co ban: Thd nhdt, ban chat ngubi Ik td'ng hba d c quan he xa hdi Bk't cu nin giao due nko cung d c dieu kien kinh t l - xa hdi quyg't dinh Ti vay, chifc nang cua bit cif nin giao due nko ciing Ik nhim xky dung eon ngubi cua xa hdi dd vk cung co mdt chi dd xa hdi nhit dinh "Ngubi cdng san khdng bia tac ddng xa hdi dd'i vdi giao due; hp chi thay dd'i tinh chat cua tac ddng ly vk keo giao due khdi anh hudng cua giai d p thd'ng tri mk thdi"^ Sau nky, V.I Lenin eiing dk nhilu lin phg phan quan dilm tu san: "Ndi nhk trubng dung ngoki cudc sd'ng, ngoki chfnh tri Ik ndi dd'i vk lua bip"^ Nhu vay, theo chu nghia Mac, giao due gin liln vdi chfnh tri, gin liln vdi thi chi nha nude vk phuc vu thi chi nhk nude dd Giao due each mang giai cap vd san lanh dao nhkm cai tao xa hdi cii, xay dung xa hdi mdi Thu hai, suhinh thknh, phat triln vk hokn thien ngubi nam md'i quan he giifa ngubi vk Z'^^^^J^^.'^^.Z^^^^^ 545, ^^^ xit v l giao due da duoc hinh thknh vk phat t r i l n bo C Mic, Ph Angghen: Tuyen ngdn cua Bang Cdng san, ', Tuydn tip, t 1, Nxb Suthit, H, 1980, tr 563 ' Viin Vin hda vi Phit triin Hoc viin Chfnh trf - Hinh chfnh C Mic, Ph Angghen, V I Linin, J V Stalin: Bin vi giio due, Nxb Suthit, H, 1976, tr 139 Qudcgia Hd ChfMinh 15 NGHIEN CUU CHU NGHJAMAC - LENIN, TU TUONG HO CHI MINH hokn canh "Con ngubi tao hokn canh, hokn canh eiing tao ngubi"* Trong Luan cuong vl L Phoiobic, C Mae da chi rd, ng'u chi ndi ngubi big'n dd'i giao due thi ngubi ta da qudn mdt dilu Ik, trude hg't nhifng ngubi phai big'n dd'i hokn canh vk ban than nhk giao due eiing ein phai dupc giao due Tu dd, "sir phu hpp giifa sir thay dd'i cua hokn canh vdi boat ddng cua ngubi chf ed thi dupc quan niem vk dupc hilu mdt each hpp ly coi dd la thuc tiin each mang"^ C Mae ciing da phg phan quan dilm vat chu nghia ciia L Phoiobac: "Khuyet dilm chu yg'u, tir trude cho dg'n nay, ciia mpi chu nghia vat (kl ca ehu nghia vat cua Phoiobic) la sur vat, hien thuc, d i cd thi cam giac dupc chi dupc nhan thuc dudi hinh thifc khach thi hay hinh thiic trurc quan, chif khdng dupc nhan thuc Ik boat ddng cam giac eua ngubi, Ik thurc tiin, khdng dupc nhan thurc ve mat chii quan"^ Theo C Mac, ngubi hinh thknh vk phat triln qua trinh boat ddng thuc tiin nhkm cai tao thi gidi vk eai tao ban thkn minh: "Dd'i vdi nhk vat thurc tiin tire Ik dd'i vdi ngubi cdng san thi tit ca vln dl Ik d chd each mang hda thi gidi hien ed Tan edng vk thay dd'i mdt each thurc tiin trang thai su vat mk minh tha'y"'' Nhu vay, chinh thurc tiin se cai tao vk giao due ngubi mdt each triet dl each mang nha't Thd ba, cdng tac giao due Ik mdt bd phan hpp thknh eua deb mang xa hdi chu nghia vk cua cdng cudc xay dung ehu nghia xa hdi C Mac cho rang: "Dii thi nhirng ngubi cdng nhkn tign tig'n nhit ciing hokn tokn nhkn thurc tuong lai cua giai d p hp vk dd cua ca loki ngubi, hokn tokn thudc vko viee giao due the he edng nhkn dang Idn Ign"® Ph Angghen eiing chi rd, mdt nhung eon dubng din tdi ehu nghia cdng san Ik: "Giao due thdng nhk nudc cap kinh phf eho tat ca tre em, khdng trir mdt ngoai le nko, mdt nin giao due thd'ng nhk't cho tat ea mpi ngubi, tig'n hknh cho din liia tuoi mk ngubi ta ed thi trd thknh mdt thknh vign ddc lap cua xa hdi"^ vk "dd'i vdi tit ea d c tre em khdng d n dg'n sir chkm sdc cua ngubi me nifa thi dua vko giao due d e CO quan nhk nudc vk bang sir dki thp cua nhk nude Kg't hpp viee giao due vdi lao ddng cdng xudng"^" "Cdng tac giao due se 1km cho nhung ngubi tre tuoi cd kha nang nim viing nhanh chdng tokn bd he thd'ng san xua't thuc tiin, 1km eho hp cd thi lin lupt 16 chuyin tu ngknh san xuat nky sang nganh san xukt np tiiy theo nhu d u cua xa hdi hoac theo sd thfeh cua ban than hp 1km eho nhiing thknh vidn xa hdi dd ed kha nkng su dung mdt each tokn dien nang luc phat triln tokn dien cua minh"^^ "Giao due cdng cdng vk khdng mit tien cho ta't ca d c tre em Xda bd viec tre em lam viec d e cdng xudng nhu hien Kg't hpp giao due vdi san xua't vat chat"^^ v.v Nhuvay, C Mac vk Ph Angghen cho rang, dudi ehi dp mdi phai thuc hien cap giao due, phai kg't hpp giao due vdi lao ddng san xult C Mac xac dinh ndi dung eua nin giao due mdi bao gom ba dilu: "Thif nhat, giao due tri lire; thif hai, giao due thi luc; thu ba, huln luyen bach khoa (giao due ky thuat vk giao due nghi nghigp - NDB) "Viee kg't hpp giifa lao ddng san xuat dupc tra cdng, giao due tri lire, giao due thi lure vk huln luyen bach khoa se nang giai d p cdng nhan Ign cao hon rat nhilu so vdi trinh dd ciia giai d p quy tdc vk tu san"^^ Thd tu, theo C Mac, Ph Angghen, ehu nghia tu ban dk bie'n ngubi cdng nhan thknh mdt bd phan cua may mdc, su thknh thao vl mdt mat nao dd se din dg'n sir huy hoai cac nang luc khae Trong mdt chimg mue phat triln nhk't dinh cua dai cdng nghiep thi dilu dd da 1km cho nkng suit lao ddng dupc tang nhanh, cung vdi nd Ik gia tri thang du Song din liic chfnh ban thkn sir phat triln cua dai edng nghiep se dbi hdi cd "sur van ddng cua d e chuc nang, sudi ddng tokn dien cua ngubi lao ddng"-^* Vk chi cd dudi chu nghia cdng san ygu clu khach quan cua nin dai cdng nghiep va nhung quan he xa hdi mdi mdi ed thi dam bao cho Sdd, tr C Mic: Luan cuang vi Phoiabac, Tuyen tip, 1.1, tn 25 Sdd, tr 252 C Mic, Ph Angghen: He tu tudng BUc, Tuyin tip, 1.1, 284 C Mic: NhOng chi thj cho cic dai bleu cua Hdi ding , Tuyen t$p, t 3, Nxb Suthit, H, 1980, tr 135 Ph Angqhen: Tmh canh cda giai cip lao ddng dAnh, C Mac - Ph Angnghen: Toin tip, t 2, Nxb CTQG, H, 1993, 629 10 Ph Angghen: NhOng nguyen If cua chu nghTa cgng sa Tuyen tip, t 1, Nxb Suthit, H, tr 456 11 Sdd, tr 460 _ 12 C Mic, Ph Angghen: Tuyin ngdn cua Bang Cdng sin, Tuyen tap, t 1, Nxb Suthit, H, 1980, tr569 13 C Mic: NhCing chi thf cho cic dai biiu cua Hdi ding lim thdi , Tuyen tip, t 3, Nxb Suthit, H, 1980, tr 185 -186 14 C Mic, Ph Angghen, Vf Lenin, J V Stalin: Bin vi due, NxbSuthit, H, 1976, tr 56 NGmfeNCUU CHU NGHJAMAC-llNIN, TU TUONG HO CHI MINH ngubi dupc phat triln tokn dien, dam bao "su phat trien tur cua mdi ngubi Ik dilu kien cho su phat triln tur eua tit ca mpi ngubi"^^ Xa hdi mdi dam bao cho ngubi "di kha nkng phat triln vk van dung dupe tokn bd d c nang khilu thi lue vk tri lue cua minh vl ta't cadcmat"!^ Ngn giao due mdi, ed kha nkng cao nha't viec dko tao ldp ngubi lao ddng mdi, phat triln tokn dien, bang sur tilp thu tokn bd tri thue tfeh liiy dupe cua loki ngubi tir trude dg'n vk sir kg't hpp lao ddng san xult vdi giao due tri luc, giao due thi luc vk huln luyen bach khoa Trong Chi thi gui d e dai bilu cua Hpi dong lam thbi (1866), C Mac da dat Ign hkng diu nhiem vu giao due tokn dien Trong cudc tranh luan vdi Duyrinh, Ph Angghen cung nhk'n manh d n day - hpe nhifng tri thue ly thuyg't mdt each hg thd'ng vk khoa hpc Ph Angghen phg phan "nhifng Ibi rdng tulch d giang dubng vk trgn diin dkn"^'' eua nhk trubng tusan Den nhifng nguydn tac chi dao cua V.L L^nin vl nin giao due xa hoi chu nghia Sau da giknh dupe chinh quyln vko tay Xd vilt vk budc diu thig't lap nin dan ehu xk hdi chii nghia, V.I Lgnin quan tkm dac biet dg'n van dl xay dung vk phat triln nin vkn hda vk giao due mdi Ngubi ludn tran trd, mong mud'n nhanh chdng cd dupc mdt trinh dd van hda cao cua nhan dan, mdt nin vkn minh tinh thin ciia xa hdi, mdt hg thd'ng giao due phat triln cua dat nude vk nhanh chdng khic phuc tinh trang "ban dk man", td'i tkm, l^c hau, "tinh trang thig'u van hda ed tfnh chat nifa A chau", trinh dp hpc van thap kem cua dan cu, dac biet Ik cua ndng dkn Ngubi da nhilu lin khang dinh, d i mk each mang, da't nude dang thig'u nhat dl xay dung chu nghia xa hdi Ik mdt trtnh dp vkn hda, mdt trtnh dp hpc van cin thie't Mua xukn 1918, ban so thao diu tign bki vig't "Nhifng nhiem vu trude mkt cua chinh quyln Xd vig't", V.I Lgnin dk ndi: "Khdng cd nin san xukt Idn CO khf, khdng ed mdt mang ludi dubng sat, buu dien vk dien bao tuong dd'i phat trien, khdng cd mdt mang ludi d c co quan giao due qud'c dkn it nhilu phat triln, thi tuyet dd'i khdng thi giai quye't mdt each cd he thd'ng vk trgn quy md tokn dan"^® nhiem vu nang cao nkng suit lao ddng ciing nhu nhiem vu phan phd'i san pham xk hdi dl thuc hien sir qua dp tur xk hdi tu ban chu nghia sang xk hdi xa hdi chu nghia Trong ban dl cuong, y trdn dky dupc diin dat mdt each noi bat: "Dung ca hai tay mk Ik'y nhiing d i tdt nhk't eua nude ngoki: chinh quyln Xd vig't + trat tur d dubng sit Pho + ky thuat vk each to chuc d c tOTot d My + ngknh giao due qud'c dkn My v.v vk v.v + ? = chu nghia xa hdi"^^ Dac biet, thbi ky thuc hien chfnh sach kinh tg mdi, mong mud'n vk quyg't tkm nkng cao trtnh dp hpc vln vk van hda cua nhkn dan, ckng dupc thi hien manh me, kha'n thig't hlu he't cac bao chfnh tri quan trpng cua Ngubi: "Mau chd't liic nky" (mit xfeh = suxa each giifa d c nhiem vu vl dai dup'c giao phd vk su ngheo nkn khdng nhiing vl vkt chit mk d vl van hda)^" Dam bao thknh cdng eua dch mang xa hdi chu nghia ne'u nhuta cd du cai gi ? Cd du "trtnh dp van hda!!!"^^ "Hokn tokn cd du cac phuong tien kinh tlvk chfnh tri dixky dung nin tang cua xa hdi xk hdi chu nghia Thig'u d i gi ? Trtnh dp van hda, tki nang"22 Ckng cd nhanh dupc cai dd (tuc la tri thirc, hpe van, van hda, nkng luc quan ly, kinh doanh, v.v ) thi ckng cd dilu kien thukn lpi dl nkng cao nkng suk't lao ddng, dl quan ly kinh doanh cd lai, dlxky dung xa hdi xa hdi chu nghia, dl vut bd "nhifng cai ung nhpt cua xk hdi cu" Ik te quan hgu, nan tham nhiing, thdi lubi bid'ng, ll ml, vd trach nhiem "Trgn thurc chat khdng thi dung nhifng thang lpi quan sur vk nhiing d i each chinh tri dl chifa khdi cac ung nhpt ky, mk chi cd nkng cao trinh dp van hda len mdi cd thi chifa khoi dupc"^^ Nhifng trd ngai khd khkn, nhifng vk'p vap sai lam tid'n trinh each mang deu cd nguIn gd'c sku xa la trinh dp hilu bie't, trinh dp hpc vln, trinh dp vkn hda cua nhkn dkn lao ddng cbn qua thk'p kem Chinh vi vay, nhifng bki vidt cud'i dbi, V.I Lgnin dk tha thig't kgu gpi: "Chung ta budc phai thira 15 C Mac, Ph Angghen: Tuyen ngdn cua Bang Cdng sin Tuyen tip, 1.1, Nxb Suthit, H, 1980, tr 569 16 C Mic, Ph Angghen, V.I Lenin, J V Statin: Bin v due, Nxb Suthit, H, 1976, tr 38 17 Ph Angghen: Chdng Duyrinh, Tuyin tip, t 5, tr 15 18 Linin: Toin tip, t 36, Nxb Tidn bg, M, ban tidng Viet, tr 163 19 Sdd, tr 684 20 Sdd, t 45, tr 474 21 Sdd, t 36, tr 466 22 Sdd 23 Sdd, t 44, tr 215 17 NGHIM c u u CHU NGHJAMAC- LENIN, TUTUONG HO CHI MINH nhkn la tokn bd quan dilm cua ehiing ta ve chu nghia xk hdi da thay dd'i ve can ban Sir thay dd'i dd Ik d chd trpng tkm cua chiing ta da chuyin sang boat ddng van hda giao due Ng'u gac tinh binh qud'c tlra mk ehi ndi de'n quan he kinh t l nudc cua chiing ta thi trpng tkm edng tac cua chiing ta hien qua that la xoay vko boat ddng van hda giao duc"^* V.I Lgnin hilu rang, mud'n xay dung chu nghia xa hdi thknh cdng mdt nude thi nudc dd d n phai cd mdt trinh dp vkn hda d n thilt: "Bky gib chiing ta d n hokn thknh cudc dch mang van hda Ik dii dl eho nudc ta trd thknh mdt nudc hokn tokn xk hdi ehu nghia Nhiing cudc dch mang vkn hda ay dd'i vdi chiing ta cd nhifng khd khkn khdng thi tudng tupng dupe, vl mat thuin vkn hda (chiing ta bi mu chif) cung nhu vl mat vkt chit (bdi vi mud'n trd thknh ngubi cd van hda thi tu heu vat chit dl sai so phai phat triln tdi muc nko dd, chiing ta phai cd mdt co sd vkt cha't nhit dinh nkodd"25 Cai chu ylu, d i trpng tkm vk ciing Ik d i tiln dl cho sir phat triln van hda, theo quan dilm cua Lgnin, Ik viec phat triln giao due, Ik toan nan mu chif, Ik xay dung mdt he thd'ng giao due qud'c dkn phat triln, Ik md cac trubng hpc rdng khap ea nudc, nhk't Ik d ndng thdn vk cac vung beo lanh, Ik phat triln d c hoat ddng giao due nhk trubng vk ngoki nha trubng cho tre em vk ngubi Idn: "Mud'n dd'i mdi bd may nhk nudc cua chiing ta, phai co hg't sue tu dat cho minh nhiem vu sau day: Mdt Ik hpc tap, hai Ik hpc tap, ba Ik hpe tap mai vk sau nura, phai 1km cho hpc thue dnude ta khdng nam trgn gily phai 1km cho hpe thuc that sir an sku vko tri nko, hokn tokn vk thuc tltrd thknh mdt bd phan khkng khft cua cudc sd'ng cua chiing ta"^^ Ngubi dk tung trao dd'i y kig'n vdi Clara Zetkin: "Trude hg't cin lam cho viec hpc hknh vk viec giao due cua nhan dan dupc cap rdng rai Nhuvay Ik tao dupc mieng dk't d n thie't cho vkn hda, tat nhien, vdi dilu kien Ik banh kn da dupc bao dam roi - trgn mig'ng dk't dd se mpc Ign mdt nin nghe thuat that su mdi me, that sir vl dai"^'' Ngubi da tkm sir ring, Ngubi hokn tokn khdng hi danh gia tha'p nhifng thknh turu mdi cua kich, vii kieh, ca kieh, nhiing triln lam d e tac pham hdi hpa vk didu khac vl dai, song Ngubi da "thii that rang viec xay dung vki ba trubng so d p , d ndng thdn heo lanh 1km tdi thich thii hon Ik mdt hien vat tuyet 18 my mdt cudc triln lam Sur phat triln trinh dp chung cua quan chiing se tao ndn mieng dat vifng chic vk Iknh manh, tren dd se Idn Ign nhifng lire lupng hau vk vd tkn cho nghe thuat, khoa hpc vk ky thuat phat trie'n"^ Ngubi ludn ludn ban khoan, day dut, vdi mdt tam trang nkng nl, vl tinh trang lac hau vl van hda, kem phat triln vl giao due, ve nan thig'u trubng, thig'u ldp cho tre em d nudc Nga thbi bay gib: "Chiing tdi thilu vubn tre, nhk nudi tre mo cdi, vk thig'u trubng so cap! Hkng trieu eon em Idn Ign mk khdng dupe hpc hknh vk giao due Cac em vkn chiu dot nat vk thie'u vkn hda nhu cha dng d c em ngky trude, bidt bao tki nkng bi mai mpt bkng each dd, big't bao hoki bao vuon Ign anh sang bi vui dap! Dd Ik mdt tdi ac ghg gdm dd'i vdi hanh phiic cua t h i he mdi, gidng nhu tdi trdm d p tki san eua qud'c gia Xd vig't, la qud'c gia se bie'n thknh mdt xk hdi cdng san chu nghia day ehifa dung mdt nguy co ghg gdm"^^ Ngubi khang dinh: "Nkng eao trtnh dd vkn hda, Ik mdt nhifng nhidm vu buc thig't nhk't Viec giao due chfnh tri dbi hdi chung ta du the nko di nifa ciing phai nkng cao trinh dp van hda Idn Mdt ngubi khdng big't chif Ik ngubi diing ngoki chfnh tri"30 Trong tu tudng cua Lgnin ve cdng tae giao due vk dko tao thi nhk trubng giif vi tri cue ky quan trpng vk quylt dinh Theo hoi ky cua A Lunatsarski (uy vidn nhkn dkn phu trach vkn hda - giao due thbi Ldnin), Dai hdi Giao due qudc dkn diu tign cua nudc Nga Xd viet (28 - -1918), V.I Lgniji da ndi, d n phai dem hg't edng sue, nghi luc vk hilu bie't dl xky dung ckng nhanh chdng nhk trubng lao ddng tuong lai eua chiing ta, mk chi cd nd mdi ed thi giif ^ n eho chiing ta tuong lai thoat khdi mpi cudc xung ddt vk chien tranh the gidi Trong nhk trubng lao ddng tuong lai dd, "viec hpc tap, huan luyen vk giao due cho nhiing thihg mdi, khdng thiy nguygn nhu trude dupc", mk trai lai, "chi ed cai tao triet dl viec hpe tap, to ehuc vk giao due cho nien thi chiing ta mdi cd thi 1km cho nhiing 24 Sdd, t 45, tr 428 25 Sdd tr 429 26 Sdd tr 444 27 Lenin vi van hda vi cich mang van hda, Nxb Tiin bd, M ban tieng Viet, tr 176-177 28,29 Sdd 30 Linin: Toin tip, t 44, Nxb Tidn bd, M, ban tieng Wit, tr 218 NGHIEN CUU CHU NGHIA MAC - LENIN, TU TUONG HO Cffl MINH cd ging cua thi hg tre dat dupc din kit qua Ik sang tao mdt xa hdi khdng giong xa hdi eii, nghia Ik sang tao xa hdi cdng san"^! Cac phuong hudng xky dung nhk trubng mdi vk phat triln nin giao due xa hdi chu nghia V.I Lgnin khdi thao da dupc ngu Ign thknh d c nguygn tkc chi dao boat ddng nhk trubng vk sur nghigp giao due qud'c dan Cuong linh cua Dang Cdng san Nga (ma V.I Ldnin dk chi dao viec soan thao, bo sung vk sua chiia)^^ Nhung yeu clu cuong Unh ndi trgn da k l thira vk phat triln d c nguygn ly giao due cua C Mac - Ph Angghen, td'ng kit nhung kinh nghiem each mang tu san vk vd san d e thIky trude, phan anh nhiing trko luu giao due vk nhk trubng mdi diu thIky XX d d c nudc Au - My phat triln Dd chinh Ik nhifng dinh hudng tig'n bp cua mdt nin giao due mdi ed kha nang dap lfng nhifng dbi hoi vk tae ddng tfeh cure dg'n sur phat triln kinh tlvk xa hdi cua d e nudc dang di Ign chu nghia xa hdi Dd'i vdi cac nudc di Ign chu nghia xk hdi phai dl nhifng mue tigu trung gian, qua dp cho sir phat triln giao due, phu hpp vdi hokn canh vk dilu kien chfnh tri, kinh tg', xa hdi cu thi timg thbi ky lich sur Tham chf, nhifng hokn canh nhk't dinh, phai chip nhkn nhifng budc lui tam thbi Song tuygt dd'i khdng bao gib dupc tur bd cac nguygn tie CO ban vk cd du dilu kien thi sure thuc hien tiing budc, cac ygu clu cuong Unh dl V.I Lenin da ngu eho chiing ta nhifng bki hpc hg't sue quy bau vigc xac dinh mue dd thuc hien nhiing ygu d u ndi tren vl phi cap giao due, vl tig'n hknh giao due ky thuat td'ng hpp, vl kg't hpp giao due thdng vdi giao due ehuygn nghiep, vl kg't hpp hpc tap vdi lao ddng san xuat sur phat triln giao due thbi ky dk't nudc Xd viet dang gap mudn vkn khd khkn Theo Lgnin, d n dilu ehinh tokn bd ngan sach dl thurc hien nhanh chdng viec xda nan mu ehur vk dp giao due tilu hpc Trong viee xay dung nhk trubng mdi, nhk trubng lao dpng tuong lai, cung nhu viec nang cao trinh dp hpc vln, trtnh dp van hda eua nhan dan lao ddng, V.I Ldnin da yeu clu can tap trung cdng sue vk tien cua dl thurc hien nhanh chdng viec xda mil chif vk cap giao due tilu hpc cho tokn thi nhkn dan, coi Ik nhiem vu cd tfnh chat coban vk d p thig't dl "dat dg'n trtnh dp mdt nudc van minh thdng thubng d Tay Au" (thbi biy gib) Ngubi da phe phan hien tupng dl qua nhilu thi gib "ban tan huygn thuyen vl van hda vd san vk quan he ciia van hda vd san vdi van hda tu san", vi le vdi tinh trang dan cu cbn nhilu ngubi mil chu vk mdt so Idn tre em chua dg'n trubng tilu hpc thi "ngay ca vl mat van hda tu san d nudc ta tinh hinh ciing rit kem"^^ can nhan thuc sau skc hon quan niem cua V.I Lgnin vl md'i hgn he hifu co giifa viec xda mil chif vk nkng cao trtnh dp vkn hda chfnh tri cua ngubi dkn: "Chd'ng nan mii chii Ik d n thig't, nhung chi big't dpc, big't vig't khdng thdi vkn chua du, d n phai cd mdt nin 31 Sdd, t 41, tr 357 32 "1 Thuc hien che giao due Midng mit tiin vi bat bugc phd thdng va ky thuit tdng hgp (day ly thuyet va thuc hinh vi tit ci cic nginh sai sdehu ydu) cho tit ci tre em trai vi gii dudi 17 tudi Thinh lap mdt mang ludi cic caquan quin ly tre em trude tudi hgc: nha giO tre, vudn tre, nhOngnaitiptmng, v.v nh eii tidn cdng tic giio due xi hgi va giii phdng phunO Thue hiin triit dieic nguyin tie sau diy: nha trudng lao dgng thdng nhit, giing day bing tidng me de, hgc sinh nam nOhge chung, nhi tardng mang tfnh chit hoin toin phi tdn giio, nghTa li khdng chju bit ky mdt inh hudng nio cua tdn giio, nhi tn/dng tidn hinh giing day kdt hap chit che vdi lao ddng sin xuitxa hdi, dio tao nhung thinh viin phit triin toin dien eho xa hdi cdng sin Nhi nude dai thg cho toin thi hge sinh cic khoin dii phi vi an, mac, giay dip vi cic dung cu hge tip Dio tao cin bd giio due mdi, thim nhuin tu tudng cdng sin Ldi cudn nhin din iao dgng tfeh cue tham gia su nghiep giio due (phit triin cic hdi ding giio due qudc din, huy dgng nhOng ngudi bidt chOv.v ) Nhi nudc giUp dd ve mgi mit eho cong nhin va ndng din hgc vi tuning cao kidn thUe (xiy dung mdt mang ludi cic ca quan giio due ngoii nha tn/dng: thu viin, tn/dng hgc cho ngudi idn tudi, eic cung nhin din vi cic tn/dng dai hgc nhin dan, cie Idp, eic budi ndi chuyen, cic rap chiiu bdng, dc nhdm vin hoi, v.v ) Phit triin rgng rii nginh giio due chuyen nghiip cho nhOng hgc sinh tU 17 tudi trd len, kit hgp ven viee giing day eic kidn thUc phd thdng ky thuit tdng hgp Md rgng cda cie tn/dng dai hge eho tit ea nhOng mud vio hoc, vi tnrdc hdt ii cho cdng nhin, thu hdt tit ci nhOng ngudi ed thi giing day duac d tn/dng dai hgc vio lim cdng tic giing day tai cie tn/dng dd, xda bo tit ca va bit ky si/ngan cich gia tao nio giOa cic luc luang khoa hgc tre vdi chi th bie d trudng; bao dim vat chit eho hge sinh nham tao kha nang thue tdcho nhOng ngudi vd sin va ndng din theo hge duac tn/dng dai hgc 10 Ddng thdi, phii md rgng cda tit ci eic kho ting nghi thuit va lim eho chOng trd nen gin gui vdi quin chung lao ddng 11 Phit triin hit sUc rdng rii cdng tie tuyin tniyen nhOng tu tudng cdng sin, sddung bd miy va eic phuang tien eua chfn quyin nhi nude vio muc dfch dd" (Lenin: Toin tip, 138, Nxb Tidn bd, M, ban tidng Viet, tr 516-517) 33 Lenin: Toin tip, t 44, Nxb Tidn bd, M, ban tidng Viit, 415-416 19 NGHIEN c u u CHU NGHIAMAC- LENIN, TUTUONG HO CHI MINH van hda dl giao due ngubi ta chd'ng benh gia'y tb vk nan hdi Id nifa"^ "Cin 1km cho d i kha nang bilt dpe bilt vilt dd dl cai thien kinh t l ciia minh vk nhk nudc cua minh"^^ Nhuvay, xda mu chif chi Ik tiln dl, bilt dpc, bilt vilt chi Ik phuong tien dl ngubi dkn tilp tue hpc tap, dl dpc vk hilu dupc sach, bao, dl nkng eao trinh dd hpc van, dl thue hknh nhiing dilu hilu bie't san xua't, kinh tg', quan ly xk hdi, dl trd thknh ngmn thue sur cd vkn hda Dl thue hien nhiem vu nky, V.I Lgnin dk dl d e bien phap quan trpng nhu sau: Mdt Id, "dilu chinh lai tokn bd ngan sach nhk nudc cho thda man dupc trude he't nhiing nhu d u cua nin giao due tilu hpc", "dn phai giam bdt trude tign khdng phai Ik nhifng khoan chi cua Bd Dkn uy giao due, mk Ik nhifng khoan ehi cua d c bd khac, dl d p nhiing so tiln bdt dd eho Bd Dan uy giao duc"^^ Hai Id, "nkng ngubi giao vidn tilu hpc d nude ta Ign mdt dia vi mk trude day hp chua timg ed, hien vin chua ed va khdng thi cd dupe xa hdi tu san , "^'^ Ngubi cbn nhin manh: "Chiing ta lai lo Ik viec chu ye'u Chiing ta khdng quan tkm hoac quan tam rat khdng diy du din vigc nang ngubi giao vign tilu hpc Ign dg'n mdt trinh dp d n thig't, vi khdng cd tinh thin nky thi khdng thi ndi dg'n mdt nin vkn hda nko d , du Ik van hda vd san hay tham chf van hda tu san di niia"^ Ba Id, "thig't lap md'i quan he giiia cdng nhan thknh thi vk nhung ngubi lao ddng dndng thdn, kig'n lap giiia hp mdt hinh thifc ban be mk muc dich Ik giiip dd thubng xuygn viec phat triln van hda d ndng thdn"^^ Nhiing tutuong cua VI Lenin vl giao due Ik nhiing dinh hudng eo ban vk Iku dki cd y nghia khoa hpc vk dch mang sku sic, cd y nghia thbi sir ndng bd'i, cd tac dung ehi dao thilt thue ddi vdi thue tiin giao due nude ta suit hon nua thIky qua Va dinh hudng phat triln giao due - dao tao dnuffctahi^nnay Thd nhdt, nhifng luan dilm cua chu nghia Mac Lenin vl giao due da sdm den vdi nhiing ngubi edng san Viet Nam Mdt so bki vidt cua Iknh tu Nguyin Ai Qud'c - Ho Chi Minh vk d e vi lanh dao tiln bd'i cua Dang vk Nhk nude ta dk cho thay dilu dd Tai Hdi nghi Vkn hda tokn qud'c lin thu II (1948), dong ehi Td'ng Bi thu Trubng Chinh da trinh bay ban bao cao "Chu nghia Mac vk vkn hda Viet Nam", chi rd 20 tfnh giai cap vk ban chat xa hdi cua van hda, khang dinh md'i quan he giifa van hda vk chfnh tri, neu eao vai trb cua hpc thuylt Mac - Lenin dd'i vdi van hda giao due: "Vl xa hdi, Ik'y giai d p cdng nhkn lam gd'c v l chfnh tri, lay ddc lap dan tdc, dan ehii nhkn dan vk ehu nghia xk hdi 1km gd'c Vl tu tudng, lay hpc thuyg't vat bien chiing vk vat lich su 1km gd'c"*^ Lap trubng dd ciing vdi phuong cham: dkn tdc, khoa hpc, dai ehiing dupc Dl cuong Van hda Viet Nam (1943) neu trd thknh phuong phap luan cho cdng tae giao due each mang Dang vk Nhk nudc ta rat quan tam dg'n nhiing tu tudng cua chu nghia Mac - Lgnin vl giao due, coi day Ik van dl can ban quyg't dinh hudng di cua nin giao due each mang Ho Chf Minh ekn dan tai Dai hdi Giao due tokn qud'c nam 1951: "Dai hdi ndn chii y 1km thi nko cho viec giao due Hgn hg vdi dbi sd'ng eua nhan dkn, vdi cdng cudc khang chie'n vk kig'n qud'c cua dkn tdc Lkm t h i nko dl phd'i hpp viec giao due cua trubng hpc vdi viee tuygn truyin vk giao due chfnh tri chung cua nhkn dkn"*^ Ngubi yeu clu giao due chu nghia Mac - Lgnin cho nhkn dkn nham trang bi eho hp quan dilm diing din vk phuong phap bien ehiing vat, nam dupe "tinh thin cua chu nghia Mac - Lgnin, hpe tkp Ikp trubng, quan dilm vk phuong phap cua chu nghia Mac Lgnin dl ap dung lap trubng, quan dilm vk phuong phap ky mk giai quyg't cho td't nhiing vln de thue t l cdng tac dch mang eua ehiing ta"*^ Thd hai, nhiem vu co ban cua each mang nude ta hien Ik tig'n hknh dong bd ba linh vue: phat triln kinh tllk trung tkm; xay dung, chinh ddn Dang Ik then chd't; phat triln van hda Ik nen tang tinh thin eua xk hdi Cdng tae giao due dko tao phai gdp phin quan trpng vko viec thurc hign ba nhiem vu co ban ndi trgn, bang viec thurc hien d c muc tieu td'ng quat Ik: 34 Sdd, tr 214 35 Sdd, tr 215 36 Sdd, tr 416 37 Sdd, tr 418 38 Sdd 39 Sdd, tr 420 40 Trudng Chinh: Chu nghTa Mic vi van hda Viet Nam, Nx Suthit, H, 1974, tr 31 41 Hd ChfMinh: Bin vi cdng tic giio due, Nxb Suthit, H, 1972, tr 33 42 Hd ChfMinh: Toin tip, t 8, Nxb CTQG, H, 1996, tr 49 NGHlfJV CUU CHU NGHIAMAC- LfeNIN, TUTUONG HO CHI MINH - Lkm tot viec chkm sdc vk giao due thi he tre chu nghia xa hdi Dai hdi X da xac dinh, cdng cudc dd'i tu tuoi tho lu cho din liic trudng thknh, nham phat mdi d nudc ta da dat nhiing thknh turu to Idn vk cd y trign tokn dien ngubi Viet Nam vl due, tri, thi, nghia lich sur Nhung nudc ta vin tinh trang kem phat triln: "Nudc ta dang diing trude nhilu thach my, ky nkng, nghi nghiep - Thuc hien d p giao due, trude hit d d c d p thue Idn, dan xen nhau, tac ddng td'ng hpp vk diin biln bkc hpe miu giao vk thdng nhkm gdp phin nkng phuc tap khdng thi coi thubng bat eif thach thuc nko Nguy CO tut hau xa hon vl kinh tl vin ton tai Tinh cao dkn tri, dko tao nhan lire, boi duong nhkn tki trang suy thoai vl chfnh tri, tutuong, dao diic Id'i sd'ng - Md rdng quy md gin vdi bao dam ehat lupng dko tao nguIn nhkn luc (ddi ngii lao ddng mdi), phii hpp vdi cua mdt bd phan d n bd, dang vidn gan vdi te quan ygu d u lao ddng nin kinh tithi tnibng dinh hudng hgu, tham nhiing, Ikng phf Ik nghiem trpng Nhiing bilu hien xa rbi muc tigu cua chu nghia xa hdi chua xk hdi chu nghia, hdi nhkp qud'c t l Giao due - dko tao nude ta thbi ky dd'i mdi dk dupc khic phuc Cac thi lue thil dich vin tid'p tuc thuc dat dupe nhilu thknh tuu to Idn vide thue bign dc hign am muu "diin biln hba binh" hong lkm thay muc tigu ndi trdn Tuy nhidn, giao due-dko tao nude ta dd'i chi dp chinh tri d nudc ta"*^ Cudc diu tranh tu vin cbn khdng ft nhiing nhupc dilm nhuDai hdi X da chi tudng trdn linh vuc van hda, giao due diin khdng Ik: "Chat lupng giao due vk dko tao cbn thk'p phat kem phin gay go, quyg't het Do dd, d n trang bi cho triln giao due nghi nghiep vk giao due dai hpc chua can ngubi hpc nhiing luan dilm coban vl chu nghia xk hdi ddi vdi giao due trung hpc thdng Dko tao nghi cbn khoa hpc vk dubng ldi chinh sach cua Dang, Ik'y chu nghia Mac - Ldnin, tu tudng Ho Chi Minh lkm nin thilu vl so lupng vk ylu vl chat lupng"^ Dilu nky lkm tang cua nen giao due vk tig'n hknh giao due nin tang cho nhiing phim chit vk nang luc cua dpi ngii lao ddng tinh thin dd mpt each cd chat lupng vk hieu qua chua dap irng dupc ydu d u phat triln kinh tl, vkn hda, toan bd he thd'ng giao due qud'c dkn "Van dl noi com xa hdi cua dit nude Dinh hudng dko tao nguon nhkn lue la giao due tokn dien, dac biet Ik giao due ly tudng xk phii hpp vdi sir phkn cdng lao ddng xa hdi cd y nghia to hdi chu nghia, dao due, Id'i sd'ng cho hpc sinh, sinh vidn Idn dd'i vdi sur hinh thknh nhkn each ciia hp Trong "He vk ca mdt phin dpi ngii nhk giao, d n bp quan ly tu tudng Due", C Mac dk ngu ro: "Mpt ngubi nhu giao due cbn chua dap ling ydu clu, dinh hudng gia tri Raphaen cd phat triln dupc tki nkng cua minh hay chua kip thbi Giao due ly tudng xa hdi chu nghia nha't khdng, dilu hokn tokn phu thudc vko nhu cau, mk Ik cac trubng dai hpc cbn ylu kem Giao due nhu d u thi lai phu thudc vko sir phkn cdng vk nhiing chfnh tri tu tudng chua gkn bd vdi dbi sd'ng thuc te xa dilu kign giao due ngubi, nhiing dilu kien sir hdi, viec giang day mdn giao due cdng dkn, cac mdn phkn cdng sinh ra"^ Vi tbl, nlu chiing ta dko tao khdng khoa hpc Mac - Lenin cbn kem hidu qua, chua hap din nhkm mdt nhu d u nko cua xk hdi, thi tir dch dat vln ngubi hpe, chua dat kit qua mong mud'n"*^ Can dam dl dk bao hkm kha nang chit lupng giao due siit kem bao sir gin kit chat che giiia vide day chif vdi day nghi Do dd, phai chuyin manh sang dko tao theo nhu du d a vk day ngubi (vl chfnh tri, tu tudng, dao due, nhkn xa hdi, dap iing nhu clu cua xk hdi Thd ba, giif vifng muc tidu xa hdi chii nghia cua su nghigp giao due - dko tao Mdt ygu d u d p bach cdng tac giao due hign Ik giao due eho thi he tre ed thai dp chfnh tri diing din trude To qud'c, nhkn dkn vk 43 Ding Cdng sin Viit Nam: Van kiin Dai hdi dai biiu toin qudc lin th'oX, Nxb CTQG, H, 2006, tr 170-171 44 C Mic, Ph Angghen, V.L Linin, J V Stalin: Bin vigiio due, Nxb Suthit, H, 1976, tr 18 45 Dang Cdng san Viit Nam: Van kiin Dai hdi dai bidu toin qudc lin th'oX, Nxb CTQG, H, 2006, tr 75 46 Tii liiu phuc vu nghiin cUucic kit luin Hdi nghj lin thU Ban Chip hinh Tn/ng uang khda IX Nxb CTQG, H 2002 tr 22 21 NGHIEN CUU CHU NGHIAMAC - LENIN, TU TUONG HO CHI MINH dch) hoat ddng giao due d mpi dp, bac hpc, mpi loai hinh giao due vk hinh thue giao due Dam bao cdng bkng xk hdi giao due - dko tao Thd tu, bao dam giif vifng tfnh chit nhkn dkn cua nin giao due Tilp tue day manh thue hien d p giao due: d bac mim non trude mkt Ik thue hien td't d p giao due cho tre em tuoi vk tien tdi dP cho tat d tre em dudi tuoi; d bae thdng, tig'p tue giu vifng thknh qua dP giao due tilu hpc vk d p trung hpc CO sd, tiln hknh d p trung hpc thdng, phan diu dg'n nam 2020 hokn thknh d p trung hpc thdng tren pham vi d nude Diy manh dko tao nghe, dko tao dai hpc vk sau dai hpc cho em nhkn dkn Coi trpng dam bao chat lupng giao due dp, dai trk Tao CO hdi binh dang dl eiing dupc hpc hknh, hpc thirong xuygn, sud't dbi Nhk nudc vk xa hdi cd cochl, chfnh sach giiip eon em dc gia (hnh chfnh sach, ngubi ngheo hpc tap, khuyg'n khfeh nhifng ngubi hpc gioi phat triln tki nkng Thuc hien miin hpc phf d nhk trubng cdng lap d d c d p hpc, bac hpe tieh hknh dPThd ndm, tiep tuc tang cubng d c nguIn lue diu tu cua Nhk nude vk xk hdi cho phat triln giao due, thuc sur coi diu tu cho giao due Ik diu tu cho phat triln, coi giko due - dko tao Ik qud'c sach hang diu Phat triln giao due Ik nen tang, dko tao nguon nhkn lire chat lupng eao Ik mdt nhifng khku ddt pha quan trpng thiic da'y sir nghigp edng nghigp hda, hien dai hda, la yg'u to co ban dl phat triln xk hdi, tang trudng kinh t l nhanh vk bin vung Thu sdu, can ed chfnh sach uru tidn, uu dki cho phat triln giao due vk dpi ngii giao vidn vk co vu sir tdn vinh cua xa hdi dd'i vdi nhk giao Ding thbi, nang cao "trach nhiem, ky cuong, linh thuong" cua ddi ngii nhk giao, can bd quan ly giao due, dl mdi thiy giao, cd giao thuc sir la tk'm guong sang cho hpc sinh vk xk hdi noi theo DAI HOI XI CUA DANG VE CHIEN LUOC P H A T TRIEN KINH TE - XA HOI Tidp theo trang 11 hon vl md'i quan he giiia ba thknh to eua co ehi nky dilu kien Dang ta la dang nhk't d m quyln vk cd nhk nudc phap quyln XHCN Dang Iknh dao dinhkn dkn lkm chu, Dang lanh dao chu ye'u bang nhk nudc vk thdng qua nhk nude Trong co chi dd, nhkn dkn uy nhiem eho nhk nude thuc hien quyln luc quan ly vdi chiie nang CO ban Ik tao mdi trubng cho sir phat triln vk phuc vu sir phat triln Phai dat ygu d u tkng cubng sir lanh dao cua Dang md'i quan he vdi vide nkng cao hieu lire hieu qua quan ly eua Nhk nudc vk phat huy quyln lkm chu cua nhkn dkn Chien luge phdt triin kinh ti-xd hdi 2010 - 2020 dk danh gia thing thin tinh hinh dk't nude, bd'i dnh qud'c tlvk dua quan dilm, muc tigu chig'n lupe, khau dot pha Ding thbi, dinh hudng phat triln kinh t l - xa hdi, dd'i mdi md binh tang trudng, eo d u lai nin kinh t l eho phii hpp vdi xu thihdi nhap qud'c tl Trong Chiin luge phdt triin kinh ti-xd hdi 2011 • 2020 cua Viet Nam dk cd nhiing dilm mdi so vdi Chiin luge phdt trien kinh ti-xd hdi giai doan 2001 -2010 Dac biet, d i khig'n ngubi ta quan tkm la chi^n luge dk khkng dinh "phat triln bin viing Ik ygu clu xuygn sud't chiln lupe", "kien tri vk quyg't het doi mdi", "md rdng dkn chu Dang vk xk hdi gan vdi tkng cubng ky luat, ky cuong dl thiic day dd'i mdi tokn didn, phat huy sue manh tong hpp", ba khku dot pha Nhung net mdi dupe thi hien ehiin luge lin nky khang dinh tu tilp tuc diy manh tokn dien cdng cudc dd'i mdi, tao nin tang din nam 2020 nude ta coban trd thknh nudc edng nghiep theo hudng hien dai Nghign cifu tokn van Chiin luge phdt triin kinh ti-xd hdi 2011 - 2020 dk dupe edng bo, cd thi nhkn thiy dky Ik mdt cdng trinh cd sur kg't tinh nhilu tri thuc td'ng hpp vk tri tue eao, thi hien nhkn thifc vk quye't tkm chinh tri cua Dang vk Nhk nudc ta Tur nhifng chu truong diing dan dd se thiic day dk't nude tang trudng on dinh, bin viing, bki hba giiia d c viing, giiia thknh thi vk ndng thdn To chiic thuc hien td't chien luge mk trude hg't Ik thuc hien thing lpi nhiem vu nam 2011 Ik viee lkm thig't thue dua Nghi quyg't Dai hdi XI cua Dang di vko cudc sd'ng vk thuc hien dilu ekn dan eua Bae Ho kfnh ygu trude Ngubi di xa la "Dang d n phai cd ki hoach thkt td't dl phat triln kinh tlvk vkn hda, nhkm khdng ngung ndng eao ddi sdng eda nhdn ddn"^^ 16 Hd ChfMinh: Toan tip, 1.12, Nxb CTQG, H, 1996, tr 511 22 ... may nhk nudc cua chiing ta, phai co hg''t sue tu dat cho minh nhiem vu sau day: Mdt Ik hpc tap, hai Ik hpc tap, ba Ik hpe tap mai vk sau nura, phai 1km cho hpc thue dnude ta khdng nam trgn gily... nghia thbi sir ndng bd''i, cd tac dung ehi dao thilt thue ddi vdi thue tiin giao due nude ta suit hon nua thIky qua Va dinh hudng phat triln giao due - dao tao dnuffctahi^nnay Thd nhdt, nhifng luan... d nude ta Ign mdt dia vi mk trude day hp chua timg ed, hien vin chua ed va khdng thi cd dupe xa hdi tu san , "^''^ Ngubi cbn nhin manh: "Chiing ta lai lo Ik viec chu ye''u Chiing ta khdng quan tkm