u nMtN aiAe B̂ ic • B»Y w^e CO s o KHOA HOC CUA VIEC VAN DUNG AIGORIT SANG CHE VAO DAY HOC ThS TRLTONG M O N G DIEN* PGS TS N G U Y E N PHUC C H I N H " Phat huy tinh tich cue, sang tao (ST) eua hpc s[.]
u nMtN aiAe B^ic • B»Y w^e CO s o KHOA HOC CUA VIEC VAN DUNG AIGORIT SANG CHE VAO DAY HOC ThS TRLTONG M O N G DIEN* - PGS TS N G U Y E N PHUC C H I N H " P hat huy tinh tich cue, sang tao (ST) eua hpc sinh (HS)lamptnhiem vuquan trpng cda nganh giao duc.Trongdayhoc(DH)cdnhieu phuong phap va each thdcde phathuy tinh ST cua HS,trong dd, dang chu y la viec van dyng Algorit LMptsokhainlem coban /.7,^/gorrf.ThuatngflAlgoritcd nhieu each hieu khae nhau.Theo nghTa h ^ ban dau {nghTa loan hpc), Algorit la tap hpp va tfiu tt/ eac phep tinh can thiet, dupe quy dinh mptcach nghiem ngat dung degiai cacbaitoan euttie nao dd Nhuvay,cdthehieu Algorit toan hpc lamptfrinhtutuyet dd'i chat checac thao tac can thiet de'giai mpt bai toan Mdi thao tac dupe xae djnh met each ehinh xac, khong phu thupc vao dac thu cua tflng bai toan euttie hay kha nang ST cua mdi ngudi Qua thdi gian, each hieu thuat ngfl Algorit trd nen md rpng hon nhu: Algorit la hang loat cac chi d i n hoae eacbudcluantudegiaiquyetmptvandecy the; hay Algorit la bp eae chl dan, eung cap hang loat eac bude can thiet de'tim Idi giai cho mdt van de Ngay nay.tfiuatngflAlgoritcdn dupe hieu rpng hon: Algorit la liat ki ehuong trlnh nao du rd rang gom cae hanh dpng (thao tae) thue hien mdt edng viee nao dd / , , S r r a s a / i c / i e ' s f (Creativity) laqua trinh hoat ddng cua ngudl tao nhflng gla trj vat chat, ttnh than mdi ST la tim caimdi,caeh gial quyet md^, khdng bigdbd phy thudc vao eai dacd, Theo Phan Dung, ST la hoat ddng tao bat ki cai gi cd dong thdl tinh mdi va tinh ieh Ipi Tinh mcri dugc hieu la bat kl su khac biet nao eua dd'i tuong eho trude so vdi dd'i ti/ong cung loai ddi trudc v l mat thdi gian Tinh ich Ipl tinh mdi taora cdthe ra't da dang nhu: tang nang suat, hieu qua, tiet kidm, them cam xue, tham mTtd't, Tinh ich loi chl the hien ddlu/png cho friide hoatdpng tfieo dung chdc nang va pham vi ap dung cua nd Tlnh mdi va tinh ieh ldi cdthe dupc hieu nhdng mdc dp khae nhau: cd the ddl vdl ca nhan hoac ddl vdi xa hpi, nhan loai 16 Tqp chi Gido due so 361 Cun^ theo Phan Dung, ST khong phai vi ST ma ST vl ddi mdi hoan toan Ong eho rang, phattrien cd logic cua nd; logic mang tinh khach quan, dupc thehidn eac quy luatphattrien dcac mflc dp cu ttie Logic cua suphattrien cung chinh lalogieeua ST vadd'imdi Cae ST cua ngudi khoi dau mang tinh canhan rat idn, xuat phattt>nhu eau canhan denham thda man cac nhu cau ca nhan Nhin tflgde dp nay, cdttie'phan ST hai loai: 1) ST nham nhan ttidc (biet, hieu, giai thieh ); 2) ST nh^m bien ddl (cai tao) hien thuc khaeh quan eung nhuchinhbanthan ngudi ST Loai thdnhat thudc ve phatminh (Discovery), loaittidhaithupcvesang che (Invention) Theo nghTa rpng, sang-c/je'la hoat ddng cua nguditaoradatupng khdng ton tai san cdfrong tunhien Nhuvay, giao due, sang checdttiedupc hieu laqua frinh tim eachttilie, dudng mdi de ITnh hatri ttiuc vavan dyng tri ttidc mptcach hieu qua nhat 1.3 Algorit sang c A a Algorit sang che (ARIZ) dUdc hie'u tfieo nghTa rdng cua Algorit, Khae vcfi Algorit toanhpcAlgoritsangchemem deo va linh hoat hon nen pham vidngdyng eaohon,phat huy dUde valtro ST eua chu the quatrinh giai cac bai toan sang chehon Algorit sang che la mdt ehuong trinh qiai eac bai toan sang ehe theo tflng bude, T u s u hieu bi^tcua ban than, ngudihpc phan tieh quy luatphattrien khach quan cua cae suvat, hipn tupng, qua trinh detim moi quan hegifla eac klen ttidc vadua ldi glal dupc the hien thao tac, quy trlnh B^ng each nay, ngudi hpc cd the dua nhflng bai toan khd ve cac bai toan d l , bai toan ST mdc cao ve mfle tha'p Algorit sang che cdn giup ngucd hpe vupt qua dupc "sflc i tam li", giai phdng ft/ khdi loi mdn quen thupc, cung nh^e va cu kT; giup ngudi hpc nhan thdc dUdc ban chat quy luatvan dpng khaeh quan cua ddl tt/png •Tnrdng THPT Phu Cir-Himg Yen " Tnrongfiaiiioc sir ph^m • Dai hgc Thai Nguyen (ki - 7/2015) Algorit sang che duoe hieu la chuong tiinh loge mangft'nhdjnh hudng, dupc ke'hoach hoa, gom nhieu bude nhim td'chuc hpp II va hieu quaqua binh tt/ giaicaebaitoan.Dovay,Algoritsangche'e6ttiedupe ap dung vao bat ki ITnh vuc nao ddisong Devan dung Algorit sang checdhieu qua vao qua trinh DH, can xac djnh co sd khoa hpe eua viec van dyng Algorit Co s o khoa hpc cua viec van dung Algorit sang c h e t r o n g q u a t r i n h DH Trong giao dye, cd mdt each ttep can duoe xay dung tren co sd nghTa rdng cua ttiuat ngfl Algorit Cach tiep can cho ring, cd rat nhieu bai edng viee tt^ng ddisong eua mdi eon ngudi; dd, can edsuliet ke, phan toa cac cdng viec vaxay dung cho mdi cdng viec mpt Algorit phu hpp nhat, Nhu vay, luc qua frinh day - hpe thue chat la qua trinh day va hpc cac Algorit N g u d hpe, trudc cac tinh hud'ng cy ttie, xac djnh muctieu roi su'dung eac Algorit h/ong h/dettiuc hien se cdduoc sutd'i uu cavequatrinh thue hien lan ketqua 2.1 Casatim lihgc nhan thtic Theo Tu dien Triet hoc.'"Nhan thuc laquatrinhtaitao lai hien tiiuc tuduy cua nguoi, dupc quyetdinh bdi quy luat phattrien xa hdi va gan lien cung nhu khdng ihe tach rdi khdi tiiuc tien, nd phai la muc dich eua thuc tidn, phal hudng tdi ehan li khach quan" (1; fr 1) Nhuvay, cdthe thay, nhan thfle ehinh la su hieu bietcua ngudi ve thegidi khach quan, nhan tiidc phan anh suphat frien cua ngudi Nh^n thuc cua ngudi di tfl don gian den phuc tap, tfltung ttiupc tinh don le b l ngoai-den nhflng eai phde tap, nhflng ttiupc tinh ban chat ben frong cua suvathien U/png Nhdcdnhan ttiuc ma eon ngudi eai tao duoe ttiegnf xung quanh; va cao hon nfla la, eon ngudi cdttiecai t^o dupe ehinh ban ttian minh, phuc vudupc nhu cau cuaehinhminh Nhan ttifle la suphan anh hien ttiuc khach quan vao nao bd cua eon ngudi, la hien tupng tinh ttian dupc naysinh tflmdt cosdvatchaii la nao bp noi rieng vahoatdpng cua hettian kinh ndi chung Nhuvay, he than l(inh la bp may nhan thdc cua ngudl, la bp may tie'p nhan, xfl li va tra led thdng tin de dam bao su ttiong nha't cothe va thd'ng nhat gifla cottie vdi moi trudng Trong qua trlnh DH, van dung nhflng dae diem nhan ttiuc, giao vien (G V) cd ttie sudyng eac phuong phap day hpc (PPDIH)tieh cue de td'chuc hoat ddng nhgn ttifle cua HS nham khoi day va phat huy td'i da kha nang tuduy ST cua cac em {battem nang ft/duy (ki - 7/2015) cua ngudi la vo han va ft/ cua ngudi khong ta/nay sinh mado nhu cau eua xahpi) Vdl viec ludn phai ft/ duy, tim tdi each ttiuc, ducffig de giai quyet eae van d l mpt each logic, khoa hpc, Algorit sang che cd kha nang phat huy duoc nhflng pham chatnayongudihpe Ban ghi Algorit thupc loai md hinh "ma hoa" ve cae dd'i ft/ong nghien euu Loai md hinh cd y nghTa frong viec hinh cac bieu tupng (giai doan thfl nha't cua tu duy} va thao tae tu trdu tuong hoa - khai quat hoa cung nhu viec tai hien va cy the hoa khainiem Ve mat tam li nhan tfiflc, ban ghi Algorit nhflng y nghTa sau; -Tusuphan tich mach logk: cua npidung baihpe.phan hoe, GV thiet kecac ban ghlAlgorit cua qua trlnh DH,HS tfl let kecac ban ghi Algorit eua qua trlnh ITnh hdi fri ttiflc phu hop nhat vdi nang luc nhan tfiuc eua ban ttian Dieu giup cho GV va HS cd ttie dedang hieu sau dupc cai ban chat nhat, chu yeu nhat, quan ttpng nhat cua ndi dung hpc ^ , tao ttiuan loi cho viec khai quat hda npi dung va toi uu hoa eon dudng nhan ttiflc; - Ban ghi Algorit n g i n gpn, sue tich ehda dung nhieu ttidng t n , ttie hien thao tac tu ST se giup HS xu li ttidng tin nhanh ehdng va ehinh xac hon; -Sddyng Algorit sang chetrong DH cdn cd tac dung ren luyen cho HS nang luc tU khai quat (tuduy hettid'ng), ft/ ST, tutin vao kha nang eua minh Day la mot hoat ddng cd hieu qua lau dai, anh huong den kha nang tu va hoatdpng suot cupc dd^ cua mdlHS 22 Casatim lihgc lua tuoi Trong Tam li hpc lua hJoi, can cfl vao nhung ttiay doi co ban ve su budng ttianh ve cottie, eau bdc tam li, cac nha nghien cuu ttiudng chia hoat dpng tam li ttianh nhilu giai doan khac HS tfung hpc phd'ttidng ttiupc lua tuattianh nien,dupe tinh b/khoangttJrl4,15-25 hja Trong giai doan nay, suphattrien tam li.friftje HS cd mptsddae diem coban: - Hoatdgng hgc tip cua HS ddl hoi tinh nang dgng rarfoci^ (Jmifccfpcao; d a i g ttidi cung ddl hoi, muon nam duoc chuong trinh mpt each sau s§c tfii can phatftienftrduy liluan - Thai cua HS doi vdicac mon hgc cd tinh ii/a ehgn, HS tmng hoc pho' thong, s u hinh ttianh hdng ttiu hpc tap g&n lien vdi khuynh hudng nghe nghiep Hung thu thucmg lien quan den viee lua chpn mpt nganh nghe nhat dinh, ed tinh d'n djnh, ben vflng sau sac - Tri giac cd muc dieh da dat tdi mdc rat eao Quan sat trd nen cd mue dieh, cd he thd'ng Tqp chi Giao due so 361 17 va toan dien hon GV can quan tam djnh hudng quan sat ci/a cac em vao mpt nhiem vu nhatdlnh, khdng vdi vang ke't luan chua tich luy day du cac sukien - Ghi nhd co chu dinh giu val tid chu dao /loafrfpngfr/ft/e Hoatddng ghi nhdlogietnjfu tupng, ghi nhdy nghia mot tang len mdt each rd ret Do vay, G V cd thedjnh hudng de HS phat huy kha nang cuaminh - Do anh hudng cua eae hoatddng^ hpc tap ma hoat dgng bf cua HS cdsu tiiay doi quan trgng Cac em cd kha nang tu li luan, tu \r\hi tugng mdt each ddc lap, ST Trong qua trinh DH, GV can td'chflc, khai thac cac hoatddngtu lap, ST cuaHS Tuy nhien, nhieu HS ehua phathuy het nang lue dpe lap, tuchu, ST eua minh, nhan thflc chu yeu la "cam tinh" ben ngoai Do vgy, viec G V su dung cac phuong phap, hinh thuc td'chuc DH hudng dan, djnh hudng eho HS phat trie'n nang luc nhan thdc, ren luyen vaphatfrieneae kTnang hpc tap lampt nhiem vu quan trpng nh^m giup cac em hlnh ttianh nhan each vattie gidi quan dung din, Duatren nhflng dac diem chung ve suphat trien tam li, tri ftje cua HS tmng hpc pho'thdng, GV cdthe dinh hudng tot hon viec van dyng Algorit sang c h l vao qua trinh DH mpt each hop li, phu hpp vdl kha nang nhan tfiflc cuaHS 2J Ca sd Giao due hgc Trong DH.degiup HS hpc tap tot, cac nha nghien cflu li luan DH da cd y tudng xay dung PPDH Algorit Ban chat cua PPDH la xay dung cac budc di ttieo mpt trinh tu hpp li cho tflng bai hpc de giup HS thuc hien tuan tu eae budcdIaynhSm n^m vflng vande hpe tap Van dequan trpng nhat PPDH la, thiet kechodupcmdtpiiuongantd'iuu cho tung bai cy the bdi le, moi bai hpc cd the cd nhilu phuong an day va hpc nhung phai chpn dupc phuong an nao ma eae bude di chat che, it thao tais loai tmr duge cac bat hgp li niiung lai d l tfiuc hien vdi HS, dat hieu qua nhanh nhatvaeaonhat Dac die'm eua PPDH van dyng Algorit la, npi dung bai hpe dupe chia nho eac budc, eae cdng doan de HS giai quye't cdng viec tdng phan Viee chia nhd ndi dung kie'n thfle ban dau da tao tinh vfla sflc, kha nanp huy ddng hoatddng tap the va kTnang td'ng hgp kien ttiuc cho H S Day la phuong an cdtinh hieu qua cao Theo littiuyet ttiong tfn, qua frinh DH ft/ong ung vol mpt he ttiong bao gom giai doan: Tniyen va 18 Tap chi Gido due so 361 nhan thong tin; Xuti tiiong tin; Luu tid vi van dung tiiong tin, Trong DH, qua trinh ttuyen ttidng tin khdng chi don thuan la ttiay fruyen ttiu, trd thu dpng tie'p ttiu ma can phai tao s u lien he giua trd vdi ttiay (lien he ngupc) hoac gifla trd vdi eac phuong tien DH (sach, dung DH ) hoae gifla trd vdi trd Detao dupc md'i lien he dd, G V ed the sudyng eac kenh nhu: thi giac (kenh hinh); thinh giac (kenh tiengjikhflu giac frong do, kenhttijgi^ cdnang lucchuyen taittidngttnnhanh nhat, hieu quanhat(tt/ttiicquan sinh dong de'n ft/duy fruu tugng) Algorit ed tae dung md hinh hda cac dd'i ft/png nghien cuu va "ma hda" cac dd'i tugng bing mpt loai "ngdn ngu" vfla frire quan, vfla eu ttie'vacodpn^ Do vay, DH b^ng Algorit lam cho qua trlnh tmyen thdng tin nhanh va chinh xac hon Xuli thdng tin la sudyng eae thao tae tuduy va kinh nghiem da ed dephan tich, phan loaitfldngttnva s^p xep eacthdng ttn vao hethong nhatdjnh;quado, tim md'i quan he mat thiet gifla cac ttidng tin Nhu vay, hieu qua xuli ttiong tin phu thupe vao kha nang nhan ttiuc,tuduyeuatung ngudi; nhung nhdeoAlgorit, thdng tin duge "ma hda" (theo hethong logic hpp liva ST) ma qua trinh xu li thdng tin nhanh va hieu qua hdn nhieu Trong DH, viec van dyng Algorit se giup cho hoat dpng ghi nhd kien thdc (luu tnJ thdng tin) trd nen khoa hpc, ed hetfiong, tao dleu kien ttiuan Ipi cho viec tai hien vavan dung kien ttiflc m pt each linh hoat, hieu qua Q (1) NguySn Xuan Thirc T a m If hpc n h | n thuc NXB D