VE NGUYEN TAC GIAO TIEP TRONG DAY HOC TIENG VIET 6 TIEU HOC • • • • O ThS TRAN THI QUYNH NGA'''' ThS L^ THI MINH NGUYDT* Chuc ndng giao tiep (communicative function) 1 Nguyen tdc GT quy djnh myc tieu, eh[.]
VE NGUYEN TAC GIAO TIEP TRONG DAY HOC TIENG VIET TIEU HOC • • O • • ThS TRAN THI QUYNH N G A ' - ThS L^ THI MINH NGUYDT* huc ndng giao tiep (communicative function) Nguyen tdc GT quy djnh myc tieu, ehl phdi d chuc ndng quan trqng eua ngdn ngCf V.B (asevich khdng djnh: «Truy4n dqt thdng tin Id mdt nhung dqng vd binh dien giao tiep edn yeu nhdt giua ngudi vdi ngudi, vi vdy, ndi theo V.I Le nin, «ngdn ngi? Id phuong tien giao tiep quon trqng nhdt cua eon ngudi" Tu dd suy rdng, den luqt minh, ehue ndng trung tdm cua ngdn ngu Id ehue ndng giao tiep" (1) Cdc nhd ngdn ngC; cho rdng: ngdn ngu Id mot he thdng giao tiep (communieaHon systems), ngdn ngir tu nhien ve bdn chd't Id mang tfnh giao tiep (GT), tdeh khdi GT ngdn ngtr se Id «vdt chet" Vi the, dqy hqe (DH) ngdn ngu bao gid cung phdi gdn vdi hoqt ddng GT, xudt phdt tu CO ehe ndy de trang bj kien thue cho ngudi hqe Hudng edi Hen mdi vd khuynh hudng ed y nghia nhdt nhung ndm gdn ddy vd eho the kf hep theo duqc cdc nhd ngdn ngu hqc ung dyng nhdn mqnh tu chuyen son Tqp chf sd cua Hdi Ngdn ngu ung dyng the gidi (AILA): DH ngon ngu phdi gdn vdl GT vi GT Id chuc nang trgng yeu cua ngon ngu; vdn de cdu true, cu phap, kien thuc ve tu vung dugc dua xudng hang thu hal (ddn theo (2)) Cd the xem GT nhu mdt djnh hudng, mdt phuong phdp (comunicative direction; communicative approaches) hay mdt nguyen tde (language teaching as communication) nhung cd chung mdt mye dfch: ldm cho ngudi hqc su dyng thdnh thqo ngdn ngu Dqy ngdn ngu khdng chi h-ou ddi cho ngudi hqe ndng Iyc ngdn ngu (linguistic competence) md quan frqng hon Id ndng lye GT (eommunieotive competence) Khdi niem ndng lye GTdo Hymes dua ro vd dd nhanh chdng duqc gidl nghien cuu chdp nhqn Dd Id ndng Iyc: ndo ndi, ndo khdng, ndi dieu gi, vdi oi, d ddu, theo cdch ndo Theo dd, ndng luc ngdn ngu chf Id mdt phdn cua ndng Iyc GT (3) ed phuong dien nqi dung, phuong phdp dqy hqe (PPDH) tieng me d^ nhd trudng phd thdng vd th^ hien rd net nhdt chuong trinh T/e'ng Wefd cdp heu hqe - chuong trinh DH chu trqng vd «nhdn mqnh hnh thdn thuc hdnh GT" Djnh hudng «dqy heng Viet thdng qua hoqt dqng GT" de Iqi ddu dn ddm net viee cd'u true ehuong trinh theo ede trye ehu di^m gdn vdi ddi sdng, thi/c tien su dyng tieng Viet cua hqe sinh (HS) nhu: Em la HS, Bgn be, Trudng hgc, Bdn mua (Idp 2), Mdng non, Md/d'm Que huang, Le hgi [lap 3), Ve dep mudn mau, Tinh yeu cugc sdng, Cd chi thi nen {lap 4) Su da dqng hda ngu lieu DH Tieng Viet h> nhieu ngudn va loqi vdn bdn khde (vdn bdn nhdt dyng, vdn bdn hdnh chmh, bdo ehf, khoa hqc, nghe thudt ) cung chung td sue dnh hudng mqnh me cuo quon diem GT hong DH Trong ehuong frinh, mqeh dqy kl nang noi cho HS duqc the hien qua cdc ndi dung DH Hgi thogi - dqy cdc nghi thue Idi ndi don gidn nhu chdo hdi, h/ gidi thieu, edm on, xin Idi, ren cdc kl ndng thdng thudng phyc vy cudc sdng nhu nhqn vd gqi dien thoqi {Tap lam vdn lap 2); bdi tqp phdn vol (Ke chuyen Idp 2, 3), bdi tdp tinh hudng (Luyen h> vd cau Idp 2, 3, 4) Nhung bdi hqc ndy khdng ehf ren eho HS kl ndng ndi mot hinh thuc dien hinh cua viec dqy tieng theo quon diem GT md cdn hudng den cdc kt ndng edn thiet ddi vdl HS xd hdi hien dqi Van dyng If thuyet hoqt dqng Idi ndi vdo DH Tap lam van ed the xem Id mot vf dy tieu bleu cua su the hien nguyen tdc GT DH Tieng Viet d Heu hqe A.N Leonchiev viet «Hocit ddng y thuc, nhdn cdch": «De GT duqc trqn ven, C * Tniting Bai bQC sir pham -fiaihoc Hue " Tnittng Bai hQC sir pham Ha Npi Tap Clii Giao due so cfa i 10/201 D ve mdt nguyen tde, ngudi cdn ndm duqc hdng loqt nhung kl ndng Mdt Id edn phdi biet djnh hudng nhanh chdng vd dung ddn nhCrng dieu kien GT Hai Id anh to edn phdi biet ldp dung ehuong trinh Idi ndi cua minh, lua chqn ndi dung hoqt ddng GT mdt cdch dung ddn Ba Id cdn phdi tim duqc nhCrng phuong tien hqp If truyen dqt nqi dung dd Bdn Id anh to cdn bdo ddm md'i quan he qua Iqi Neu nhu mot mdt xich ndo dd cua hoqt ddng GT bj phd hiiy thi ngudi ta khdng the dqt duqc ke't qud GT mong d q i " (ddn theo (4)) Cdu true dqng cua hoqt dqng Idi ndi duqc khai thde mot cdch triet de qud trinh hinh thdnh he thd'ng kl ndng ldm vdn Ddng thdi, frong dqy hqc, ede nhdn toGT, cdc dqng Idi ndi eung tham gia vdo viee hinh thdnh kieu dqng bdi tdp, cdu true de vdn Nguyen tde GT ehi phdi den PPDH GT Id mot frong nhung PPDH Heng ddc thu Phuong phdp ndy ddi hdi ddt ede don vj ngdn ngCr duqc 6ua hqc tdp frong he thd'ng hdnh ehue eua nd: ddt tu frong edu cdu frong doqn, doqn frong van bdn yd xde djnh rd ede nhdn td GT de Iqi ddu an frong Idi ndi Mdi quan he giua h> vd edu duqc the hien rd net frong DH Luyen ft> vd cdu, dong thai cho thdy mqt nhdn thuc mdi ve nhiem vy DH Tieng Viet Em se ndi gi de ddp Iqi Idi chuc mung cua ede bqn? (Tieng Viet , tdp 2, fr 90); 2) Bde hdng xdm sang chuc Tet Bd me di vdng, chf ed em d nhd (Tieng Viet , tdp 2, fr 98) Song, de dqt duqc hieu qud DH, tu gdc GT, GV cdn chu y cd ndng lye vdn dyng tri thuc ngdn ngi? vdo sdn sinh vdn bdn ndi, viet Idn khd ndng huy dqng cdc hdnh vi phi ngdn ngCr (cu chi, dieu bq, dnh mdt, net mat ) qud trinh thuc hdnh bdi tdp Chdng hqn, Het Tap ldm vdn «Ke ve gia dinh" (Idp 3, tudn 3), mot HS trinh bdy: «Gia dinh tdi cd ndm ngudi, Id b d me toi, dng bd tdi vd tdi " GV cd the dieu chinh cdch gidi thieu ve nhi?ng ngudi thdn gia dinh: «Khi ke ve gia dinh, dng bd Idn tudi hon nen ke trude", hay trao ddi vdi cdc em ve nguyen tde tdn trqng dd'i tuqng GT: hudng ve phfa ngudi nghe de thuyet trinh, ndi ve gia dinh cuo minh vdi thdi yeu thuong, triu men, net ^ d t tuoi vui (d) ' Si^ ^gn dung linh hoat cdc PPDH eung gdp phdn hi^h thdnh cho HS ndng luc GT, kt ndng hqp tdc ^^dm vd khd ndng thfch ung vdi hodn cdnh, moi ^ ^ ^ g ^^^^g ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ i ^ ^ h u n g bdi tdp frong sdeh gido khoa nhu Trd chai: Hdi ddp vdi Ix^n em bdng each ^.^ ^^ ^^^ ,^ ^^^ ^.^ ^^ ^^ ^^^ ^ ^^g .,„ a Heu hqc: ehu frqng thue hanh, ren kt ndng su dunq Henq Viet hon la day li luon, day cau true •,}' rN • ~ I 'i , - , \ nqon nqu Day COU cunq phai gon vol ngu eanh -.^T,'? , ' _ , ^r ^j^-y-f GT Tach roi ngu eanh, COU eo the duoc xem xet, jf' L ' U - ' \ / ' j i L i L L - L-iis o n - - ' ' danhgiakhac.Vidu, Ihuc hien boi t a p (Tieng M'-K A L^ o i_ io"o\ T l - ' '!_ - L' • Viet , tqp 2, fr : Them coc/rang ngu c/7/no7 L ' ' L ' ' I L J- ' ' chon eho cac cau sau: cj , hoa da no, cac cau frd Idi 1) vd 2) duoe ddnh gid Id dung, nhung edu 3) cd t h l bi xem Id sai (ldi ngu cdnh): 1) Trong vudn, hoa dd nd; 2) Tren cdnh, hoo dd nd; 3) Tren fcdn hoa dd nd Nguyen tde GT yeu cdu han ehe' d i l n gidng, thuyit minh, tdng cudng su dung ede PPDH tfch cue nhu su dung Hnh hud'ng cd vdn 6e, thdo ludn nhdm, su dung frd choi hqe tdp, thue hdnh GT Ben canh nhi?ng tinh hudng gid djnh (finh hud'ng GT ede nhd su phqm ddt Id cdng ey d l dqy hdl thoqi, boo gdm dqng khde nhau: Hnh hud'ng GT ddng vd finh hud'ng GT md (5)), GV cdn ed ndng luc d u k i l n vd ung x u cdc Hnh hudng GT xdy frong Idp hqc Sdeh gido khoa Tieng Viet duo khd nhieu Hnh hud'ng gid djnh, vf dy: 1) Em doqt gidi cao mdt cudc thi ( k l chuyen, ve hodc mua, hdt, ) Cdc bqn ehue mung j^ y ^ 3^ ^^ 2, fr 102) eung nhu su tdng ; - ' \.A \ \ « T - - ' ' \ / - ^ cuong cang nhieu tro choi hoe top Tieng Viet j ? I'l'iL >i.i_ >' f t ~ i'' tu thiet ke mue su too nen mot frudnq GT ronq lon \ , \ j,.' • U C L - ' L' va tich cue doi VOI HS tieu hoe o ^i - »^ / - x L- L j * - - ^ ^ L Nguyen tac GT ehl phoi den toon bo qua , , r^u , j- u * 4A- L • ' V ' * frinh DH, tronq eo hoat donq danh qia ket , i ,, -? , ", r_ , ^^°^^^ ^^P' ^ ^ T ^ ^^' "^^^"? •?^' ^^^"9 ^ ° ^P\^ " ^ " ^',^"' ^ ' f ^ ^ ^ dyng mqt bq eong cy f n h gia ket qua hqc tqp mdn Tieng V/e/ tu gdc • ^^^9 duqc GV chO frqng Trong DH hien n a / ' ^^d't phdt K> nhi?ng yeu cdu v l ddnh gid k i t qud hoc tqp (do Hn eqy, tfnh khd thi, khd ndng phan loqi tfch eye, tfnh gid frj eua ddnh gid) vd co sd khoa hqc ve cdc linh vuc, muc ddnh gid (dya theo quon d i l m eua Benjamin Bloom), loqi phuong phdp ddnh gid k i t qud hqe tdp duqc nhdc d i n thudng xuyen Id: quan sdt, vdn ddp vd viel Mdt d i l m de nhdn thdy Id, eung vdi GV, HS duqc tham gio vdo qud trinh ddnh gid vd tu ddnh gid mdt cdch tfch cue Cd t h l khdng djnh rdng, dqy t i i n g khdng t h l tdeh rdi vdi viee dqy GT Nhung GT khdng phdi (Xem tiep trang 45) Tap chi Giao due so (ki i • 10/2011) ^^ vd tim d u q c ( x , > ; ) = ( + 4x/2,6-4N/2) 12 X y + 4V2 6-4>y2 36-32 Khi 60: Ve nguyen tic (Tiep theo trang 35) = Id chue ndng cud'i cirng cua ngdn ngi?, cung Tuy nhien, edn ehu y rdng thuc hien qud trinh nhu dqy GT khdng phdi Id myc dfch cudi ndy, HS eung de mdc cdc sai ldm dqi so Nhung vdi cung cua viec dqy Heng GS Do Huu Chdu phuong dn ldm nguqe, HS se Hm duqc k i t qud nhanh eho rdng: «Mqt ngdn ngi? hqc hudng tdi chdng vd trdnh duqc nhCrng sai ldm cd t h l mdc phdi hoqt dqng hdnh chuc cua ngdn ngi? khdng Xudt p h d t t u td'ng e d n t i m , ta thd'y n g a y : the xem nhe hoqt dqng hdnh chuc phyc vy tu N l u nhdn mqnh vdo chuc ndng GT thi d d Id vi hoqt dqng GT de quan sdt hon, X y xy k i t qud nghien cuu Ilnh vyc ndy dd Phdt hien duqc nhCrng HD hqe tdp tuong thich khd phong phu chu khdng phdi vi chue vdi mdt ndi dung d q y hqe nghia Id ngudi hqe dd Hm ndng ldm cdng cy tu Id khdng ddng ro duqc mdt d u d n g d l c h i i m ttnh nqi dung d d ke" (7) Mqc du khdng «tuyet ddi hda mqt va eung Id cdch d l G V k i l m tra xem HS cd dqt duqc chuc ndng" nhung cd t h l thdy, nguyen tde cae mye Heu g i d o dye hay khdng, dqt duqc d i n muc GT vdn ludn Id mqt nguyen tdc quan trqng ndo Trong q u d trinh t d chuc d q y vd hqc todn, DH Hlng, ddc biet Id DH Heng Viet d viec quan tdm d i n cdc HDTP cua HD BDDT se giup H I U hoc G fch cho HS viee iTnh hdi tri thuc, khdm phd vd GQVD mdt cdch ehu d d n g vd sdng tqo Neu G V cd t h l Idng ghep cdc HD ndy vdo nqi dung d q y hqc (1) V.B Kasevich Nhung yeu 10 00"saciia ngdn mqt cdch linh hoqt se g d p phdn ndng cao hieu qud ngir hoc dai cmmg NXB Gido due, H 1998 hqc tdp cho HS • (2) Tid'ng Viet vd phuong phdp dgy tiing (Ki 1-£1Z-11- Tai lieu tham khao Nguyen Bi Kim Phinmg phap day hoc mon Toan NXB Dgi hge supham, H 2008 Dao Tam Td chuc day hoc mdn Toan d truong trung hpc phd thdng, NXB Dgi hge suphgm, H 2010 Dio Vin Trung Lam the nao de hoc tdt toan phd thdng NXB Dgi hge qude gia Hd Ndi, H 2001 Posamentier & Stephen Krulik Problem solving strategies for efficent and elegant solutions Corwin Press, inc 1998 Ronald & Hector Knowledge represention and reasoning Elsevier, Inc 2004 SUMMARY This article want to make clearly the object changing activity that is mentioned in learning and teaching Mathematics Following close on this target, we turn to determine the component activity forms of this activity Through clear making the component activities, we'd like to emphasize the importance of exercising object changing activity for student in learning and teaching Maths Thence, to help them achieve the necessary skills to flexibly and creatively be mobilizing knowledges, discovering and tAaths problems solving Tap chi Giao due so (ki i 10/2011) ye'u hoi thao khoa hoc 2001 Dai hpc qud'c gia Ha NOi, DH quO'c gia TP H6 Chi Minh) NXB Dgi hge qudc gia Hd Ngi (3) H.H Stem Fundamental Conceptsof Language Teacliing Oxford University Press, 1997 (4) Le Phuong Nga Phuong phap day hoc Tieng Viet it tieu hoc n NXB Dgi hge suphgm, H.2009 (5) Nguyen Tri Mdt sd' van de day hoc tieng Viet theo quan diem giao tiep d tieu hoc NXB Gido due Viit Nam, H 2009 (6) BO GD-DT Dy an Phat trie'n giao vien tie'u hoc Tdi liiu bdi duomg Doi m&i phuong phdp dgy hge & tiiu hge (bing hinh) (7) DO HQ'U Chiu Giao trinh gian yeu v^ ngudung hoc NXB Gido due, H 1995 SUMMARY Teaching-oriented communication is not only a basic direction of renovating Vietnamese teaching method but also one of specific principles of teaching Vietnamese Principle of communication dominates most strongly Vietnamese teaching program at primary level: objectives, contents, teaching method and evaluation of students' learning results # ... diem giao tiep d tieu hoc NXB Gido due Viit Nam, H 2009 (6) BO GD-DT Dy an Phat trie''n giao vien tie''u hoc Tdi liiu bdi duomg Doi m&i phuong phdp dgy hge & tiiu hge (bing hinh) (7) DO HQ''U Chiu Giao. .. ^ dyng mqt bq eong cy f n h gia ket qua hqc tqp mdn Tieng V/e/ tu gdc • ^^^9 duqc GV chO frqng Trong DH hien n a / '' ^^d''t phdt K> nhi?ng yeu cdu v l ddnh gid k i t qud hoc tqp (do Hn eqy, tfnh... t i i n g khdng t h l tdeh rdi vdi viee dqy GT Nhung GT khdng phdi (Xem tiep trang 45) Tap chi Giao due so (ki i • 10/2011) ^^ vd tim d u q c ( x , > ; ) = ( + 4x/2,6-4N/2) 12 X y + 4V2 6-4>y2