I l l HUONG DAN QUAN LY, SU DUNG S U D U N G C A U H O I N H A N T H U C TRONG DM HOC MON LICH Si) 1 Quan niem va y nghia cua viec su* dung cau hdi nhan thdc trong day hoc Ijch sir a Ve bdn chdt Cau h[.]
Ill S U HUONG DAN QUAN LY, SU DUNG D U N G C A U H O I N H A N T H U C TRONG DM HOC MON LICH Si) Nguyin Tuan Anh TrUdng DHSP - DH Hui Quan niem va y nghia cua viec su* dung cau hdi nhan thdc day hoc Ijch sir a Ve bdn chdt: Cau hdi nhan thdc la cau hdi dat tao duoc mau thuan nhdn thdc cua HS Muon tra ldi c i u hdi, giai quyet mau thuan nhan thdc thi ddi hdi HS phai vien dan cac dieu kien sau: HS phai huy ddng vdn kien thdc cu; HS phai tiep nhan nhdng thdng tin (kien thdc mdi) thay cung cap giang bai; HS phai huy ddng rat nhieu thao tac ttf (tong hop, phan tich, so sanh, danh gia, ket luan) thi mdi giai quyet dtfdc cau hdi Vdi nhiing dac diem tren, chung ta cd the thay rang, HS tra ldi dtfdc cau hdi nhan thdc thi cung ddng thdi da phat huy tinh tich ctfc cua minh hoc tap lich sd b f nghia: Sd dung cau hdi nhan thdc cd tfu the viec hinh kien thdc cho HS Qua viec suy nghi, trao doi dtfdi stf htfdng dan va to chdc cua GV, HS dtfdc dinh htfdng hoat ddng nhan thdc, cac em se ttfng btfdc hnh hdi kien thtfc ttf thap den cao, ttf viec tai hien lai kien thtfc cu den biet phan tich, danh gia tim mdi lien he, ban chat rdi nam khai niem, rut quy luat va bai hoc kinh nghiem Ttf dd ma vdn hieu biet lich sd cua HS trd nen ben vdng va sau sac, bdi vi cac em ttf minh tim kiem tri thdc dtfdi stf htfdng dan, chi dao cua GV; Sd dung cau hdi nhan thdc cd tac dung to ldn viec giao due cho HS ttf ttfdng, tinh cam, dao ddc, hinh nhan each HS nhtf thai dp ttf tin hoc tap, tinh kien tri ; Sd dung cau hdi nhan thdc day hpc lich sd d trtfdng phd thdng cdn cd tac dung ren luyen nang ltfc nhan thdc, dac biet la ttf ddc lap, hinh ki nang giai quyit van de, diin dat mdt van d l va hdng thu hpc tap cho HS Nhtf vay vile sd dung cau hdi nhan thdc cd vai trd, y nghia to ldn day hpc lich sd, giup HS nam vtfng ndi dung bai hoc, tich cdc, chu ddng, sang tao hoat ddng nhan thdc Cau hdi nhan thdc tong the sir dung he thdng phtfdng phap day hoc lich sir a Stf dung cdu hdi nhdn thiic kit hdp vdi dung true quan quy Udc dqng md de HS tU vd chu ddng nhqn thuc noi dung lich sit Dd dung trtfc quan quy tfdc dang md d day cd nghia la nhtfng sd do, ban dd, niln biiu cd san hay GV thiit k l nhtfnj» ndi dung cua nd chda dddc the hien hit d t r l n dung trtfc quan quy ddc D l hilu dddc toan bp ndi dung cua nd, ddi hdi HS phai td Td se cd hieu qua hdn GV biet sd dung cau hdi nhan thdc ttf chinh dung trtfc quan Lam dtfdc nhtf vay se cd tac dung rat ldn vile phat huy kha nang ttf ddc lap, sang tao cua HS Vi du day bai 26 (lich sd 28 • TAP CHI THltfr B| QIAO DUC - SO 70 - 6/2011 ldp 12, chtfdng trinh chuan): Dat niidc tren dtfdng doi mdi di len chu nghia xa hdi (1986-2000), muc ILl.a Dai hdi VH12-1986) md dau cdng cudc ddi mdi D l giup HS chu ddng tiep thu kiln thdc, GV sd dung cau hdi nhin thdc: " V i ba chtfdng trinh kinh te ldn ke hoach nam 1986-1990 l i phu hdp vdi tinh hinh, hoan canh dat ntfdc? ttf sd "3 chUdng trinh kinh te ldn ke hoach nam (19861990)" (Xem sd trang 34) D l t r i ldi dtfdc cau hdi, trtfdc h i t GV cho HS xem ki sd bdi day l i can cd quan trpng de tra ldi cau hdi nhin thdc Neu HS van chtfa t r i ldi dtfdc cau hdi nhan thdc thi GV cd the n i u cau hdi gdi md: Die diim cua cac nganh kinh t l chtfdng trinh kinh te ldn l i gi? Cudi cung GV k i t luan: (1) Can nhiiu ngudn lao ddng; (2) Yeu cau khdng ldn v l vdn, khoa hpc ki thuat nhtf cac nganh kinh t l khic; (3) Ndng - l i m - ngtf nghiip ludn ddng vai trd quan trong n i n kinh t l (4) Dat ntfdc ta cd t h i manh d cac linh vtfc n i y (diiu kiln ttf nhiln, ngtfdi ) Qua chung ta thay: Viec sd dung cau hdi nhan thdc kit hdp vdi dung trtfc quan quy tfdc dang md cd y nghia rat ldn vile phat huy tinh chu ddng, sing tao cua HS hpc tap b SU dung cdu hdi nhdn thitc kit hdp vdi cdc doan tdi liiu thdnh van di hudng ddn HS tich cUc, HUdNG DAN QUAN LY.SUT DUNG chu ctong gidi quyet cdc nhiem vu nhdn thiic Trong day hoc noi chung, day hoc lich sit noi rieng, viec trinh bay mieng co y nghia rat quan trpng "Vi 161 noi gitf vai tro chu dao v6i viec giang day cua GV va viec hpc tap cua HS Viec trinh bay mieng khong chi de thtfc hien phtfdng phap thong tin - tai hien nham khoi phuc hinh anh qua khd ma giup HS nhan thdc sau sac sd kien, trinh bay nhdng suy nghi, hieu biet nghien cdu, tim toi" Co nhieu each trinh bay mieng, phu hdp vdi kien thdc dac trdng cua bp mon lich sd va yeu ciu sd pham ve qua trinh nhan thdc stf kien ay Trong quan trpng nhat ia sd dung cac doan tai lieu van nham cung cap, tai hien, mieu ta hay neu dac diem cac sd kien lich sd vdi day du tinh cu the, net dac trdng, ban chat chu yeu Tren co sd ma viec sd dung cau hoi nhan thdc ket hpp vdi cac doan tai lieu van lai cang cd y nghia viec tang cddng tinh tich cdc nhan thdc cua HS GV can ket hpp kheo leo viec to chdc hoat dpng nhan thdc cua HS vdi thong bao kien thdc khoa hpc, phong phu, tao dieu kien gpi md, cung cap tai lieu nhim giup HS td giac, tich cdc giii quyet cac van de tdng bddc, tdng phan Sau dat van de thong qua cau h6i nhan thdc, neu thay HS gap kh6 khan, GV phai biet cich cung cap them kien thdc cho HS Trong dd viec dda cac doan t i i lieu thinh v i n cho cac em l i mpt bien phip mang tinh chat "md" quan trpng de giup cac em cd the ttfng bddc giii quyet van de Sau thay l i ngddi dda ket luan dung nhat lam cd sd cho HS td hoin thien nhdng dieu cac em vda nhan thdc Vi du, day b i i 25 (lich sd ldp 12, chddng trinh chuan): "Viet Nam xiy ddng chu nghia xa hpi v i dau tranh bao ve td qudc (1976-1986)" muc 1.2 Thdc hien ke hoach n h i midc nam 19761980 De giup HS tfch ctfc, chu dpng tiep nhan kien thdc mdi, GV sd dung ciu hdi nhan thdc: "Nguyen nhan cua nhdng han che viec thdc hien ke hoach nam 1976-1980"? Ket hdp vdi mdt doan t i i lieu van: "Ngudn gdc sau xa cua nhdng khd khan ve kinh te va ddi sdng l i : Nen kinh te cua nddc ta cdn phd bien l i sin xuat nhd, lai phai ganh chiu nhdng hau qui het sdc ning ne cua chien tranh dii v i cua chu nghia thdc dan; nam qua, chung ta phai tien hanh chien tranh gid nddc ngdt nam; vet thddng cu chda hin xong da tiep nhin nhdng t i n phi mdi; thien tai ldn ddn dap xay ra; ke dich thddng xuyen p h i hoai ve mpi mat Mat khac, chung ta lai het sdc bio thu, tri tre d i tri qua lau cd che quan l i hanh chinh quan lieu, bao cap, cham thay doi cic chinh sach, che dp kim h i m sin xuat Trong hoat dpng sin xuat v i quin li kinh te, td td6ng y lai r i t nang" Sau sd dung cau hdi nhan thdc ket hpp vdi doan t i i lieu thinh v i n nhd da neu, chic chin HS se hdng thu hon viec giii quyet cac nhiem vu nhan thdc Tren cd sd dd m i phat huy dddc tinh tich cdc hpc tip cua HS c Su" dung cdu hdi nhqn thdc ket hdp vdi cdc diing triic quan nhu tranh dnh, video, hien vdt lich st? de tqo hdng thu, tich cUc hda hoqt dong nhdn thdc cua ngUdihoc - Sd dung cau hdi nhin thdc ket hop vdi tranh inh lich sd: Viec sd dung ciu hdi nhin thdc ket hdp vdi tranh inh lich sd se cd tie dung rat ldn viec ning cao nhin thdc lich sd cho HS Bdi HS tiep thu kien thdc lich sd qua nhflng hinh i n h tinh se dem lai cho cac em nhtfng an ttfdng siu sic Td trtfc quan sinh II ddng, HS se nhin xet v i rut dtfdc nhtfng ket luan cua chinh cac em Day chinh la mpt nhdng nhan td co ban cau nen tinh tich cdc cua HS Vi du: Khi giang bai 25: Viet Nam xay ddng chu nghia x i hdi va dau tranh bao ve td qudc (1976-1986), muc I I Dau tranh bao ve td qudc (1975-1979), lich sd 12 (chddng trinh chuan), GV cd the sd dung cau hdi nhan thdc: Y nghia cua cudc dau tranh bao ve bien gidi phia Tay Nam? ket hop vdi cho HS xem mdt sd bde tranh ve tdi ac cua che dp die)t chung "Khome dd" de giup HS nhanh chdng Hnh hdi kien thdc mdi Thdng qua viec sd dung cau hdi nhin thdc ket hpp vdi tranh inh lich sd, chic chan HS se hieu dtfdc y nghia quoc te cua cudc dau tranh bao ve bien gidi phia Tiy Nam, ddng thdi HS cung se nhin xet v i rut nhdng ket luan dung ve tdi ac cua "Khdme do", td dd se cd thii dp cim ghet che dp diet chung v i yeu chuong hda binh - Sd dung ciu hdi nhan thdc ket hdp vdi hien vat lich sd: Trong he thdng dung trtfc quan thi dd dung trtfc quan hien vit lich sd l i mdt loai tai lieu gdc rat cd gii tri, cd y nghia to idn ve mat nhan thdc Trong qua trinh hpc tap, neu HS tiep xuc vdi hien vit lich sd thi y nghia dd cing to ldn Tuy nhien viec cd hien vat lich sd de sd dung cdn gap nhieu khd khan, vi hien vit lich sd khdng n i m d trddng hpc hoac tiep xuc vdi hien vat thi hien vit khong nguyen ven Vi vay, tien hanh qua trinh day hpc, GV nen sd dung ciu hoi nhin thdc ket hpp vdi hien vat lich sd gdc (neu cd dieu kien) hoac hien vat lich sd phuc che Lam dtfpc dieu niy se cd tic dung rat ldn viec phat huy tri ttfdng ttfdng t i i tao, ttf lich sd, td dd m i se phat huy dddc tinh tich cdc cua HS (Xem tiep trang 34) TAP CHI ThTCT Bj QIAO DUC - SO 70 - 6/