CAM THU VAN CHUONG TRONG DAY VAN TWEO QVVTTIWH B A T A M G C A V T R V C O TRUONG D iNH '''' Cgm thy vdn chuong Id ydu edu khong t h i thi lu v l ndng luc ddi vdi gido vidn (GV) dqy van kd hqc sinh (HS}[.]
CAM THU VAN CHUONG TRONG DAY VAN TWEO QVVTTIWH B A T A M G C A V T R V C O C gm thy vdn chuong Id ydu edu khong t h i thilu v l ndng luc ddi vdi gido vidn (GV) dqy van kd hqc sinh (HS} hgc vdn, ddng thdi Id hieu qud cudi cung the hien ehd't luqng dqy hgc van Hien nay, d nhieu GV, ndng lye ndy edn rdt bdt cdp; v l phia HS, ede em ngdy edng chdn hgc vdn vi khong dgt dugc hieu ciud trdn vd vi hgc vdn md khdng cdm nhdn dugc dde trung bq mdn so vdi cdc mdn hgc khde Cdm thy vdn chuong theo quy ludt bo tdng cdu true (BTCT): di tu ngdn tCr (A} qua hinh tuqng (B) den ndi dung y nghta (C) khdng mdi, nhung cdn duqc dqt Igi mot cdch sdu sde hon Thue t r g n g : Cd t h i khdi qudt cdc kieu phdn tich vdn cOa GV theo gdc nhin BTCT hien nhu sou: 1) Chi phot hien (A) vd quy k i t (C), ddn de'n dp dgt y nghta, khdng giup HS hieu tgi (A) Igi ddn den (C); 2) Chi phdt hien (B) rdi dp dgt y nghta (C}, ddn den khdng djnh mdt (B) ed khdng phdi cua (C); 3) Tu mdt y nghta vd dodn, ydu edu HS ehimg minh bdng (A), ddn den dgy vdn theo kieu minh hog; 4) Tfiodt li vide phdn h'ch tu BTCT, dan d i n suy d i i n theo «chu nghta hien thuc ngdy tho" (ddi cnieu vdn vdi ddi sdng di gidi thich von bdn); 5) Khdng b i l t su dyng hgp li quan hd BTCT, Idm rdi logn quy ludt edm thy vdn chuong, khdng hinh thdnh duqc kt ndng Chdng hqn, mot so k i l u cdu hdi vd mdnh de nhu sou duqc dua phdn tfeh bdi «Cdnb khuya" (Hd Chi Minh): / ; Hay cho biet K> «nhu ve" (A) t h i hien edm xuc hqi hoq (C) cuo nhd tho the ndo?; 2) Phep so sdnh (B) d cdu noi Idn nhung rung dgng finh te (C) cua nhd tho nhu the ndo?; 3) Ve dep tho mgng ciia cdnh khuya (C) t h i hien d cac ti> ndo? (A); 4) O Viet Bdc, dem khuya ludn co fie'ng hdt vdng tu xa eua b q ddi hod lan vdo tid'ng nude sud'i reo (!); 5) TCr ndo (A} ndi Idn ve dep tho mgng cua cdnh khuya ( ? Cdc Kr d d (A) tgi cd the ndi dd su dyng phep so sdnh (B)? Phep so sdnh (B) t h i hien a cac tu ndo? (A) Cdc cdu hdi nhu vqy, neu dugc Idp di lap Iqi se khong hinh thdnh duge d HS kt ndng cdm thy theo diing quy luqt cua BTCT TRUONG D i N H ' Co sd If ludn eua BTCT 1) Ca so li lugn vdn bgc Vdn ban vdn chuong boo gdm ndi dung vd hinh thue Dgc diem cua thuyd't minh nghe thudt ndm md'i quon he duge xde lap gii/a ndi dung vd hinh thi/c Hinh thue vdn chuong oao gdm hinn thuc ben ngodi Id ngdn Kr (A) vd hinh thde ben Kong (B) Hinh thi/c bdn Kong Id cdc phuong dien nghe thugt ve ngdn Kr, k i t ed'u, d i l m nhin trdn thudt, xdy dyng tinh cdch nhdn vdt, v.v kieh thich sylidnKrdng, h/dng Krong eua ngudi dqe h> suy ro y nghta h/ h;dng Ld'y cdu tho ddu bdi «Cdnb khuya" Idm vi dy: neu chi dqc edu tho Idn, ta chf mdi tiep can ve phuong dien ngu phdp thudn tijy (Cdu chu - vj bd} Tu hinh thi/c oen ngodi dy, edn lidn tudng, tudng tugng de thdy tinh nghe thudt cuo phep so sdnh cdn bang - tudng minh, bdt ngd md khdng bdt ngd cuo cdu tho vd phep dn dy ehuyen doi cdm gidc cua chu the sdng tgo («trong" - ti> dn tuqng thj gidc chuyen ddi song d'n K/qng thfnh gidc} t h i hien sy tinh te eua tam hdn cua nhd tho D6 Id hinh thuc bdn ddn den y nghta tu K/dng Do id «bf d n " ciia ngdn Kr nghe thugt md chi bdng kinh nghiem thdm mt mdi phdt hien dugc, nhung d l \u di d i n y nghta vdn chuong iqi cdn phdi ed quon d i l m tu tudng thdm mt vCrng ehdc 2} Co sd tdm it bgc Tdm li hqe nghe thudt eho rdng, ehi ed edm thy duqc hinh thirc bdn Kong mdi thyc sy Id cdm thy nghe thudt Dd'i voi cde mdn nghe thudt nhu Hqi hga A m nhqe, Didu khdc sucdm thy thudng tryc gidc (perception} - mdu sde, dm dieu, hinh khd'i edn vdi vdn chuong Iqi phdi quo ngdn tir nghe thudt vdn rdt gidu y nghta, ddi hinh Krqng sdng tgo ed the giup ta thd'y dugc Kong d d mdu sde, dm nhgc vd hinh khd'i nhu ddng chi Trudng Chinh d d noi Ndng luc d d thugc v l vo thuc, nhung Id cdi «v6 thuc ed t h i y thi>e duqc" Tdm If hge nghe thuqt cung cho rdng, ndng lue phdt hien nghe thudt ngdn \u khong chi h> nhin (hay dgc) md cdn tu * Tnrangfiaiboc sir pliam - Dai lioc Hue Tap chi Giao due s6 7 (ki i vaoiai lidn tudng, tudng tugng, hdi uc, cd cd hoang K/dng, mqng mo Dqy vdn ro rdng Id dgy mot thu nghe thudt dqe thu, ed the giup to trdng rong, Kdng x a , trdng cao, Kdng thdp, Kdng tdt, trdng sdng, trdng v l qud khu huong den v i i n tudng, md mdi dfch thue Id mot dd'i Krqng dgy hqe khdng d l gi ndm bdt duqc, song Iqi gdy thu cho dgy vdn, hqe vdn 3) Ca sd the logi vdn bgc Cdm thy cdc the loqi vdn chuong nhu tho, vdn xudi, kjeh d i u xud't phdt tu ngdn Kr (ehCr viet Ken vdn bdn} nhung dd'i vdi tung the loqi, ti> ngdn tu md phdt hien nghe thudt the loqi Id cd khdc Ddi vdi tha ca, ben dudi ngdn tir Id ede bien phdp tu h> ngi/ d m , K/ vyng, eu phdp Ddi vdi vdn xudi, edn khdm hd nhdn vdt, k i t cd'u, diem nhin trdn thudt D l i d i qudt chu de kjeh, tCr d d suy dien y d d Kr Krong kjeh, ddi hdi phdi phdt hien finh hudng kich, mdu thudn vd su phdt t r i l n mdu thudn kjeh, tinh cdch nhdn vdt Mot dieu nua Id; d cdc the loqi vdn chuong, khong chf d ede chi fiet cd gid tri thdm mtcao moi vdn dyng BTCT md cdn phdi fim den BTCT cua chinh the, ddi voi tdc phdm hqc Kgn ven hay hgc doqn trich B Trdn ddy Id ede eo sd li luqn eua vide thd'm dinh vdn chuong chung eho moi dde g i d , nhd trudng, vide dgy edm thy vdn chuong theo BTCT bi khdng che bdi nhieu dieu kien su phgm nhieu Idii Idm bien chdt gid vdn: - Chuong trinh vd sdch gido khoa duqc sap xep theo mdt he thdng cdm thy nhd't djnh Tinh he thdng ddi hdi vide dgy hge vdn phdi qudn Kidt finh thdn dgc hieu lidn vdn bdn; - Dd'i Krong HS GV khdng dugc dgy cdm thy qud sue HS (vdn bdn cd ede tdng nghta sou xa qud «tdm ddn nhgn" ciia HS); nguqc Igi, cung khdng duqe hg thd'p hieu qud edm thy d HS; - Vdn bdn vdn chuong (ed vdn xudi vd kjeh) deu rdt ddi, k l cd dogn Kieh, md thdi lugng dqy hgc Ken Idp nhieu nhd't Id hai tilt (!} ndn GV khdng the dqt d i n chinh the cdm thy Nhdt Id khi, hien nay, edng nghe thdng tin duqe ung dyng qud d d Kong dqy hqc van khien HS chi chO tam vdo edc slide mdu sde md thodt li ngdn hr Id noi doi hdi cdc em phdi phdt huy dc lien tudng, K/dng tugng Kong cdm tny Vide ren luyen ndng lye cuo cdm thy van chuong theo BTCT cdn tdp Kung gidi q u y l t cdc khd khdn ndy ehu khdng phdi loi eho chuong Kinh, sdch gido khoa qud tdi M o t so' g i d i p h d p k i l n nghj Gidi phdp eo bdn nhd't Id tdp trung ren luyen ndng lye cdm thy theo BTCT d cdc Kgng diem, tuc Id edc «diem sdng thdm mT" Tap chi Giao due so 7 (ki i ã i/aoia) ôDiem sdng thdm mt" Id noi BTCT dugc k i t hgp mot cdch sdng tqo nha't, cd hieu qud dfch thye vdi vide ren luyen ndng luc edm thy Chqn dugc «diem sdng thdm mt', trdnh duqc cdch dqy ddn trdi Id fiet kiem thdi luqng Khi khai thde mot «diem sdng thdm mt" theo BTCT nha't djnh se ddn den tranh ludn, md tranh ludn chfnh Id dgng thdi gdy hirng thu, kich thich su Hm tdi euo HS Chgn «diem sdng thdm mt" bdt budc phdi sdng Igc edc diem khdng phu hqp voi ndng luc edm tny cuo HS «Diem sdng thdm mT" Id nai xdy «finh hudng cd vd'n d l " cdm thy, gdy khd khdn cho HS vd ddi hdi cdc em phdi dqng tdm, ddng ndo Khdo sdt sdch ngCr vdn Kung hge vd thyc Hen khoi khdc «diem sdng thdm mT" theo Hnh hud'ng cd vd'n d l cua GV hien nay, cd the tgm khdi qudt «finh hud'ng": ?/Trong nhieu «diem sdng iham mT" ciia liinh lirgng nghe thuqt, HS gap kho khan phdi chon mot vdi diem sdng tieu bieu nhd't - Id noi hinh tfiCrc (B) vd noi dung (C) cua van chirang duoc ket hop hdi hod vd sdng tqo nhdt 2) Khi mot sdng tqo dqc ddo ve hinh thik (B) tqo nSn cdc cdc chieu hi/dng khdi qudt khdc (C] md IHS chua b i ^ nen khdng djnh mot hudng noo 3} Khi mot sdng tqo dqc ddo ve hinh thuc {B} Iqi dan den nhung khdi qudt ddi lap (C| md IHS chua biet su khdi qudt ndo Id dung ddn 4) Khi HS phdi tim sy tuong tdc giua hinh thuc (B) vd noi dung |C) dieu kien mot phuc hop hinh thiic |B1 + B2 + B3 ) dien dqt mot phiic hop ciia noi dung (CI +C2 + C3 5) Khi HS phoi phdn tfch mot hinh thuc (B) md / nghTa khdi qudt cOa no (C) Iqi mdu thuan voi triet li nhdn vdn cOa nhd vdn 6} Khi HS phdi phdn tich sy phdt trien cua hinh thuc (B) tuong irng v6f su phdt trien cuo noi dung (C) phqm vi chinh the mot tdc phdm, mot tdc gid, mot thdi dqi 7) Khi HS gdp kho khdn neu su phdn tich hinh thuc (B) vd noi dung (C) phdi ddo sdu mot bgic tir ngdn tu (A) quo nghe thuqt (B) vd dqt den y nghla (C) cd the chop nhdn duoc 8} Khi HS phdi dieu chinh mot sy phdn tich theo «chu nghTa hien thyc ngdy tho" |ddi chieu tho thien voi cuoc sdng] song sy phdn tich theo BTCT vol tir tudng cdm xuc phu hqp giOo noi dung vd hinh thirc (B) 9) Khi mot noi dung (C) dd duoc xdc djnh (trudng hop GV phdi di nguqc quy trinh), HS gap kho khdn Wii phdi phdt hien mot hinh thuc (hay cdc hinh thuc) tirong ling voi ndi dung 10} Khi mot ndi dung (C) duqc gid djnh cdc cdp tn>u tuqng khdc nhau, HS phdi tim cdc hinh thi/c (B) tuong ung vdi tung cd'p dd /1) Khi mot noi dung (C) vd mot hinh thuc (B) dd duqc xdc Idp tren co sd ngdn tir (A), HS gap khd khdn phdi suy luqn de xdc Idp md'i quan he cuo BTCT mot cdch hqp If nhdt 12) Khi HS cd nhiem vy ddi chieu BTCT aJa cdc tdc gid tren ciing mot de tdi {tuc Id cdm thy lien vdn bdn} de t h ^ ro diem tuong ddng vd di biet 13) HS gap kho khdn phoi xac Idp phong cdch nhd vdn quo mot sd tdc phdm ve phuong dien BTCT hoqc sy bien ddi vS phong cdch ciia mot tac gid qud trinh sdng ldc hay mot sdng tdc 14} HS gap khd khdn phai dqc bieu cdm bdi vdn sou hqc, cho phii hop vdi BTCT cua bdi vdn cdc diem sdng cung nhu d todn bdi qud trinh cdm thy Vide ren luydn ndng lye edm thy theo BTCT Widng chi bd hep cdc fid't gidng trdn Idp md pndi thyc hien thudng xuyen trude hqe, qud Kinh chudn bj bdi vd vdi ede bdi tap sou hgc bdi (dgc them hay ngogi khod} Dd'i vdi viec dgy hqc, quan trgng nhd't Id g i d idn Idp O ddy, tde dyng ndng iue cam thy theo BTCT eho y l u qua Idi dien gidng vd ddm thoqi goi mo Ngodi vide vdn dyng edc cdu hdi phan tfeh qudn triet quy trinh tu hinh thuc den ngi dung, chu y den mdi quan he giua nghe thudt ngdn tu vd ngdn tu nghe thudt; I d i gidng cua GV cOng phdi bdm sdt vdn bdn, thuylt minh mot edeh thuyet phyc vd hd'p ddn md'i quan he giCra hinh thuc vd ndi dung, trdnh finh trgng soy sua md di qud xa hode thodt li vdn bdn, hdp ddn HS bdng nhCrng edu ehuyen «mdu me, hoa Id" thudng Id cdc thu thuqt de gdy truyen cdm Dieu kien cdn c d (A) - (B) - (C) Kong BTCT Id ede yeu to gdn bd chgt che vdi tgo ndn «diem sdng thdm mT'; ndng lye edm thy vdn chuong Id mot quy Kinh, khdng phdi quy Kinh edng nghe cd tfnh mdy mdc md Id mot quy Kinh tdm If tgo nen nang iuc Vdn dyng hieu qud quy Kinh ndyddi hdi cde dieu kien: 1) Sy hieu b i l t v l vdn hge, dde biet Id If lugn vdn hgc d nhirng phdn lidn quon d i n vdn bdn duqc hgc nhu: hodn ednh ro ddi, tde g i d , the loqi, Id ngudn Ki thuc de phdn h'ch ede « d i l m sdng thdm mT" Quan Kgng hon nua Id ndng khieu thidn bdm, ehfnh Id sy nhqy cdm thdm mT trudc cdi dep, cdi bi hode edi hdi vdn hge vd ddi sd'ng Cd GV vd HS d i u edn tieh luy nhCrng Kdi nghiem eude sdng Bdi, vdn sd'ng chinh Id dieu kien tgo ndn sy edng hudng Kong edm xuc nghe thuqt, vdn hqc thuc ehd't Id cdm xiic ve eude sdng dugc nghe thudt hod 2) Tinh yeu dd'i vdi mdn Ngir vdn vd long soy me dgc vdn Cd ydu mdn N g u vdn mdi say me dgc vdn, edng say md doe vdn edng ydu mdn Vdn Phdi coi dgc vdn Id mot niem vui, mdng phdi niem vui thdng thudng md Id « n i l m vui hudng thy" Dgc d l khdm phd bdn thdn, nhu Franoise Sagan ndi de hieu minh nhu mot «edi tdi tdn tqi" h> dd md hieu edi tdi hda thdn vdo tdc phdm Pennae coi quon he voi vdn chuong Id quon he finh yeu, thdm chi Id finh ydu say ddm Dgc say md mdt bdi vdn Id td finh vcn K/ ngu Ong k i t hep tinh le dgng tir: dgc - ydu thuong - mo mgng Ong cho rdng, cde eon dng vd nhieu Ke em khdc khdng thfch dqc vdn id mot «vet thuong finh yeu" Dd Id sy phdn bdi vd dng Idn dn gay gdt sy phdn bgi ndy Cdm thy vdn chuong gid vdn Id mdt doi hdi, mot hdng thu cua HS hgc vdn, tu dd cdc em duqc phong phu hon ve tdm hdn Dd cung Id dqc thu cuo fid'p nhdn vdn chuong so vdi viec tilp nhqn cac mdn khoa hqe khdc Con ngudi vd'n co bdn chdt «nghd sT" Vdy, tgi vide hge van nhu mot nghe thudt Igi khdng kich thfch dugc bdn chd't nghe st dd de HS ham thfch mdn Van? Dau biet rdng nhung khuc xg su phgm gdy khd khdn cho thdy vd Kd, nhung khdng t h i vl t h i md GV vdn rdi bo ehuc ndng thidng lidng cOa minh Id bdi dudng tdm hdn vd ndng khid'u vdn hge eho HS thdng qua nhung khdm phd BTCT cua vdn hgc vdn id kho tdng thdm mt gido dye chdn - thidn - mT Q Tai li€u tham khao LX Vygotski Tam li hoc nghe thuSt (b^n djch) NXB Khoa hgexa hgi H 1978 Tran Dinh Su Li luan phe binh v^n hyc NXB Hdi nhd vdn, H 1976 F Sagan Lectures Gallimard, 1984 P Valery Oeuvres Bibli6th6que Gallimard, 1957 Truong Dinh Hiiu qud dgy vdn nhd trudng phd thdng Ki y€u hOi thao kKoa Kqc ki ni§m 50 n3m tKanh lap Tm&ng Dai hqc Sir pham Hu^, 4/2007 6- Tnrong Dinh Ndng cao hiSu qud dgy vdn Ki y^u h^i thao khoa hqc t o ^ qudc D^i hpc Su pham Hu€, 1982 Tniong Dinh Phuong phapday viin d'tnidi^ trung hoc Trudng Dgi hgc supfigm Hue, 1996 SUMMARY Sensing literature under three - layer structure is the basic requirement to literary teaching method which is presentty inadequate Sensing literature underthree - layer structure Is a category which has foundation In literary argument and psychology of art Sensing literature is naturally difficult, teaching to sense literature in that way is more difficutt The best solution is to focus on training the students in the step of decoding the 'aesthetic node point' that naturally raisesissue To tiave a capability of literary seree under three-layer structure and literary teaching, teachers need to hove a thorough knowledge atxiut literary argument, cultivate real - life experience; passion of literature and literary reading Tap chi Biao due s6 7 (n i • i/aem ... mT''; ndng lye edm thy vdn chuong Id mot quy Kinh, khdng phdi quy Kinh edng nghe cd tfnh mdy mdc md Id mot quy Kinh tdm If tgo nen nang iuc Vdn dyng hieu qud quy Kinh ndyddi hdi cde dieu kien: 1)... vdn Kung hge vd thyc Hen khoi khdc «diem sdng thdm mT" theo Hnh hud''ng cd vd''n d l cua GV hien nay, cd the tgm khdi qudt «finh hud''ng": ? /Trong nhieu «diem sdng iham mT" ciia liinh lirgng nghe... nhdn duoc 8} Khi HS phdi dieu chinh mot sy phdn tich theo «chu nghTa hien thyc ngdy tho" |ddi chieu tho thien voi cuoc sdng] song sy phdn tich theo BTCT vol tir tudng cdm xuc phu hqp giOo noi dung