NGHIEN cau & LTNG DUNG II , CO SO KHon HOC cun VIEC SUI D U N G BAN DO TV DUY TRONG DAY HOC MON NGUf VAN IS Pham Van Nam Vien Khoa hoc Giao due VtetNam I Ban do tii duy va tii duy bang ban do Ban do t[.]
NGHIEN cau & LTNG DUNG II , CO SO KHon HOC cun VIEC SUI D U N G BAN DO TV DUY TRONG DAY HOC MON NGUf VAN IS Pham Van Nam - Vien Khoa hoc Giao due VtetNam I Ban tii va bang ban Ban tu la ban ghi lai nhiing net chinh nhan thUc eua ngUdi STT tii ve vi ve hoan toan theo sd thich ea nhan eua hp NgUdi ta ndi rang neu "ghi ehep thdng tin bang eae ki tU, dUdng thang, eon so thi chiing ta chi sU Cach bieu hien Dudng net Mau sac Ngdn ngfl Hinh anh Khdng gian (dinh hUdng phat trien) mdt sU vat (sU viec) nao va dupe coi la cdng cu ghi chii toi Uu Tony Buzan (sinh nam 1942 tai Luan Ddn) khdi xUdng Tu bing bin la dung hinh anh, dUdng net, miu sdc, ngdn ngfl ghi lai nhan thUc ciia minh ve sU vat, sii viec, hoat ddng dinh hUdng phat triln eiia sii vat, sii viec, hoat dpng dd theo each nhin nhan ciia moi ea nhan Su khae eP ban gifla ghi chii truyen thdng va ghi chii bling ban tU la: N^u ghi chii truyen thong chi lay "chfl" lam phUPng ti^n bieu hien theo mot trat ti^ nhat dinh (thudng la tU tren xudng dudi, tii trai sang phdi), thi bin tU sU dung ca dUdng net, hinh ve, m^u sdc lai dupe ngUdi sii dying thiet kj phi tuyen tinh dang vdi eae quan he logic thii bac, nd ddi hdi phai ehpn Ipc tU ngii va hinh anh bieu hien an tupng cd tinh dpc dao Bang so sanh Tiiduy truyen thong Thing Khdng Nhieu Khdng Don hudng dung mdt nUa eua bd nao nao trai ma chUa he sU dung ki nang nao ben nao phai, nPi giiip chiing xii li eac thdng tin ve nhip dieu, mau sac, khdng gian va sU mo mong" San pham eiia tU bang ban dd chi dUpe the hien mdt gidi han nhat dinh (mdt mat phang) nen ngUdi ta phai biet ehpn lUa nhflng hinh anh, mau sac, ngdn ngfl toi gian nhat de ed the bieu hien tdi da nhat Tuy nhien, mat manh ciia ban tu nhUng dong thdi lai cung chinh la han che eiia nd Ban tU ghi lai nhan thUe ciia ngUdi chii yeu bang hinh anh, dUdng net, mau sac ma it dung ngdn ngfl Ban tU khdng li giai ma ehi bieu hien mdi quan he eua eae to sU vat, sU vice, nd thi hien de Tiiduy bang ban Nhieu loai Cd Chat Ipc (tU khoa) Cd Da hudng II Dac diem mdn Ngfl van va phUOng phap day hoc Ngfl van Mdn NgQ van gdm ba phan mdn nhd la: \ ^ hpe, Tieng Viet va Lam van Theo dd, ba phan mdn ed nhflng nhan thUe khac biet, dd lai ed phUPng phap day hpe dac thii Vdi phan mdn Van hoc, trpng tam la dpc hieu van ban Cac van ban dupc hpe chuong trinh gdm van ban nghe thuat (tU sU, trfl tinh, kieh), van ban nghi luan, van ban nhat dung Muc dich cudi cung eiia doe - hieu van ban la ngUdi dpc phai biet each dpc de hieu eho dUPe gia tri eiia moi van ban the hien qua cai hay, cai dep ndi dung va hinh thUc the hien cua van ban dd Cai hay, cai dep npi dung va hinh thUe thi hien eiia van bin la cai nhat khdng Nh&n bii ngiy 26/8/2011 TAP CHi THlffBIGlAODMC-Sd 73-9/2011 • II NGHIEN CCrU & LTNG DUNG lap lai Nhd vay ma xac dinh dupe nhflng gia tri nhan thUc ma van bin dd dem lai Vi du doe truyen Lad Hac (Nam Cao, Ngfl van 8, tap I), trUdc het, ngUdi dpc phii hieu dUPc eac nhan vat lao Hac, dng giao, vp dng giao, truyen, cung hoan cinh song, tinh each eua nhflng ngUdi TU dd phii hieu dupe tu tudng, thai dp, tinh eim ciia Nam Cao khac hoa cac nhan vat Chinh d day, ngUdi dpc danh gia dUpe tai nang eiia nha van viec eim nhan cudc song va sU dung ngdn ngfl bieu hien, Nhu vay de dpc - hieu truyen ngan Lao Hac, ngUdi dpe phii ehii y den he thdng: Hinh tupng nhan vat va tac gii Trong he thdng hinh tUpng nhan vat, ngUdi dpc phii biet ehpn dUpe cac nhan vat chinh, nhan vat bo sung Mdi nhan vat, deu dUpe tie gii the hien bang nhflng ehi tiet, tinh tiet cu the nham bieu hien tam tu, tinh eim, thai dp cua nhan vat trUde sU viec Cd nhflng ehi tiet dien ta ndi tam, ed ehi tiet mieu ti ding ve be ngoai nhUng tUu trung deu nham khae hoa tinh eieh eua mdt nhan vat nhat khdng lan Idn Lao Hac, mdt ndng dan mac dii cd gia dinh, cd vp, ed eon nhUng song lam lu, ed ddc d mdt vung que, ngheo khd; mat khac lai la ngUdi giau Idng trae an, biet tU trpng Nhflng ehi tiet ve ngoai hinh "Mat lao dot nhien eo riim lai Nhflng vet nhan xd lai vdi nhau, ep cho nUde mat ehiy Cai dau lao ngoeo ve mdt ben va eii mieng mdm mem nhU nit Lao hu hu khdc "; Nhflng Idi tam sU "Thi tdi gia bang tuoi dau rdi eon dinh lUa mdt eon chd, nd khdng ngd tdi nd tam lUa nd" den nhflng hanh ddng quyet liet "tU ket lieu ddi minh bang b i chd" de tranh phien den eon da khae hoa eim ddng mdt eon ngUdi, mdt ngUdi eha coi nhan eieh cdn hon ea tinh mang ciia minh Ong giao lai la mdt kieu nhan vat khie, cung sdng d vung que nhU lao Hac, nhUng xuat than khdng phii la ndng dan Ong giio li ngUdi cd "chfl nghia", biet lang nghe, eim thdng, chia se, trpn ven vdi ngUdi ndng dan va dUpe ngUdi ndng dan cay, gUi gam Ong giio cung la ngUdi ed nhflng suy nghi sau sac ve nhan tinh the thii, ve cudc ddi, ve ngUdi "Khdng bao gid nen hoan sU sung sUdng lai!" "Tdi gi bay gid nhin ddi ma tien de lai!" "Chao di! Ddi vdi nhflng ngUdi d quanh ta, neu ta khdng cd ma tim hieu hp, thi ta chi thay hp gin dd, ngu ngde, ban tien, xau xa, bi 6i toan nhflng cd de eho ta tan nhan; khdng bao gid ta thay hp la ngUdi dang thUPng; khdng bao gid ta thUPng", DUPng nhien, nha van viet cau chuyen an danh vao nhan vat dng giio, nhUng khdng ehi dUng lai d nhan vat dng giio mi cdn cao hdn, tie gii da sing tao ci mdt cau chuyen vdi loi dan dat dung di ma eim ddng, dien dat bang • TAP CHi THifTBI GIAO Dye-So 73-9/2011 nhflng ngdn tfl quen thuoc ma ddc dio, the hien dUpc thii dp tran trpng, tam long dong eim, se chia, thUdng xot ciia nha van vdi sd phan eua ngUdi ndng dan viing ndng thdn ddng bang Bac bd trUdc each mang thing Tim Dpe hieu van bin nghe thuat la phii eim nhan dUpc the gidi hinh tUpng ma nha van mudn chuyen tii den ngUdi dpe Ddi vdi van ban chinh luan, cdng viec dpe hieu lai khic, ngUdi dpe phai tim dupe nhflng li le, nhflng lap luan m i tie gii mudn thuyet phuc ngUdi dpe DUOng nhien cd ei gipng dieu, each sU dung ngdn ngfl nfla Qua van bin nghi luan, ngUdi doc phii hieu dUpe quan diem lap trUdng eiia ngUdi viet cung vdi eieh thUe ma ngUdi viet thuyet phuc ngUdi dpc Van bin "Chieu ddi dd" eiia Li Cdng Uan la mdt vi du Tac gii dUa cic li le thuyet phuc mpi ngUdi ddng y vdi quyet dinh ddi dd eiia minh Cac li le dd la: NgUdi xUa ciing da tUng ddi dd (vi han che lich sU liic do, nen cac dan chiing lay tU lich sU Trung Quoc, nha ThUt-ng lan, nha Chu lan; Hien tai nha Dinh thi lam theo y minh, khdng theo menh trdi, khdng theo gUOng ngUdi trUdc; Nha Li thi quyft tam ddi dd vi nhan thay Dai La la ndi dat tot TU nhflng li le ay, tic gii dat cau hoi: "Cie khanh nghi ?" Mot cau hdi nhUng khdng ddi hoi phii tri Idi hay ndi mdt each khac eau tri Idi da nam NGHIEN CCrU & LfNG DUNG H le ngan gpn eiia bai Chieu Tinh thuyet phuc, eii hay eua bii chilu la d sU ngan gpn m i tu tudng rd ring, li le thuyet phuc, ciing phii thUa nhan Nhu vay mudn day dpc hieu dupe eae van bin, yeu eSu ngUdi giio vien phii hieu dUde van bin ay Budc tiep theo, giio vien phii l i ngUdi hudng dan va to ehUc de hpe sinh biet eieh dpc tic pham, tim cii hay, cii dep bang chinh nhan thUe eua cie em Vdi phan mon Tigng Viet trUde het phii hinh d hpc suih THCS nang lUc sU dung thinh thao tieng Viet vdi bdn ki nang eP bin nghe, ndi, dpc, viet, qua dd m i ren luyen tu ThU hai, giiip cho hpe sinh ed nhflng hieu biet nhat dinh ve tri thUe tieng Viet va ngdn ngfl de cd y thUc sU dting tieng Viet diing dan va sing Tren cd sd dd m i lam cho cie em yeu quy tieng Viet, ed y thUc gifl gin, bio ve, phit trien tieng Viet gdp phan hinh thinh nhan eieh, bdi dUdng tU tudng, tinh eim TrUde het, phan mdn Tieng Viet giiip hpc sinh hpc ve tU TU la dPn vi cd bin eiia tiing Viet Kien thUc ve tU bao gdm: cic loai tU, tU loai, cau tao, chUe nang, phep chuyen nghia ciia tU Nhflng kien thUc niy giiip eho hpe sinh hieu biet ve tU v i cie phUdng thUe sii dung ehiing dien dat Vi du tU Hin Viet l i mdt loai kho ting tU ngfl tieng Viet dUdc tao thinh bdi eic yeu td Hin Viet TU Han Viet cd tvi ddn cung cd tU gh^p TU Hin Viet (Idp 7) chu yeu dung de thay the nhflng tU thuan Viet khdng cd v i tao sac thii bieu eim, nhUng cung khdng nen qui lam dung tU Hin Viet se lam eho tdi nghia Mdt dPn vi cao hdn tU la cau Kien thUc ve cau bao gdm: Cic loai eau, ehUc nang eua cau, eic thinh phan eua cau, eieh sU dung va lien ket cic eau, Vi du hpe ve cau Ghep (Idp 8), hpe sinh phii nhan biet dupe dac diem ciia cau ghep (la loai cau hay nhieu cum C-V khdng bao chUa tao Mdi cum C-V dUpc gpi la mdt ve cau); Cich ndi cic ve cau; Quan he y nghia gifla cie ve eau Phan mdn Tieng Viet cdn giiip cho hpe sinh nhan thUe ve doan van, eieh viet mdt doan van, lien ket eau va doan tren ed sd dd xay dUng thinh mdt van bin (ndi va viet) d nhflng mUc dp khic Mdn Lam van giiip hpc sinh nhan biet cic loai van bin Cling vdi dae diem vi ehUc nang ciia chiing, each thUe tao lap van bin theo tUng loai van bin Cf trUdng THCS phan mdn Lim van gidi thieu van bin nghe thuat (Mieu ti, Ke chuyen, Cim tUdng) va van nghi luan (Chinh tri xa hdi, Van hpe) Muc dich cudi cung li hpe sinh phii sU dung dUde cie loai van bin dd trinh biy dupe suy nghi eiia minh Vi du Idp hpe sinh phii nam dUpc die diem eiia van bieu cim, eieh lim van bieu eim va cudi cung phii viet dUpc mdt bii van bieu cim ve sU vat, cpn ngUdi hay ve tie pham van hpc II Phan mdn Lim van chu yeu mang tinh thUc hinh, hpe sinh phii van dung nhflng kien thUe van hpc, tieng Viet va kien thUe ddi sdng xa hdi de tao lap cic loai van bin dudi hinh thUe ndi hoac viet Trong lim van, hpc sinh khdng ehi la ngUdi thiet ke ma cdn phii li ngUdi thi cdng Nhu vay, nhin qua viec he thdng kien thUc tren, chiing ta thay cung nhU cic mdn hpe khic, mdn Ngfl van hoan toan cd the sU dung bin tU lam cdng eu day va hpc Tuy nhien, sU dung bin tU nhu the nao de nang cao chat lupng mdn hpe cung la viec lam ding suy nghi Nhflng cau hdi can dat la: Bin tu ed phii li cdng eu ghi chep van nang vdi mpi bai hpc? Bin tu cd the van dung mpi trUdng hpp, mpi cdng doan ciia qui trinh nhan thUc ? - Giio vien cd the soan bai dudi hinh thUe bin tU ? Hpe sinh ed the ghi bii theo bin tU ? Trong day hpe NgQ van, bin dd tu dung vio eic trUdng hpp nao se phit huy hieu qua ? Tai lieu tham khao ChilOng trinh giao due mon NgQ van cap THCS, NXB GD, 2006 Sach giao vien Ngii van THCS, NXB GD Tony Buzan - Ban T\i cong viec - NXB Lao dpng Xa hoi www.mind-map.com (trang web chinh thiic cua Tony Buzan) TAP CHi THlffBI GIAO DUC-So 73-9/2011 • ... - hieu truyen ngan Lao Hac, ngUdi dpe phii ehii y den he thdng: Hinh tupng nhan vat va tac gii Trong he thdng hinh tUpng nhan vat, ngUdi dpc phii biet ehpn dUpe cac nhan vat chinh, nhan vat bo... tieng Viet va kien thUe ddi sdng xa hdi de tao lap cic loai van bin dudi hinh thUe ndi hoac viet Trong lim van, hpc sinh khdng ehi la ngUdi thiet ke ma cdn phii li ngUdi thi cdng Nhu vay, nhin... thUc ? - Giio vien cd the soan bai dudi hinh thUe bin tU ? Hpe sinh ed the ghi bii theo bin tU ? Trong day hpe NgQ van, bin dd tu dung vio eic trUdng hpp nao se phit huy hieu qua ? Tai lieu tham