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Tqp chi khoa hgc trUdng Dqi hgc Quy NhOn Tdp IV, sd 1 nam 2010 MQT SO NGUYEN TAC XAY DijNG H J TH6NG BAI TAP REN LUYEN KI NANG DQC HIĴ U TAC PHAM TlJ SlJ CHO HOC SINH TRUNG HQC P H 6 TH6NG MAIXUANMlf[.]
Tqp chi khoa hgc trUdng Dqi hgc Quy NhOn Tdp IV, sd nam 2010 MQT SO NGUYEN TAC XAY DijNG H J T H N G BAI TAP REN LUYEN KI NANG DQC HIJ^U TAC PHAM TlJ SlJ CHO HOC SINH TRUNG HQC P H T H N G MAIXUANMlfeN" l.M^DAU Nhffng nam gin day, cdng cude ddi mdi phffdng phdp day hpc nhd trffdng phd thdng dang dat nhffng ydu clu mdi ddi vdi vide ngbidn cffu va gidng day bp mdn Ngff van Trie't li sff pham bidn dai dang doi bdi mpt sff thay ddi phffdng phap day bpe vdn theo hffdng "ld'y ngffdi bpe lam ttung tdm", phdt buy chu thi ngffdi hpc, tich effc hda boat dpng, giai phdng tilm nang sang tao eua ngffdi hoc nham giiip tffng cd nhdn tff phan anh, tff giao due, tff phat trien nhdn each tff tren gbd' nha trffdng Qud ttinh day hpc van theo be binb phffdng phap mdi khdng dffdc nhin nhdn nhff la mpt qua ttinh gido due ddn phffdng, tff ngoai, ma la mdt qua trtnb tdng bdp nhilu qua ttinb, ttong dd qua trtnb tff giao due, trf bpe trd bat nhan Ludn did'm vide hoc la cdng vide cua ca nhan, khdng tbi lam thay nba'n manh day bpe tac phd'm (TP) van chrfdng thrfc chd't la day cho hoc sinh (HS) each dpe, phep dpe, day kT nang dpe hieu de HS cd the trf minh dpe van, bieu van, binb nang Irfc dpe chff dpng, sang tao, dpe cd phrfdng phap, cd ki nang de HS cd the dpe bilu bd't cff van ban ndo cffng loai Vi vdy, cdng vide day van cua ngffdi giao vidn (GV) khdng ehi tap trung vao trang van, chff trpng van ban quan be nha't, ddn phffdng vdi ban than ma td chffc, hffdng ddn dpe van eho HS, giup HS tff doc, tff phat bidn, khdm phd, chid'm ITnh cai bay cai dep cua van ban van bpe de tff nhan thffc, tff phdt triin nang lffe va nhan each eua minh Gid dpe bieu TP van chffdng theo tinb thin nhff vdy tuyet nhidn khdng phai la gid truyin thu cho HS kd't qua cam thu, phan tich cua thiy giao bode effa mdt khae, ma la chu trpng binb thanh, phat trien kT nang, nang lffe doc hieu cho HS Tffc la nba'n manh ydu clu giao due dao tao tri nang, phat triin nang Irfc, kT nang trf dpe van, bieu van cho HS chff khdng chi coi trpng giao due tri thffc Mud'n binb thanh, "phat triin nang Irfc, kT nang dpe hieu cho HS hrfdng tdi lam cho cac em cd nang Irfc dpe bilu bd't ky van ban nao" (Chrfdng trinh mdn Ngff van THPT-2002) nhd't thid't phai nghidn cffu he thdng nang Irfc, kT nang dpe bilu va xay drfng be thd'ng bai tap ren luyen, phat triin nhffng kT nang do, dffa ttdn nen tang cffa nhffng ludn diem drfdc luan giai thuyd't phuc v l mat khoa bpe Day la van 6e cd y nghTa b luan va thrfc tidn, cd tinb thid't thtfc va ca'p bach, doi bdi nhffng nd Iffc ngbidn 3g MAI XUAN MIEN cffu Ciia nhilu nha khoa hoc cflng nhrf ddng ddo GV phd thdng Drfdi ddy chung tdi ttinb bdy mOt sd luan diim cd bdn cd tinb nguyen tie dinh hffdng cho vipc xay dffng he thdng bdi tap rdn luypn kT ndng dpe bieu TP tff sff cho HS THPT-mpt vd'n de chffa dffdc chii trpng nghien cffu vl li ludn va ffng dung, nham ddng gdp it nhilu vdo nhffng nd lffe chung vide ngbidn cffu vl day doc vdn tiieo hffdng day kT ndng dpe bieu, binh thdnh ndng lffe, kT ndng dpe chii ddng, sdng tao cho HS NOI DUNG 2.1 m thd'ng bai t^p rfen ki ndng dpe hid'u tde ph^m tif sif phai hrfdng dd'n hinh va phat triin ndng li/c, kT ndng ti/ dpe hid'u cho hpc sinh Ngdy nay, bd'i cdnh tri thffc phdt triin sidu tde cuoc each mang khoa bpe ky thudt, ky nguydn tin bpe dem lai, vide quan tdm chii trpng day cho HS phffdng phdp, kT ndng tff hpc dl HS bid't cdeh tff hoc, cd kT nang tff hpc Id vd cffng quan ttpng, dffdc nhd'n manh nhff la "mpt chia kbda vdng cua giao due" Giao due bpe bidn dai khing dinh: Hpc Id cdng vide ciia tffng cd tbi, khdng co tbi lam thay Khdng ed qua trinh hpc tap nao ma khdng cd tff hpc, hieu nhff la tff minh lao ddng tri de, buy ddng toan bp kien thffc, ndng lffe vd nhdn cdeh de chid'm Knh, sd* bufU tri thffc cua nhdn loai choriengminh de tff phdt trien Ndi nhff GS Nguyen Canh Toan, "ed't ldi cua hpc la tff bpe" Tff tffdng "hoc la tff hpc, day hpc la day tff hpc" da ttd mdt nguydn li nin tdng, cd tinb chid'n Iffdc ttong gido due hidn dai Phffdng phap day hpc tich effc day hpc TP van chffdng dffa ttdn nin tang trf tffdng tff hoc cflng chu y ren luydn, binb phffdng phdp, ki ndng tff hpc, tff dpe bieu cd bidu qua cho HS Day chang nhffng la eon dffdng nham ndng cao hidu qua ciia gid dpe van ma la mdt mue tidu day hoc, mue tidu phffdng phdp bay la mue tidu sidu kid'n thffc cua qua trinh day hpc dpe bilu TP Qud trinh day hoc dpe bilu TP d THPT hffdng dd'n mue tidu la day cho HS each dpe, phep dpe, kT ndng dpe dl HS cd till tff minh dpe vdn, bilu van, binb tiidnh ndng Iffc dpe chu ddng, sdng tao, dpe cd phffdng phdp, cd van hda, cd cd tinh Day doe bilu TP theo mue tidu nhff vdy cflng la ren luydn, ttau ddi cho HS bid't van dung cdc tti thffc vl lich sff van hpc (bdi cdnh, nha vdn, ), tti tiiffc b ludn vdn hpc (tiu phdp van xudi, ludt thd, ), tri thffc van hda, tti thffc ngdn ngff, vao boat dpng doc bilu nham tao nang lffe doc c6 vdn hda vd ndng cao vdn hda dpe cho HS Nba'n manh mue tidu day dpe vdn nhff vdy, tffc Id nba'n manh ydu clu giao due dao tao tri ndng, phdt trien ndng lffe, kT ndng van cho HS chff khdng cbi coi trpng giao due tri thffc Gid dpe van hrfdng dd'n mue tidu ndi trdn doi hoi GV day each doc, ren luydn kT nang dpe bilu van bdn cho HS, HS hoc doc de bid't each doe dffng, bid'u dung, bid't li giai, danh gia, bid't doc sdng tao, bie't tff doe, tff hoc, cd tiidi quen doc, din din tich Ifiy, nang cao van hda doc dl tff doc, tff hpc sud't ddi MQT SO NGUYEN TAG XAY Dl/NG Hfe TH6NG BAI TAP 39 Ndi each khae, nhidm vu bang diu ciia day dpe van Id day edch doc, day tff dpe dd HS binb nang lffe, ki nang tff dpe bilu cau chff dd'n dpe hieu binb tffdng, rdi tid'n dd'n tff dpe bilu cdi thdng diep tde gid ki thdc qua vdn bdn, bid't H giai, khai qudt tff tffdng TP, bid't nam bat ddc trffiig, tbi phdp tbi loai, thdng bilu gid tri tha'm mT, gia tti lich sff Va cud'i cffng la dpe bilu sdng tao, tffc Id tff chd thffc sff thdng bilu van bdn dd'n bid't each eat nghTa, li giai, ddnh gid tha'm mT TP theo tinh thin sdng tao, phdt hidn khdm pha, suy nglm, thrfdng thffc '^ nghTa mdi md ciia TP tffdng quan vdi ddi sd'ng bidn Ren luydn, phat ttiln nang lffe, kT ndng trf dpe bilu vdn bdn cho HS cin bit diu tff ed'p dp thd'p dd'n cao, tff de dd'n khd, tff dpe bieu dflng dd'n dpe sdng tao, bilu sang tao Trdn thffc te, HS ndi chung la khdng dpe vdn, khdng cd kha ndng tff minh dpe vdn, bid'u vdn ma chff ye'u la GV dpe bd, bieu bd Vi vdy, GV phai chu trpng day each tff dpe van cho HS, phai day cho HS tff minh lam vide vdi tffng chff, cdu vdn, tffng dd'u ehd'm, dd'u phay, d l HS cd thi tff minh bid't each dpe dung, hieu dung, rdi dpe kT, bidu kT dd'n dpe sdu, bilu sdu, sau cung la dpe hieu sang tao Mud'n vdy, ttong day hpc dpe van, GV cin chu y ren luydn, phat trien cho HS cac ndng lffe, kT ndng dpe bieu TP van chffdng sau: Ndng lffe tti giac ngdn ngff, van ban, the loai - Ndng lffe phat hidn, nam bat gipng didu Ndng lffe tai bidn binb tffdng Nang lffe ben tffdng Ndng lffe phan tich cae cbi tie't, binb tffdng Ndng lffe khai quat y nghTa, tff tffdng chu d l Ndng lffe danh gia tham ml Nang lffe cam xuc tham mT Nang Itfc ttf bde lp, ttf nhan thffc, loc Vide day hpc TP tff sff ndi chung va vide xay dffng he thd'ng bai tap ren ki ndng doc bieu TP tff sff cho HS ndi ridng cin hffdng dd'n ren luydn eho HS nhffng nang lffe, kT ndng trdn day nham din din binb va phat triin d HS kT nang ttf dpe bieu, ttf tid'p nhan TP Day cflng la mue tidu cd ban va quan ttpng ciia vide day dpe bieu van ban theo ttf ttfdng lay HS lam ttung tam, bay la tich ctfc hda boat dpng cua ngtfdi hoc 2.2 Hd thd'ng bai tdp r e n kT nang dpe hid'u tac ph^m tff sff phai bao dam logic ciia hosit dpng tid'p nhan va ed'u true nghp thuat dale thu cua tac ph^m Tid'p nhan van hoc la mdt boat dpng chid'm ITnh thim mT ddc thu, tbi hidn quan be, nhu cau tha'm mT, mue dich giao tid'p, dd'i thoai giffa ngffdi doc va TP Day la mpt qua trinh tid'p can, chid'm ITnh nhffng gia tti tff ttfdng tha'm ml va binb thffc nghd thuat 40 MAI XUAN MIEN cua van bdn vdn chffdng Qud trinh ndy diln theo mdt cd chd' tam li cdm thu nhat dinh, bdt diu tff tti gide, dpe bilu vdn bdn ngdn tff, chuyen hda, thdm nhap vao the gidi binb tffdng, dd'n thi nghiem, phan tich, ddnh gid, sau cflng Id bde lp each bilu, stf nhdn thffc, a'n tffdng thd'm ml vd stf tde dpng, dnh btfdng dd'n nhdn each, kinh nghiem, bdnh vi ffng xff ciia ngtfdi dpe Tid'p nhdn vdn hoc Id boat dOng trdn dly tinb tich ctfc vd sdng tao, ddi hoi ngtfdi dpe tham gia bdng todn bd nhdn cdeh eon ngtfdi ciia minh, vdi ta't ca trdi tim vd khdi dc, ddc diim nhan each vd tri thffc, kinh nghidm, ndng lffe, thi hid'u, tinh tich effc hffng thff vd sffe sdng tao Trong tid'p nhan vdn hoc, ngffdi dpe thffdng d vao mpt tam thd ddc bidt, vffa qudn minh, nhap tbdn d l sdng vd tbi nghidm npi dung cua TP, vffa phdn thdn, nhan ro minh 6e nhin nhdn TP tff ben ngodi, de phdn tich, li gidi, ddnh gid TP, tde gid Ngffdi dpe cd tbi di tim dung tdm eua tde gid d l tri dm, ddng didu, cd the mffdn TP d l ki thdc, bde Id ndi long ciia minh ddi vdi cude ddi, cung cd thi tim tdi phdn tich, giai thich vdn ban d l phat bidn, ndm bdt nhffng gid tri tff tffdng, tham mT vd'n tilm tang TP, c6 the phdt bidn nhffng ^ nghTa ndm ngodi tim kiem sodt cua tac gia, thdm cbi khdm phd nhffng ^ tffdng ngffdc ban vdi y dinh cffa tac gia Tid'p nhdn van bpe la mdt boat ddng cd quy ludt vd mang ban chd't xd hdi, chff khdng phai la mdt boat ddng hoan toan tff vd cd tinh chd't cd nhan cua ngffdi dpe Thff nha't, ngffdi dpe bi quy dinh bdi van ban TP nhff la "tiln d l tiep nhdn" vdi cac ma ngdn ngff, ma nghd thuat, ma van hda kd't tinb ttong 66 Ndi nhff M Nau-man, TP la nhdn td hang diu, cd tinb quyd't dinh, ddng vai trd "dilu khiin", quy dinh trffde qud trtnb vd phffdng thffc tid'p nhdn dd'i vdi ngffdi dpe, quy dinh ca bidu qua vd each danh gid Trong qua trtnb tid'p nhan ngffdi dpe ebi bidn tiiffc hda cdc tiln d l cua TP, chi tiiffc bidn cai tilm nang vl ndi dung vd binb thffc cua TP Vi vdy ngffdi dpe chi tff ttong pham vi TP ma thdi, va tinh nang dpng sdng tao ciia ngffdi dpe cbi la thff yd'u, phu tiiudc va cd gidi ban Thff hai, ngffdi doe cflng bi quy dinh bdi kinh nghidm tid'p nhdn "cdng ddng b giai" va sff tid'p nhdn cdc TP da cd ttffdc dd ttong mot mdi trffdng van hoc Vi vdy boat ddng tid'p nhdn, ndi nhff M Nau-man, tid'p nhdn xd bdi la tiln dl ciia tid'p nhdn cd nhdn; ndi each khae, tid'p nhdn cd nhdn ludn dien ttong khdng kbi ciia tid'p nhdn xa hdi Cud'i cflng, ngffdi dpe bi quy dinh bdi nhu clu ddi sd'ng, sff chd ddi d TP nhffng vd'n d l , nhffng hipn tffdng bidn thffc ma bp quan tdm Bdi vi, ndi nhff Gadamer, "Tham chi, kbi ta li giai mot cdi gi 66 vdi nhffng ddng cd td't dep, tbi chung ta cflng cd khuynh htfdng bo qua nhffng gi khdng nam be tiid'ng nhffng dilu chd dpi ciia chung ta" Xet trdn quan diim ca'u true luan, tid'p nhan vdn hpc la mdt ca'u true bao gdm mpt phffc hdp quan be bffu cd, bidn chffng va phffc tap giffa ddng cam va ttdi nghidm, cam xuc va suy ttf, giffa tinb cam va tti tud, giffa ttffc gide va phan tinh, trffc cam va phan tich, giffa tffdng tffdng va hidn thffc, giffa cu thi hda va khdi quat hda, giffa cam M Q T SO NGUYEN TAG X A Y D U N G HE TH6NG B AI TAP 41 nhap va H giai, danh gid, Ndi edch khde, ca'u trffc tid'p nhdn la mdt tffdng quan ndng ddng giffa ed'u ttffc cam thu ddi sdng vd ed'u trfle tdi bidn nghd thuat, giffa cdu trffc tam ll tid'p nhdn vd ca'u ttffc nghd thuat ciia TP ma giffa chffng vd'n ed md'i lien be mau thit vdi Tid'p nhdn vdn bpe la boat ddng ttdi qua nhilu giai doan Theo Bidlinsky, "C6 bai giai doan cam thu TP van bpe: giai doan cdm thu trffc tid'p, cam tinh, sd bd va giai doan phan tich, ddnh gid ed suy nglm Khdng cd trffc cdm khdng cd cdm thu vdn bpe Dd'i vdi thd ea, nhd't thid't phai xud't phdt tff sff cdm thu b^ng trdi tim vd chuyin tff sff xffe ddng cd tinb chd't dpt khdi sang sff quan sdt lanh Iflng" Nbikiforova chia qud trinh cam thu vdn hpc lam ba giai doan: 1) Giai doan 1: Cam thu trffc tid'p TP nhdm tdi tao va the nghidm binb tffdng TP Trong giai doan nay, qud trtnb tffdng tffdng la bang diu 2) Giai doan 2: Thd'u bieu ndi dung tff tffdng TP Trong giai doan ndy, tff trd ndn then chd't, nhiftig khdng ldm buy diet cdm xffe ma ttong chffng mffc nd van dung trai nghidm cam xffe, va ldm cho cam xuc sdu sac bdn 3) Giai doan eua cam thu van bpe la tac ddng anh hffdng cffa TP dd'n nhdn each ngffdi dpe nhff la bidu qua cua cam tiiuTP Tid'p nhdn van hpc la mdt boat ddng trai qua nhilu cap dp Trffde bd't, ngffdi dpe phdi tri gide ngdn tff, hieu dffdc chff nghTa; nhdn bid't dffdc thi loai; nam bat ed't truydn; cam nhdn eac chi tid't, tinb tid't, tinb each, quan be sff toan ven cua binb tffdng nghe thudt Thff dd'n, tham nhap vdo thd' gidi binb tffdng, tid'p xffe vdi y dd nghd sT, phdt hidn khdm phd thd' gidi nghd thudt nhff la sff kd't tinb sau sac tff tffdng va tinh cam cua tac gia Tid'p theo, lidn be binb tffdng vdi van canh ddi sd'ng va kinh nghidm ed nhdn de the nghidm, ddnh gia y nghia ldn nhd, ndng sau cua TP; dat TP vao ttuyin thd'ng van hoc, vdn hda de xdc dinh vi tri, anh hffdng eua nd ttong ttao Itfff, thdi ki, nin van bpe Sau cung la stf tac ddng, anh btfdng eua TP dd'i vdi ttf ttfdng, tinb cam, hieu bid't vd nhan each cua ngtfdi dpe Stf phdn chia cdc giai doan, cac ed'p dp cua qua trinh cam thu, tid'p nhdn TP van chtfdng d trdn cd khae It nhilu, nbtfng v l tbtfc chat vln phff bdp vdi logic cua boat ddng cam thu, tid'p nhdn van bpe va logic cffa ddi tffdng tha'm mT (ed'u ttffc binb tffdng, ca'u true TP) Trong tid'p nhdn van bpe ngffdi dpe phai thffc bidn mpt qua trtnb tam II cam thu du mang tinb chu quan nhffng phai bdn be mau tiiit, phai phff bdp vdi logic cua dd'i tffdng tham mT-TP Day la qua ttinb chuyin boa ddc thff cffa khdch tbi (TP) vao chff the (ngffdi dpe) va eua chu the vao khdch thi thdng qua boat ddng cam thu trffc tid'p d l trai nghidm tham ml va boat ddng tid'p can, phdn tich, cat nghTa, danh gia de tha'u bilu TP Ngay nay, II thuyet tid'p nhan van hoc cflng da lam sang td ed chd' cam thu, chid'm ITnh mpt TP nhff mdt qua trinh phffc tap, gdm bai pbIn cd bdn be bffu cd, bidn chffng Dd la cd chd' cam thu tham ml trtfc tid'p nhtf la boat dpng mang tinb tich ctfc 42 MAIXUANMlfeN sdng tao va xuc edm