P H A N L O A I P H U O N G T I E N D A Y H O C T R O N G M O M M l T H V A T 1 Khai niem phuong tien day hoc (PTDH) Trong Giao due hoc, thuat ngu «phuang tien day hoc" (PTDH) dugc hieu la nhung ddi t[.]
P H A N T L O A I R O N P H U O N G G M O M T I E N M l O Khai niem phuong tien day hoc (PTDH) Trong Giao due hoc, thuat ngu «phuang tien day hoc" (PTDH) dugc hieu la nhung ddi twang vat chdt dugc giao vien (GV) su dung vai tu each la nhung phuang tien dieu khien hogt dong nhan thuc cua hgc sinh (HS); dong thai, no cdn la nguon tri thuc phong phu deHS tfnh hgi kien thuc va ren luyen kTndng Hieu theo nghTa hep, PTDH la toan bg nhung thiet bi, dung, dyng cy dugc su dyng phyc vy viec giang dgy va hgc tap, nhdm dgt dugc myc dich dgy hgc (DH) Do Id nhung cdng cy giup ngudi thay td chuc, dieu khien qua trinh DH thdng qua cdc hoat ddng (nhu: kich thich hoat ddng nhdn thuc, td chuc hoat ddng nhdn thuc, kiem tra - ddnh gid ) vd nhung cdng cy giup HS td chuc hoat ddng nhdn thuc cua minh mdt each hieu qua Mdt sd quan diem ve each phdn loai PTDH Cd nhieu quan diem khdc ve each phdn loai PTDH: phdn loai PTDH dya vdo ten gqi, dqc tinh, cdu true, chuc ndng cua PTDH; phdn loai dya vdo vai trd, v nghia cua PTDH qua trinh hinh thdnh khdi niem khoa hoc; phdn loai dya vdo ddc diem nhdn thuc cua HS, hodc dqc diem cua mdn hoc, v.v Dudi day Id mdt sd quan diem khdc ve each phdn loai PTDH cua cdc nhd nghien cuu gido dye: * Theo Tran Due Vugng (1), danh myc PTDH (thudng dugc gqi Id PTDH true quan, hay Id thiet bj DH) dang duqc trang bi cho he thdng cdc trudng phd thdng Viet Nam hien bao gom nhung loai sau: - Loai PTDH truyen tnd'ng, gom cd: tranh, dnh, bdng bieu, bieu do; bdn gido khoa; md hinh, vdt mau, mau vdt; dyng cy; - Loai phuang tien ki thudt DH (hay cdn gqi Id phuang tien nghe nhin), gom cd: phim slide; bdn dung cho may chieu aua ddu; bdng, dia ghi dm; bang, dia ghi hinh; phdn mem DH * Theo Nguyen Van Khoi vd Le Huy Hoang (2), PTDH phdn chia thdnh hai loai: - Loai PTDH truyen thdng, gom phuang tien nghe (nhu bang dm thanh, cha dm thanh) vd phuang tien nhin T D A Y H V A H O C T ThS NGUYEN THU TUAN* (nhuhinh ve, vgt that, mo hinh vdtchdt );- Loai phuang tien kT thudt DH hien dqi: gom may chieu bdn trong, may chieu phdn xq, may chieu slide, camera, tivi vd ddu video, may chieu da phuang tien * Theo Nguyen Huy Sam (3), dya vdo cdu tao cua PTDH, cd the chia thdnh hai nhdm: - Cdc PTDH truyen thdng gom cd: tranh; dnh; bdn do; sa do; bieu do; md hinh; sa bdn; mdu vdt; dyng cy thi nghiem; vudn truong, xudng trudng; phong truyen thdng, phong bd mdn, ; - Cdc PTDH hien dqi gom cd: may thu hinh (tivi); ddu video vd bdng hinh DH; may chieu phim duang bdn; may chieu qua ddu vd at-ldt bdn DH; may quet dnh (scan) vd album dnh DH; may chieu da ndng; may ghi hinh kT thudt sd vd bdng hinh, dia CD DH; may vi tinh vd phdn mem DH * Theo To Xuan Giap (4), dya vdo tinh chdt, cdu tao vd muc phuc tap che tao, PTDH chia thdnh hai nhdm: - Nhdm phuang tien truyen tin: Id cung cap cho cdc gidc quan nguon tin dudi dang tieng vd hinh dnh (nhu may chieu phim, may ghi am, may thu thanh, may thu hinh, may tinh ); - Nhdm mang tin: Id nhung thiet bj ty chua dyng mdt khdi lugng thdng tin nhdt djnh nhdm chuyen tdi cdc thdng diep ndi dung DH, gom: cdc tdi lieu in; cdc phuang tien mang tin thinh gidc (bang, dia dm ); cdc phuang tien mang tin thj gidc (tranh, dnh, phim ); cdc phuang tien mang tin nghe - nhin (phim cd tieng truyen hinh, video ); cdc phuong tien mang tin, dung cho sy hinh thdnh khdi niem (vgt chdt, mo hinh, phuong tien sdn xudt ) * Theo Tran Kieu vd Vu Trgng Ry (5), bdt ki he thdng thiet bj DH mdn ndo cung bao gom cdc thdnh phdn: cdc vdt that; cdc phuang tien mieu td cdc ddi tugng, hien tugng khong gian hai chieu hodc ba chieu (nhu md hinh, tranh gido khoa .); cdc phuang tien md td bdng ngdn ngu (sach, tdi lieu); cdc thiet bj dung de tdi tao lai * Trudng Bai hoc sir pham Ha Noi Tap c h i Giao due so (k % 5/201 n hien tugng (cac dyng cy thi nghiem); cdc phuang tien kT thuat DH (phuang tien nghe - nhin) Tu nhung phan tich tren, chung toi cho rdng, viec phdn logi PTDH cdn can cu vdo myc dfch vd chuc nang cua PTDH moi quan he vai myc tieu, noi dung vd phuang phap DH, cung nhu phdi xem xet mdi quan he vdi hoat dong hoc tap cua HS, chu khong phdi chi dya vdo ddc tinh vdt li, tu dd cd cdc loai PTDH khdc vd su dyng chung theo nhung each khdc cho hieu qua nhdt Chung tdi ddng nhdt quan diem vdi hai tdc gid Tran Due Vugng vd Nguyen Huy Sdm ve PTDH truyen thdng vd phuang tien kT thudt DH Cach phdn loai PTDH cua tdc gid Nguyin Vdn Khdi vd Le Huy Hoang, chung tdi chua ddng nhdt d cho xep phuong tien nghe (nhu bang dm thanh, did dm thanh) thudc loai PTDH truyen thdng, bdi vi, phdn loai nhu vdy Id nhdm lan giua cdi chua dyng thdng tin (nhu ban trong, phim, bdng tCr am - hinh, dia ghi am, ghi hinh ) vai cac may moc chuyen tai thdng tin (nhu may chieu, radio, cat-set, may chieu phim, may thu hinh (ti-vi), video, may quay phim (camera), may vi tinh (computer), may chieu da ndng) Cdn each phdn loai PTDH cua tdc gid Td Xudn Giap thi lai phuc tap hda van de d each phdn loai nhdm mang tin PTDH duqc coi Id cdng cy hoat ddng nhdn thuc cua HS, cd quan he mat thiet vdi viec thyc hien myc tieu, ndi dung vd phuang phap DH De dat duqc myc dich vd nhiem vy DH, each phdn loai cung nhu each su dyng cdc PTDH, cdn ddt chung mdi quan he vdi myc tieu, ndi dung vd phuang phap DH Phdn loai PTDH mdn MT thudt (MT) 1)Cosa khoa hgc cua viec phan logi PTDH: Can cu vdo myc dich vd chuc ndng cua PTDH, cd cdc loai PTDH khdc Moi each phdn loai deu dya tren tinh chdt, cdu tao vd muc dd sii dyng phuong tien qua trinh DH, dd Id: - Phan logi theo tinh chdt (truyen tin; mang tin); - Phdn logi theo each su dyng (dung true tiep de DH; dung cho chudn bj vd dieu khien lap hoc); - Pfidn logi theo muc dd phuc top che tgo (dan gian; phuc tap) Ddi vdi mdn MT, dya vdo cdu tao vd each su dyng cua PTDH, vdo ddc diem cua mdn MT vd each day cua gido vien (GV), each hoc cua HS d mdn hoc nay, cd the phdn loai cdc PTDH mdn MT thdnh ba nhdm sau day: nhom cdc PTDH Tap chi Giao due so 262 (ki a • 5/201 n truyen thdng, nhdm cdc phuong tien kT thudt DH, nhdm cdc phuong tien tdi lieu in dn 2) Phdn logi PTDH mdn MT a) Nhom cdc phuong tien DH truyen thdng: Vdi dqc thu cua DH MT, ngodi cdc phuang tien kT thudt DH hien dqi duqc su dyng nhu d cdc mdn hoc khdc, cdc PTDH truyen thdng duqc cdc GV MT su dyng thudng xuyen tren lap Id net rdt ddc trung ciia DH MT, gom cd: - Mau vgt that: gom cd cdc hinh khdi ca bdn (nhu khdi hop, khdi cdu, khdi try), cdc dd vdt (nhu cdi cdc, bdt, dm tich, Iq hoa, cdc loai hoa qua), tuang, ngudi mau de Idm dung DH cho phdn mdn Ve theo mau; hodc cd the Id chiec cap sach, tui xdeh, chiec khan vudng, khan trdi bdn, cdi dia trdn, vien gqch dd hoa, cdi quat gidy, mat nq, bia ljch treo tudng de Idm dung DH cho phdn mdn Ve trang tri, giup HS quan sat de tiep thu kien thuc bdi hoc - Tranh, dnh gido khoa: duqc the hien chu yeu qua kenh hinh de chuyen tdi ndi dung gido dye, nhdm gay dn tuang ghi nhd bang tao hinh, giup HS tham khao de tiep thu kien thuc bdi hoc, qua dd khich le, ddng vien cdc em ty tin hoc tap Vdi mdn MT, dd Id tranh ve cua HS, phien bdn tranh ciia cdc hoa sTd vd ngodi nude; tranh gido khoa, cdc bdi ve, cdc budc ve GV true tiep Idm de minh hoa cho ndi dung bdi day cua minh; cdc bdi mdu chu ca bdn vd mdu chu trang tri; cdc dnh chup tu lieu, v.v de Idm dd dung DH cho phdn mdn Thudng thuc MT, Ve trang tri, Ve tranh - Hinh hudng dan each tien hanh bdi ve: cd tdc dyng ggi y cho HS each ve, ddng thdi phdt trien khd ndng tim tdi, sdng tao ve bd cue, ve hinh, ve mdu cho HS qua cdc phuong dn the hien khdc - Hinh ve minh hoa tren bdng: minh hoa nhanh cdc chi tiet, hodc gqi y them nhung y «bdt chgt" GV Idm viec vdi HS - Bdn dd, sa dd, luge do, bieu do: dung Idm dd dung DH cho phdn mdn Thudng thuc MT Bdn dd: Id ghi chep lai bdng nhung hinh dnh tinh, thdng qua ngdn ngu thdng tin, giup HS quan sat cdc diin bien, sy kien, cdc khu vyc hanh chinh bdng cdc dudng net, ki hieu, mdu sac khdc Sa do, bieu dd: Id sy khdi quat hod tdi lieu mdt each cd myc dich bdng nhung ki hieu tuang trung udc le Tren ca sd nhung ki hieu dd, cdc cdu true, cdc quan he tuang ho, nhung sy chuyen hod, sy van ddng, phdt trien cua khdi niem, pham tru, quy ludt phan anh khach the hien thyc co the dugc dgng lai Sa dd, bieu dd Id nhung dd dung DH dqc biet quan trong, phdn dnh khach the hien thuc Loai dung DH rat co hieu qua gidng day - dqc biet Id co su ho tra cua cdc phuang tien nhu overheat, projector Ngodi cdc dd dung DH tren, GV MT cd the khai thac nhieu nguon khdc nhu: suu tdm tranh dnh d sach bdo, lich treo tudng theo cdc chu de cua bdi day; lua chon cdc bdi ve cua HS cdc khoa hoc trudc de Idm tdi lieu minh hoa; khuyen khich HS suu tdm cdc hinh dnh tu hoa bdo, tap chi, gidy mdu, bia mdu de su dung Idm bdi tranh xe ddn gidy mdu, tao cho cdc em thu vd thdi quen suu tap cdc phien bdn tranh thieu nhi, tranh nghe thudt phuc vy bdi hoc b) Nhom cac phirong tien kT thuat DH: de phdn biet nhung PTDH true quan, ngudi ta dung thudt ngu phuang tien kT thuat DH Cach phdn loai hoan todn chi cd tinh chdt quy udc, tuang ddi O cdc mdn hoc, phuang tien kT thudt DH bao gom: cdc phuang tien nghe - nhin, cdc may kiem tra, may DH Vdi mdn MT, cdc phuang tien kT thudt DH Id: - Tivi, dau video: Id phuang tien dugc su dyng rdng rdi DH hien Nhd nhung phuang tien nay, HS tiep can tri thuc khong chi bdng thinh gidc md bdng cd thj gidc, nen dn tugng ve cdc ndi dung hoc tap trd nen rd net vd sdu sac han Video cd khd ndng tao nen hinh dnh ddng, cd the dung tren lap vdi myc dich gidng gidi mdt phdn tdi lieu, hodc dung de minh hga, bd sung cho ldi gidng cua GV, thay the cdc budi tham quan (neu khong td chuc dugc) nhung khong the thay the hoan todn vai trd cua GV, nhdt Id day thyc hanh Truyen hinh hoc dudng hien dang dugc phdt trien vd kT thudt hda mang internet tra giup rdt nhieu cho viec DH, nhdt Id hinh thuc DH tu xa; - May chieu phim duang ban: dung de chieu cdc mdu phim duang bdn (slide); - May chieu qua ddu (may den chieu) : dung cdc phim rhdu quang (poly) de dien dat cdc hinh dnh, sa dd, bieu bdng, v.v ; - May quet anh (scan): giup GV cd the d l ddng scan, chep nhieu nguon tdi lieu khdc de dua nhung hinh dnh sdng ddng, rd net vdo bdi day cua minh; - May chieu da nang (projector): Id mdt cdng cy rdt huu hieu di kem vdi may tinh; moi hinh dnh bdi gidng cua GV dugc chieu phong to len mdn hinh, giup cho cd lap quan sat duqc de ddng; - May ghi hinh kT thuat so (Digital): giup GV ghi lai hinh dnh ddng cua mdt qua trinh, hodc mdt hoat ddng DH ndo dd vd phong to len mdn hinh de cd lap cung quan sat; - May vi tinh (computer): Id cdng cy chu yeu de cd the su dyng da phuong tien DH May tinh cd the de ddng ket ndi vdi he thdng da phuong tien nhu camera, video, projecter, ti-vi, loa, may in tao thdnh mdt he thdng da phuang tien vdi nhieu chuc ndng huu ich DH c) Nhom cac phuang tien tai lieu in an, bao gdm cdc phuong tien mo tabdng ngon ngu, nhu: - Giao trinh MT: mdt cdng cy, mdt PTDH cua ngudi gidng vien; gido trinh MT Id ndi dung cdc bdi gidng dugc gidng vien vd sinh vien su dyng d cdc trudng dgi hgc, cao ddng vd trung cap co ddo tao chuyen ngdnh MT; - Giao an MT: bdi soqn cua GV, ghi nhung cdng viec td chuc cdc hoat ddng day cua GV vd cdc hoat ddng hoc cua HS d tren lap; - SGK MT: mdt nhung tdi lieu chinh dung cho GV vd HS de day vd hoc MT Trong SGK MT ddng tdi cd muc dd ve ndi dung vd phuang phap day - hoc cho tung khdi lap (d nude ta hien nay, chi cd mdt bd SGK MT nhdt mdt tap the tdc gid xdy dyng); - Sach GV MT: tdi lieu trien khai tu SGK, nhdm gqi y each thuc td chuc day - hoc cho GV vd HS Hien nay, sach GV MT dugc viet theo cdc hoat ddng (so vdi sach GV trudc kia, cd mdt sd thay ddi ve cdu true vd thudt ngu); - Cdc tai lieu tham khao MT: ngodi SGK Id tdi lieu chinh de day vd hoc, cdn cd rdt nhieu tdi lieu tham khao khdc (nhu tranh, dnh, sach, bdo, tap chi ) de ho tra GV vd HS tim hieu vd nghien cuu ve ndi dung cdc bdi hoc tren lap *#* Trong thyc tiin DH, viec phdn loai theo chuc ndng cua phuang tien cd nhieu lgi the, giup GV su dyng PTDH dung chuc ndng vd ndi dung tung bdi day cy the, nhd dd ndng cao hieu qua DH Ngay nay, vdi nhung thdnh tyu cua khoa hoc cdng nghe, PTDH cdng dugc phdt trien cung vdi sy ddi nhanh chong cua cdc phuang tien nghe nhin hien dqi, vi vdy, viec phdn loai cdc PTDH se trd nen phuc tap vd da dang han Chinh nhung thdnh tyu khoa hoc dd cho phep dua vdo qua trinh DH ndi chung vd qua trinh DH MT ndi rieng nhung ndi dung sinh ddng, thu hut dugc sy chu y vd thu cua HS, Idm tang nhip dd cua qua trinh day vd hoc Nhung, «du cd hien dqi den ddu thi cdc PTDH cung van chi Id cdng cy tra giup GV thyc hien cd hieu qua qua trinh td chuc (Xem tiep trang 55) nhan va ve sa mdi quan he ve thuc an giua rau cai, sau, chim sau: Rau cai Sau Chim sau Bai Danh ddu + vdo [ ] trudc phdt bieu md em ddng y, ddu - vdo trudc phdt bieu md em khong dong y: a) []Cdn cung cap day du cdc thuc dn cho cdy de cdy cd the tao chdt dinh dudng nudi cdy; b) QChi cdn de cdy ngodi dnh sdng, cdy se tu tong hqp nen cdc chdt dinh dudng de nudi cdy; c) []Cdn thudng xuyen bdt sdu, chau chau vd cdc vdt gay hai cho cdy Sdp xep BT Cdc BT can duqc sdp xep theo trat tu tu d i den khd hodc theo logic cua ndi dung bdi hoc Vi dy: bai 65, de thudn tien cung cd kien thuc, kTndng cua bdi hoc cho HS, cd the sdp xep theo trinh tu cua ndi dung bdi hoc SGK Cdc BT dd duqc xdy dung d myc duqc giu nguyen trinh ty nhu tren vi dd ddm bdo logic cua bdi hoc: di tu cy the den khdi quat, sau dd van dyng vdo tinh hudng cy the Xdy dyng dap dn Sau soqn thdo cdu hdi, cdn xdy dyng dap dn chi tiet, nhdm myc dich: - Chi duqc ket qua dung cho moi cdu hdi Ddi vdi nhung BT md, can phdi chi het cdc cdu trd ldi duqc coi Id dung Ddi vdi nhung BT md dy doan cdn cdu trd ldi dung nua thi phdi ghi vdo dap dn ldi chi dan nhung cdu trd ldi nhu the ndo duqc coi Id dung nhdt; - Hudng dan cho diem rung cdu hdi; - Cdn DG duqc hudng lya chon dap dn ciia HS Vi dy: Vdi he thdng BT dd xdy dyng myc 4, cd the dua dap dn: Bai (2 diem): Anh sdng (0,5 diem); ^ Khi cdc-bo-nic (0,5 diem); • / Chdt khodng (0,5 diem); chim sau * Chdt bdt dudng (0,5 diem) Chu y: ddnh mui ten sai, moi y tru 0,25 diem; khong nhdt thiet phdi dien dung thii ty nhung phdi ddm bdo cdu trd ldi dung vdi chieu mui ten tuang ung; Bai (2 diem): y 2; Bai (2 diem): Thyc vdt (0,5 diem); Mat trdi (0,5 diem); Huu ca (0,5 diem); Vd ca (0,5 diem); Bai (2 diem): Nguyen nhdn: Rau cdi bi sdu dn, chim sdu dn sdu (1 diem); Ve sa (1 diem): Bai 5(2 diem): y 1; y 3: ddu + (1 diem); y 2: ddu - (1 diem) c d i Tap chi Giao due so (k, - / 1 ) Bdng viec dp dyng quy trinh neu tren, GV cd the ty xdy dyng duqc cdc BT tuang ty, phu hqp vdi ddi tuang HS, vdi tinh hinh thyc tien d dja phuang vd phu hqp vdi myc dich DG Qua dd, GV cd the kiem tra, DG khach quan han miic dd dat duqc ve kien thuc, kT ndng, thdi dd cua HS Ben canh dd, viec xdy dyng BT theo mdt quy trinh chdt che giiip GV soqn thdo duqc nhung BT cd chdt luang, cd the DG diing, du, todn dien HS, gdp phdn ddng vien, khich le HS qua trinh hoc tap vd ndng cao chdt luang gido dye • Tai lieu tham khao Vu Thi Phuong Anh - Hoang Thj Tuyet Danh gia ket qua hoc tap & tieu hoc (tai lieu boi duang giao vien) NXB Gido due, TP H6 Chi Minh, 2006 Khoa hoc NXB Gido due, H 2006 Bai tap Khoa hoc NXB Gido due, H 2009 Lam Quang Thiep Trac nghiem va ung dung NXB Khoa hgc vd ki thudt, H 2008 Nguyen Thi Hanh Mot so van de ve ddi mdi danh gia ket qua hoc tap mdn Tieng Viet or tieu hoc NXB Gido due, H2003 Nguyen Thi Than (chu bien) - Nguyen Thuang Giao - Dao Thi Hong - Nguyen Thj Hudng - Nguyen Tuyet Nga Giao trinh phuong phap day hoc cac mdn hoc ve tu nhien va xa hdi NXB Dgi hgc suphgm, H 2009 Tran Thi Tuyet Oanh Danh gia va luang ket qua hoc tap NXB Dgi hgc suphgm, H 2007 Phan loai phirong tien (Tiep theo trang 58) day - hoc, tuyet nhien khong the Idm thay nhiem vy ciia ngudi thdy tren ldp"(6) • (1) Tran Due Vuong "Thiet bi day hoc tu lam - thuc trang va xu the phat trien" Tgp chi Gido due, so' 103, thang 12/ 2004 (2) Nguyen Van Kh&i (chu bien) - Le Huy Hoang Giao trinh Phuongtienday hoc ki thuat cdng nghiep NXB Dgi hgc su phgm, H2007 (3) Nguyen Huy Sam "Thiet bi gop phan ddi mdi phuong phap day hoc, nang cao cha't luang day hoctheo hudng tich cue" Tap chi Thdng tin Khoa hoc gido due, so' 102, nam 2004 (4) To Xuan Giap Phuong tien day hoc NXB Gido due, H 1977 (5) Tran Kieu - Vu Trong Ry "Thie't bi day hoc vdi viec ddi mdi chuang trinh, sach giao khoa phd thong" Tap chi Thdng tin Khoa hoc gido due, sd 86, nam 2001 (6) D3ng Thanh Hung Day hoc hien dai: Li ludn Bien phap - Ki thuat NXB Dai hgc qud'c gia, H 2002 ... PTDH truyen thdng, bdi vi, phdn loai nhu vdy Id nhdm lan giua cdi chua dyng thdng tin (nhu ban trong, phim, bdng tCr am - hinh, dia ghi am, ghi hinh ) vai cac may moc chuyen tai thdng tin (nhu... phan anh khach the hien thyc co the dugc dgng lai Sa dd, bieu dd Id nhung dd dung DH dqc biet quan trong, phdn dnh khach the hien thuc Loai dung DH rat co hieu qua gidng day - dqc biet Id co su ho... ddng hoc cua HS d tren lap; - SGK MT: mdt nhung tdi lieu chinh dung cho GV vd HS de day vd hoc MT Trong SGK MT ddng tdi cd muc dd ve ndi dung vd phuang phap day - hoc cho tung khdi lap (d nude ta