II HirdNG DAN QUAN Li suf DUNG XAY DUNG HE THONG BAI TAP REN LUYEN KY NANG TRONO DAY hoC DIA LY TV NniCN DAI Cl/tfNO d TRl/dNO THPT CHLYCN Nguyen Thj Nhir Trang Trudng THPT chuyen tinh Qudng Binh Ngi[.]
II HirdNG DAN QUAN Li suf DUNG XAY DUNG HE THONG BAI TAP REN LUYEN KY NANG TRONO DAY hoC DIA LY TV NniCN DAI Cl/tfNO d TRl/dNO THPT C H L Y C N Nguyen Thj Nhir Trang Trudng THPT chuyen tinh Qudng Binh N gi dung kien thirc phan Dja ly tu nhien dai cuang eiia chuang trinh Dja ly 10 tuang doi truu tugng, CO kha nang phat trien tu va ren luyen nhieu loai ky nang cho bgc sinh (HS) Cac dang bai tap d phan khong chi gay kb6 khan cho HS ma cho ca giao vien (GV) Dieu xuat phat tu nhieu nguyen nhan, d6 c6 nguyen nhan chii yeu la chua xac djnh dugc phuang phap giai bai tap va HS yeu ve cac ky nang Dja Iy Mat khac doi vdi cac trudng THPT Chuyen, nhiem vu quan trgng ciia HS khong chi la nam kien thuc ma c6n phai biet van dung kien thu'c de giai cac dang bai tap nham ciing CO, md rgng, nang cao kien thirc va ren luyen ky nang; dap ung yeu cau ciia cac ky thi HS gi6i cap dja phuang va quoc gia Trong moi de thi HS gi6i mon Dja Iy cac cap deu c6 ngi dung kien thirc phan Dja ly tu nhien dai cuang Do vay, nghien ciru nguyen tac, quy trinh xay dung va hudng sir dung he thong bai tap d phan la dieu het sire quan trgng Khai quat ve bai tap ren luyen ky nang day hoc Djaly Bai tap ren luyen ky nang day bgc Dja ly la bai tap yeu cau hgc sinh (HS) van dung nhung kien thirc Dja ly da hgc vao viec giai quyet mgt nhiem vu tu d6 ciing CO dugc kien thirc Dja ly, phat trien kha nang tu duy, nang lire hoat dgng doc lap, kha nang iing dung vao thuc tien cugc song ciia HS Phan D ja ly tir nhien dai cuang ren luyen cho HS nhQng ky nang sau day: KT nang lam viec vdi ban do, luge do; KT nang lam viec vdi so lieu, hinh ve, tranh anh dja ly; - KT nang van dung cac kien thirc cua mon hgc khac vao giai thich cac hien tugng dja li va kl nang lien he thuc te Xay dung he thong bai tap ren luyen ky nang day hoe Dia ly Idp 10 phan ty nhien dai cu'o*ng De xay dung he thong bai tap sir dung c6 hieu qua giang day phan Dja ly tu nhien dai cuang can tuan theo cac nguyen tac sau day; - He thong bai tap phai g6p phan thuc hien muc tieu mon hgc; Bai tap phai dam bao tinh he thong, tinh da dang; - He thong bai tap phai Nhdn bai 26/7/2011 32 • TAP CHi THIET Bl GIAO DUC-so 72-8/2011 dam bao tinh vua sire va phat huy tinh tich cue nhan thuc ciia HS; - He thong bai tap phai phii hgp vdi qua trinh day Xay dung he thong bai tap theo cac budc sau: Budc I: Nghiin ciru ly thuyit de xdy dung bdi tap: Can cir vao ngi dung chuong trinh va sach giao khoa de phan tich ngi dung kien thii'c ciia phan Dja ly tu nhien dai cuang Dua vao muc tieu ciia tung bai hgc cu the, ciia tung phan ma xac djnh cac loai bai tap va ngi dung cac bai tap ren luyen ky nang cbo phii hgp Budc 2: Xdc dinh cdc logi bdi tap, npi dung vd cdu true cua hi thong bdi tap ren luyen ky ndng: Tren ca sd xac djnh muc tieu ve kien thii'c va kT nang ciia tirng bai hgc d budc mgt, can xac djnh cac loai bai tap se sir dung cho tiing bai hgc hay tirng phan cu the Can xay dung bai tap d ca mirc do; dan gian, nang cao va sang tao Dong thdi xac djnh cac bai tap ay nham ren luyen nhung ky nang gi cho HS Budc Thu thap tu liiu di sogn thdo: Cac thong tin tu lieu cd the thu thap tu cac sach giao khoa, sach bai tap, cac chuyen HirdNG DAN QUAN Li sir DUNG de boi dudng HS gioi va cac tai lieu tham khao khac lien quan den bai tap Dja ly noi chung Budc Tien hanh sogn thdo: Sau da c6 day dii tu lieu can thiet, tien hanh xay dung be thong bai tap ren luyen ky nang Qua trinh bien soan c6 the gom nhieu budc nh6 nhu sau: Soan rieng re timg bai tap; xay dung cac phuang an giai bai tap; sap xep cac bai tap cac loai nhu da xac djnh d budc theo trinh tu' tu de den kli6, tu dan gian den sang tao Budc 5: Hodn thiin hi thong bdi tap: Sau dieu chinh nhung bai tap ren luyen ky nang chua hgp li, chiing toi tien hanh soan thao lai va sap HS ky nang lien he thue te va lam viec vdi cac so lieu De lam dugc bai tap HS phai van dung kien thuc ve su chuyen dgng bieu kien ciia Mat Trdi viing ngi ehi tuyen de tinh Mat Trdi len thien dinh tai dja phuong minh, dong thdi phai c6 ky nang lam viec vdi cac so lieu cu the Vi du 2: Cho bang so lieu ve nhiet va lugng mua tai mgt dja diem (xem bang sau): Hay ve bieu d6 the hien nhiet va lugng mua tai dja diem tren Cbo biet day la kieu kill hau nao, vi sao? Bai tap ren luyen eho HS ky nang bieu va lam viec vdi III bang so lieu thong ke HS dua tren so lieu ve nhiet va lugng mua de nhan xet dac diem hau va chi dja diem thuoc kieu hau nao Vi du 3.' Cho luge sau: a Cbo biet day la luge the hien hau ciia thang nao, miia nao, giai thich vi sao? b Xac djnh nhung viing c6 mua thdi gian d6 Bai tap ren luyen cbo HS ky nang lam viec vdi luge De lam dugc bai tap HS phai van dung kien tbirc ve ap de xac djnh luge the hien hau ciia miia nao va kien thuc ve dac diem cua tirng kieu hau de xac djnh nhung Thang 11 III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII Nhiet (°C) ' II 13 15 19 21 23 20 17 15 12 11 Luang mua (mm) 10 12 10 14 30 40 30 20 15 15 10 xep chung tao mgt he thong bai tap hoan chinh, dam bao su can doi ve sd lugng bai tap theo dan vj kien thuc va can doi giua cac loai bai tap dan gian, nang cao va sang tao Sau day la mgt so vi du ve bai tap ren luyen ky nang day hgc Dja ly Idp 10 phan tu nhien dai cuang Vi du 1.' Hay tinh Mat Trdi len thien dinh tai Dong Hdi, tinh Quang Binh(17«28) Bai tap ren luyen cho TAP CHi THI^T Bj GIAO D^C • SO 72 - 8/2011 • 33 II HirdNG DAN QUAN Li suf DUNG vung e6 mua tren luge Djnh hudng sit dung he thong bai tap Cac dang bai tap tren dugc su dung khau ciing co, be thong b6a kien tbirc, HS luyen tap d nha va boi dudng HS gioi Vi du ve djnh hudng sii' dung cac bai tap tren * Bai tap d vi du 1: Bai tap su dung khau eiing CO kien thii'c ve hien tugng chuyen dgng bieu kien ciia Mat Trdi viing ngi chi tuyen, dong thdi boi dudng HS gioi chuan bj cho cac ky tbi HS gi6i cac cap Hudng dan; + Thdi gian Mat Trdi di chuyen bieu kien tu xich dao (0°) len ehi tuyen bae (23°27') bet 93 ngay, di chuyen dugc mgt cung 23''27 Vay di chuyen tu xich dao len 17"28' het 68 ngay; + Ngay Mat Trdi len thien dinh tai Dong Hdi lan thii' nhat la: 21/3+ 68 (ngay): 29/5 * Bai tap d vi du 3: Bai tap + Ngay Mat Trdi len thien su dung khau ciing co dinh tai D6ng Hdi lan thu bai la va nang cao kien thuc ve cac kieu 23/9 - 68 (ngay): 15/7 * Bai tap d vi du 2: Bai tap bau, co the cbo HS tu luyen sir dung phan khai tap va bdi dudng cho HS gioi Hudng dan: quat va nang cao kien thirc ve + Luge thang 7, miia idii bau cbo HS, c6 the dung de HS luyen tap d nha va boi dong ciia Nam ban cau Ve miia ddng, luc dja toa nhiet dudng HS gi6i nhanh ban bien va dai duang, Hu'dng dan; + Ve bieu do: Bieu cot ket hgp vdi dudng lam binh ap eao tren (Cot the hien cbo lugng mua luc dja; + Cac viing c6 mua; Khu va dudng the hien cbo nhiet do); + Xac djnh kieu hau; vuc hau Dja Trung Hai, khu Dja Trung Hai (ban cau Bac); + vuc on ddi hai duang, khu vuc Giai thich: nhiet dao dgng xich dao tir 10°C - 20''C; nhiet cao d cac thang miia ha, miia dong Tai lieu tham khao Bo Giao due va Dao tao, Sdch c6 nhiet xuong thap ban; bien nhiet cac miia c6 sir gido khoa Dia li 10, NXB Giao due, chenh lech kha ro nhung khong Ha Npi, 2006 Le Cong Triem, Nguyen Dire qua Idn Lugng mua tap trung Vu, Phuang phdp nghien ciru khoa vao cac thang cuoi nam den hoc gido due, NXB Dai hoc sur cac thang dau nam (miia dong pham HaNoi, 2004 va miia xuan), miia mua it, L e Thong, Nguyen Dire Vu, lugng mua trung binh nam vao Nguyen Minh Tue, Boi duang HS gioi Dia ly, N X B Giao due, 2006 khoang 500-1000mm llllllllillllllllllllllllllillllllllllllllillllllllllllllllllllllllllllllililllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllilllMIII DOI MOI THIET KE BiU GIANG (Tiip theo trang 21) GV dung tranh quy trinh kT thuat de he thong lai cac thao tac hoac luu y HS mgt so thao tac kh6 Tranh quy trinh c6 the de treo tren bang suot qua trinh HS thuc hanh Nhac nhd HS + GV chi djnh HS (nh6m HS) trung bay san pham theo cac vj tri da du kien trudc, neu ggi y hoac dua nhung tieu chi danh gia san pham Tao 34 • dieu kien cho HS dugc tham gia nhan xet, danh gia cae san pham, tren ca sd y kien nhan xet cua HS; GV nhan xet, danh gia san pham ciia tiing em, tung nhom (theo tieu chi da dua ra) Kithudt,'NXB GD, HaNoi, 2007 Bg Giao due va Dao tao, Vu Thj San (cbii nhiem de tai), Quan diim ngudi hgc Id chii thi tich circ cua qud trinh hgc tap vd nhiing yeu cdu su phgm doi vdi ngudi gido vien (de tai nghien cilia klioa hgc, 2005 Tai lieu tham khao Bg Giao due va Dao Tao Dao Quang Trung, Du an phat trien giao vien tieu Phuang phdp dgy hgc Thu hgc, Thii cong, Ki thudt vd cong, KT thudt, NXB DHSP, Ha phuang phdp dgy hgc Thu cong, Noi, 2009 TAP CHl THIET Bl GIAO DUC - SO 72 - 8/2011