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NGHIEN cul l & UNG DUNG NGUYfeN TAC TRl/C QUAN TRONG DAY HOC NG0 PHAP CHO HQC SINH TRUNG HOC Cd s6 I DAT VAN Bt NgtJ phdp vd dgy hpe ngiJ phdp ludn la van de phiic tgp, khd ddi vdi gido vi6n (GV) vd h[.]
NGHIEN c u l l & UNG DUNG NGUYfeN TAC TRl/C QUAN TRONG DAY HOC NG0 PHAP CHO HQC SINH TRUNG H O C Cd s -^S - ^'' I DAT VAN Bt NgtJ phdp vd dgy hpe ngiJ phdp ludn la van de phiic tgp, khd ddi vdi gido vi6n (GV) vd hgc sinh (HS) mpi c4p hgc, dd d$e bift Id cip trung hpe ca so,(THCS) Dgy hpe ngft phdp cdii phdi chii y tdi cdc nguySn tdc gido dye, d^ng thdi Cling phdi tuan thu theo nhimg nguyen tdc ddc thu day hpe tieng Vipt ndi chung, dgy hpe ngij phdp ndi rieng, dd cd nguyen tac tryc quan Tuy nhiSn, thuc tS^d phd thdng cdn dgt nhieu van de: quan niem nhu the ndo ve nguyen tdc true quan, su the hien cua nguyen tdc ndy tiep can vai cdc ndi dung ly thuyet vd thuc hdnh ve ngu phdp sao; van dyng nguyen tdc true quan dgy hgc ngi dung Phdn loai cdu theo cdu tgo ngif phdp cdn chit y toi nhimg yeu to ndo? Day chinh la nhihig ndi dung md chiing tdi se de cap tdi pham vi cua bai viet ndy II.NQIDUNG _ Quan niem ve nguyen tdc true quan dtjy hoc ngitphdp Nguyen tac tryc quan Id mdt nguyen tdc cdn luu y day hoc Ngu phap hudng vao hoat ddng giao tiep, gan li thuyet vdi 5iyc hdnh, ren luyen ngdn ngii gan vdi ren luyen tu duy, tryc quan, tich hpp Cdc nguyen tac cd mdi quan he chat che, tdc dpng, chi phdi Idn qud trinh day hoc Ngii phdp Vi the, qudn triet nguySn tac tryc quan Id didu can thilt, giiip HS ITnh hOi nhihig tri thiic trim tugng mpt cdch d l dang ban Nguyin tdc tryc quan dgy hpe ngii phdp thi hi^n qua cdc phuong di^n sau : cdu theo cdu tgo ngii pht^ SGK Ngir vdn cap THCS SGK Ngii van cdp THCS phdn logi cau theo cdu t^o ngii phdp loai: cdu don va cdu ghep Sy phdn logi - Su dyng cdc ngO lipu tir dya vdo sy xuat hidn cua cac thyc td giao tilp (Idi ndi, cau, ket cdu C - V cdu Cdu don Igi dupe phan tir ngft, vdn bdn ),^Nhung ngii lipu ndy chinh Id diem xuat phdt thdnh kieu: cau don binh thudng va cau don dgc biet cho vif c hinh thdnh khdi niem ly thuylt, dgng thdi cung soi (Luu y: cau nit ggn Id ket qua sang, Cling cd cho vipc khac sdu cua viec lupc bd mdt t h ^ cdc khdi niem ngu phdp vd cdc phan chinh cau don binh thudng) Cau don la cau cd quy tdc ngft phdp ~ Ngdn ngiJ cua GV mpt ket cau C- V Vi dy: Lan / dang^hgc bdi qua trinh dgy hpe ciing chinh Nhung tri ± u c v6 cdu don la tdi lieu tryc quan tdc ddng vdo nhdn thiic HS Vi thi, ddi dupe day d ldp 6, ldp Ben canh cau dan, chuang trinh hdi ngdn ngii cua GV^khi day phdi sang, chuan myc, SGK Ngii van cdp THCS nhu mdt "mdu" chudn nhat chii y hinh cho HS khdi cho su hinh thdnh nhiing ki niem cdu ghep "Cdu ghep la nang ve ngu phdp ndi rieng, kl nhiing cau hai hogc nhilu cum C - y khdng bao chiia tgo nang ve Tieng Vif t ndi chung - SiJr dung dd dung dgy thdnh Mdi cym C- V ndy dupe hpe Dd chinh Id cdc md hinii, ggi Id mpt ve cdu" [6, tr.ll2] Cdu ghep dupe phan hai bdng, bieu tdng kSt, so sanh kieu: kidu cdu ghep cd tir ndi nham hinh cac khai vd cdu ghep khdng cd tir ndi niSm vd quy tac ngii phdp cho cac ve cau Kieu cau ghep co tir HS >Jhihig dd dimg dgy hpe ndi thudng dung cdc tir cd tac ndy neu dugc dimg hpp ly se dyng ndi: mdt quan he tir, mot cd y nghia rat Idn, tdc dpng cap quan he tir; mdt cgp phd dln^tu tryc quan ciia HS, tir, dgi tir hay chi tii thudng di khien cdc kien thiic ve ngiJ ddi vdi (cap hd irng) Con phdp dugc khdc sdu hon trudng hap khdng cd tu ndi, cac Nhu vgy, ndi dung dgy hoc ve cau ghep thudng dung Phdn loai cau theo cau tao ngu: ddu phay, ddu chdm phdy hoac phdp lien quan tryc tilp den ddu hai cham vipc sir dyng md hinh, bdng Nhu vay, each phan logi Day cung chinh Id mdt nhiing phuong tipn day hgc cau theo cau tgo ngu phap khd quen thudc ddi vdi GV va chuang trinh SGK Ngfi van THCS theo hudng fren HS qud trinh day hpe Khdi quat nhitng tri thuc da khac phyc dugc sy phiic ngir phdp ve phdn Phdn logi tap so vdi cdch phdn loai Iheo Ngay nhdn bai 27/12/2012, Ngdy duy?! ddng 25/01/2013 18 TS P h a m Thi Anh Truong Dgi hgc Hong Due • TAP CHI THIET BI GIAO DUC- SO 90-02/2013 NGHIEN CUU & (ING DUNG ehuong trinh SGK Tieng Vipt trudc ddy Loai cau phiic cd ve cdu lam thdnh phdn, theo quan diem hien nay, chi Id mdt dang cua cdu don (md rpng trgng ngG, bd ngu, dinh ngii, chu ngii, vi ngii cho cau) Dieu tgo dieu kien thudn Ipi cho su tiep thu cua HS THCS, dgc bi6t la ddi vdi HS ldp 6, ldp Su dung mo hinh bieu bdng dgy hgc ngi dung Phdn logi cdu theo cdu tgo ngitphdp a Dgc diSm ciia tri thuc ngii phdp Tri thiic ngii phdp, ddc biet la nhihig quy tdc ngu phdp thudng truu tugng Vi the, sy tiep nhan nhiing tri thiic ndy ddi vdi HS THCS cd nhilu khd khan, md tu khai qudt ciia cac em chua thyc sy phat trien Trong dd, day hpe ngfi _ phap Igi can phai hudng den muc tieu: "ndm vihig dupe nhung tri thiic vl md hinh cdu tao ngy phdp ciia cdu, ve sy hien thyc hda nd thdnh cac phat ngdn hogt ddng giao tilp" [1, tr.l25] Xuat phdt tir dac diem cua ehuong trinh, dac diem tdm ly tiep nhdn ciia ddi tugng, vice dgy hgc tri thiic ngii phdp ndi chung, dgy hpe phdn phdn logi cdu theo cdu tao ngii phdp ndi rieng d THCS cdn chii trpng tdi viec su dyng cdc phuang phdp, bien phdp cho phii hpp vdi ndi dung tri thuc, ddng thdi ciing phdt buy dugc nang lye tu duy, nhdn thiic ciia HS Mat khdc, cung can phdi luu y dac biet tdi cdc nguyen tdc day hgc ngft phdp, cy the la: hudng vao hogt ddng giao tiep; gan ly thuyet vdi ,thyc hdnh; tryc quan; phdt trien tu vd phdt trien ngdn ngii b Sii dung cdc logi bdng Khi day hpe npi dung ve phan logi cau theo cau tgo ngir TT Cie I09I thJtnh phSn Cdc th^nh ph^n chfnh CAc thAnh ph^n phv C&K thdnh ph&n NP cSu Chu ngC Vjngtt Tr^ng nfiQ Khdi ngO BongO Djnh ngO C6c th4nh p h ^ bi^t l$p T h ^ h phan phu chu Thdnh ph^n gpi dip Thdnh phkn tlnh thdi Thanh phan cam thdn C i c vf dg Chiing tdi dang hQC gid tiins Vi?t Chiang tdi dang hpe gi& tiing Vl^t Hdm nay, tdi di hgc Con duimg n&y, tdi dS di hQC rit nhi^u ^ Toi thay hai b^n dang l&ng nghe r^l ehSm ehii Cdc em hgc sinh ldp dang t^p the d y e Lan - ngir&i m^c mau dd, hpe rat gidi Mai ai, bpn minh di hQC di' Cd le, tdi sS khong den budi h^n dui^c Oi chaol TrSng mai dtp 1dm sao! Vi du: Bdng 1: Cdc thdnh phdn ngitphdp cdu XT Cdc lo^i cdu Cau dan Cdc ki^u cSu tao ngiiphdp cua cfiu CSu dan binh thudng Cau don djc bi?t Cau ghep sii dung quan h | tu de ndi cdc ve cau Vidu Chiing tdi / di hpe Thdng gieng Mua Ndi bdng mdt quan h§ tir Tdi noi, n6 tM ISng n^ie Ndi bang cpp quan h | tir Neu que anh cd nhieu diea thi que toi cd nhieu mia Cau ghep Cau ghep khdng dCing tu:n6i Bang 2: Cdc kieu cdu phap, sir dung cdc loai bang se phu hap vdi phdn luyen tap, cung cd tri thiic Sir dung mdt sd bdng cd tdc dyng khac sau tri thuc, giiip HS phdn biet dupe sy khdc giiia cau don vd cau ghep nhanh hon, tiet kiem thdi gian hon c Xdy dung vd sir dung mo Noi bang tir hd ling Tdi cdng dd thi nd l?i cdng khoc to han Cau ghep dimg ddu phay Trdi mua nhu trut nude, sdm chop dm am Cdu ghep dimg dau hai cham Cd gido ndi: ngdy mai chung ta sS di cdm trai tgo ngu phdp ciia cdu hinh ve cdu dan, cdu ghep - Md hinh, theo Tir diSn Tieng Viet, "hinh thiic diln dat het sue gpn theo mdt ngdn ngii ndo dd cac dac trung chu yeu ciia mdt ddi tirpng nao,dd de nghien ciiu ddi tupng dy" [4, tr 638] Viec sir dyn^g md hinh chi nen dp dung ddi vdi TAP CHI THIET BI GIAO DUC • SO 90 - 02/2013 • NGHIEN CUU & UtiC DUNG nhiing tilt hpe cd kien thiic phiic tgp, vdi sy phdn cap ciia nhilu myc, nhieu phan, nhieu cdp dp Liic ndy, vipc xay dyng md hinh sS giiip HS ITnh hpi kiln thiic nhanh han, cd hi^u qua han - Cd thi hinh dung qua mgt so md hinh tiSu bilu sau: * Md hinh cdu don binh thuang: C-V Vi du: Den bdy gid, toi/moi nhgn m? tdi (Nguyen Hdng) TN C V Nhin vao md hinh tren, chung ta cd the hieu: ddy Id logi cdu cd cau tgo bdng mpt kit cau chii vj (cym chu vj) * Md hinh cinmgciia cdu ghqy - Trong khi^dd, md hinh cdu ghep tuong ddi phiic tap hon Nhin chung, cd the hinh dung md hmh cdu g h ^ Id: C1-V2/C2-V2 Vi dy: Toi hgc bdi, cdn anh dy di dd bong - Tuy nhien, d cap THCS, cdu ghep dupe phan thdnh hai logi chinh.' cdu ghep khdng co quan he tir vd cdu ghep sir dung quan he tic Sy phan loai ndy tgo dieu kien thuan Ipi cho GV qud trinh hinh thdnh cac md hinh cdu ghep cd sir,dung quan he tir de ndi cdc ve cdu Chuong dinh, SGK THCS day hpe ve cdu ghep ciing chi d^mh mdt tiet dgy ve cdch ndi cdc ve cdu cdu ghep Vi vdy, GV cung Ididng nen phiic tgp hod kien thiic ve cdu ghep vd chi hinh mdt sd md hinh tieu bieu sir dyng cdc quan he tir, cdc phy tir, cdc dai tir de ridi cdc ve cdu ghep; Chang han: + Giiia cac ve cdu ghep diing cdc tit ngii chi myc dich (cau ghep cd quan he su kien - myc dich): Md hinh cau tao chung: C l VI di C2 - V Hoac: DeCiV1/C2-V2 Vi dy: (1) Cdc em phdi co gang hgc tap de thdy me duoc 20 vui long vd de thdy dgy cdc em dupe sung su&ng 2) Sdc'h vdn hgc dua ta vdo the gi&i cua nhitng tdm hon ngudi dd cdc thai dgi de ta thong cdm vdi nhung cugc ddi, chia se nhimg niem vui, noi dau cua ddn tgc vd nhdn logi, + Giiia cdc ve cdu gh6p diing cdc tir chi quan hp so sdnh: ^ Quan h4 so sdnh giong nhau: Md hinh chung: C l VI « / » « • / C - V Vi dy: Anh yeu em nhir anh yeu ddt nude (Nguyen Dinh Thi) Anh ndi the khdc ndo anh chui vdo mat tdi Quan he so sdnh han kem, dung tir noi: han, cdn hon: Md hinh chung; CI - V I hon (con han) C2 - V2 Vi dy: Ldm^ tha gidi hon Idm thdy dot Chet vinh hon song nhuc + Cau ghep cd quan hp logi bd: Md hinh chung: CI - V I chiel C2-V2 Vi du: Anh cu noi the chu* toi CO hieu gi ddu Hodc: khong phdi CI VI md Id C2-VI Khong phdi anh dy lam viec dy md Id toi lam day IIL K E T LUAN Nhu vdy, sy the hipn ciia nguyen tac true quan dgy hpe ngii phdp dupe hieu kha linh hoat, bao gdm nhieu yeu td, dd cd phuang tien dgy,hpe Bdng, so dd dupe hieu nhu rihihig gido cu tryc quan sinh dpng c d t d c dung hinh thdnh vd cung cd tri thiic vd ky nang ve ngu- phdp cho HS Nhiing logi bdng, md hinh ndy de sir dung GV cd the xdy dyng ndi dung tren mdi Slide cua MS PowerPoint; sau dd ehieu len bang d l HS de quan sat Ciing cd thi dung bang phy d l the hi^n cdc • TAP CHI THIET BI GIAO DUC-SO 90-02/2013 md hinh, bdng timg don vi kiln thiic cua bdi dgy Tir md hinh, bdng, GV ed thi yfu cdu HS ddt cau theo mau gdn vdi cdc tinh, hudng giao tilp khdc Ap dung cdc hinh thiic, bipn phdp,,phuong tidn ndy, nhihig vdn d l v l ngft phdp s5 dupe cy th6 hda hon, thu|in Igi cho su tilp nhdn cua HS THCS Tdi ii$u tham khdo Le A - Nguyin Quang NinhBui Minh T o ^ Phuangphdp dgy hgc tiing Vi$U NXB, H 2001 Nguyen Bd Kim (chu bien)Biii Huy Ngpc, Phuangphdp dgy hgc dgi cuang mdn Todn, NXB Dai hoc Su pham (2006) Biii Minh Toan, Tteng Viet d Trung hgc phd thdng, NXB Dgi hpe Su pham (2010) Hodng Phe (chu bien) rif dien tieng Vi^t, Trung tam tir diln hpe NXB Giao dyc,_ H 1994., Nguyen Khac Phi (tdng chii bien), Nguyin Dmh Chu, Nguyin Minh Thuylt, Trdn Dinh Sir Ngie van 6, SGV, tap 1, NXB Gido dye, H 2002 Nguyen Khdc Phi (tong chu bien), Nguyin Hoanh Khung, Nguyin Minh Thuylt, Trdn Dinh Sir Ngit vdn 8, tap 1, NXB Giao dye, H 2004 Summary Visual rule is one of basic rule in grammatical teaching This nile was expressed specifically following the specific 3spec& such as: using coipuses fiom actual communication, language of teachers, using patterns, diagrams, tables Teadiing flie sentence following ^ammatical sbuduie can use diagrams about pattan of single sentences, conplrac sentences, sircifk sentences which expand conqwnents, tablesrelateto grammatical aspect of saitence like livefy living documenls helptiieconprehension of knowledge about grammar of stiidoils are (pck, efective ... chinh.'' cdu ghep khdng co quan he tir vd cdu ghep sir dung quan he tic Sy phan loai ndy tgo dieu kien thuan Ipi cho GV qud trinh hinh thdnh cac md hinh cdu ghep cd sir,dung quan he tir de ndi cdc... don djc bi?t Cau ghep sii dung quan h | tu de ndi cdc ve cau Vidu Chiing tdi / di hpe Thdng gieng Mua Ndi bdng mdt quan h§ tir Tdi noi, n6 tM ISng n^ie Ndi bang cpp quan h | tir Neu que anh cd nhieu... cdu lam thdnh phdn, theo quan diem hien nay, chi Id mdt dang cua cdu don (md rpng trgng ngG, bd ngu, dinh ngii, chu ngii, vi ngii cho cau) Dieu tgo dieu kien thudn Ipi cho su tiep thu cua HS THCS,