VAN DUNG NGUYEN TAC TRIfC QUAN TRUNG UAY HUC PHAN LUA! CAU THEU CAU TAO NGd PHAP CHO HOC SINH TRUNG HOC CO SO O TS PHAM THI A N H '''' 1 Ngu phdp (NP) vd dqy hpe ngu phdp (DHNP) ludn Id vdn de phi/c tqp,[.]
VAN DUNG NGUYEN TAC TRIfC QUAN TRUNG UAY HUC PHAN LUA! CAU THEU CAU TAO NGd PHAP CHO HOC SINH TRUNG HOC CO SO O N g u p h d p (NP) vd dqy hpe ngu phdp (DHNP) ludn Id vdn de phi/c tqp, khd ddi vdi gido vien (GV) bp mdn vd hpe sinh (HS) mpi cd'p hoc, dqc biet Id cd'p trung hpe eo sd (THCS) Npi dung cua chucmg trinh NP bao gdm nhieu vd'n de, d d ed phdn logi cdu theo cdu tgo NP Ddy Id mdt npi dung tuong ddi khd, truu tuong, phuc tqp dd'i vdi HS THCS Yeu edu ed y nghTa phuong phdp ludn Id GV edn hinh thdnh eho HS nhung tri thi/c ve cdu phdn loqi theo cd'u tqo NP, vdi ede budc, thao tde nhdn biet, tqo lap ede kieu edu don, cau ghep eung nhu gid trj cua nhOng loqi cdu ndy cdc tfnh hudng giao tiep vd cdc vdn bdn dpc hieu Dieu ndy doi hdi GV edn linh hoqt, sdng tqo viec su dyng ede phucmg phdp dqy hqc, dong thdi eung cdn hjdn thu chqt che ede nguyen tde dqy bqc, dd ed nguyen tdc trye quan (NTTQ); vd quan trpng Id edn cd quan niSm dung ddn ve NTTQ, cdeh van dyng NTTQ DH ndi dung phdn logi edu theo edu tgo NP Q u a n niem ve NTTQ DHNP va cdeh v a n d y n g DHNP cho HS THCS Viec DHNP d trudng phd thdng cdn tudn thu ede nguyen tdc sou: 1) Hudng vdo hoqt ddng gloo tiep; 2) Gdn If thuyet vdi thye hdnh; 3) Ren luyen ngdn ngu gdn lien vdi ren luyen tu duy; 4) True quan; 5) Tfch hpp Cdc nguyen tde ndy ed mdi quan he chqt ehe, tdc ddng, chi phdi Idn qud trinh DHNP Vi vdy, qudn triet NTTQ Id dieu edn thiet, giup HS Itnh hpi nhung tri tht/c truu tuqng mdt cdeh de ddng hon Nguyen tdc ndy dupe the hien qua cde phuong dien sou DHNP : 2.1 Chon vd su dyng ngu lieu Theo Tu dien tieng Viet, «ngu lieu" duqc hieu Id: «tulieu ngdn ngO duge dung Idm cdn cu de nghien cuu ngdnngiy[\) Nhuvqy, ngulieuldcdnct/,«mdu" # TS PHAM THI A N H ' tieu bleu de nghien cuu ngdn ngCr d nhung cdp khdc nhau, tu ngu dm cho den vdn bdn Do dd, thye te DH, «ngij lieu" ddi duoc thay t h i bang khdi niem «mdu" «Mau" DH heng Viet di/pc hieu Id «nhung ngu li$u dien hinh (tu, cdu, dogn van) dugc trich chu yeu HJ ede vdn bdn HS vua hgc a phdn mdn Vdn hoc" (2) Theo chuong trinh, sdch gido khoa (SGK) Ngi> van d phd thdng hien nay, ngu lieu DHNP ndi rieng vd DH tieng Viet ndi ehung dupc dan tu cdc vdn bdn dpc hieu Dieu ndy tqo dieu kien thudn Iqi cho sy tich hop kien thuc cuo phdn mdn Vdn, Tieng Viet vd Tdp Idm vdn Tuy nhien, ddi vcri vlec DHNP, tri thue cdn hinh thdnh eho HS thudng mang tfnh khdi qudt, tn>u tuqng Vi vqy, ben cqnh nhung ngu lieu SGK, GV nen chpn mot sd ngir lieu tu thuc te giao tiep de hinh thdnh khdi niem hoqc cijng cd khdi niem (trong tiet Luyen tap} Tdt nhien, ngij lieu ndy edn ddp i>ng cde dieu kien: tieu bieu, chua dyng day du cdc du kien de hinh thdnh khdi niem; rd rdng, cd linh khoa hgc, tinh tu tudng, tinh gido dye, tinh suphgm Ben cqnh d d , viee phdn tieh ngiJ lieu cung edn tudn thu theo quy trinh gdm budc sou: 1} Hudng ddn HS phdn tich ngu lieu; 2) Sdp xep, khdi qudt hod cdc ddc trung eua khdi niem dupe the hien qua ngu lieu; 3) Trinh bdy khdi niem; 4) Cy the hod, eung cd khdi niem bdng nhOng ngCr lieu mdi nhdm giup eho viee hinh thdnh vd cung cd khdi niem cua HS nhanh hon, trdnh dupe sy nhdm chdn, edng thdng, kich thfch dupe sy tdp trung cuo cde em vd phu hpp vdi thdi lupng cua mdt gid dciy Vf dy: dqy bdi Cdi; ghep (NgCr vdn 8, tdp 1), ngodi vi dy ddn h> vdn bdn Tdi di hpe (Thanh Tinh), cdn cu vdo tinh hinh eija tt>ng Idp, GV cd ^ e chqn vd su dyng them mdt so edu sou: * Tnrong DaJ hoc Hong fiiTc Tap chi Giao due s6 ym -1/2012) a) «Ldp chung tdi dang hgc gid tieng Viet cua 2.3 SO dung dd dung DH (tranh dnh, so cd Lan - mot cd gido mdi chuyen ve trudng ddu do, mdhlnh, bdng ) dupc dung viec phdn ndm ngodi" GV hudng ddn HS phdn tieh: - Lop lopi cdu theo edu tqo NP phu hpp vdi dd'i tuqng c n u n g / d i b p phdn chu n g u ; - D o n g hpc g i d tieng HSTHCS Viet: b d phdn vi ngu; - Mot ed gido mdi ehuyen a) Cdc logi bdng lien quan den binh dien NP ve trudng ddu ndm ngodi: thdnh phan phy, gidi cua edu Ben cqnh binh dien ngiJ nghTa vd ngu thich rd eho b d ngiJ ctJo ddng tu «hpc" Mde du dyng, NP Id mdt ba binh dien cua cdu, tqo ddy Id mot ket cd'u C-V nhimg ket cd'u ndy bj bao eho edu mdt the thdng nhdt «Binh dien NP Id bdi bp phdn vj ngu, Idm rd nghla cua vj ngu nen binh dien ve td ehuc NP cua edu" (3) Ndi dung ddy chi Id mdt cdu don ciJo binh dien ndy dupe DH d CT, SGK NgCf vdn b) «Gid hgc dien rdt sdi ndi, bgn ndo cung THCS gdm hoi vdn de: cde thdnh phdn NP eua hdng hdi phdt bieu y kien" GV hudng ddn HS edu vd cdc kieu edu phdn tich: - Gid hgc dien rdt sdi nd'i; Id mpt ket De hinh thdnh cho HS nhijng khdi nlSm vd quy cd'u C-V, d d , «gld hpe" Id ehu ngu, «dien tdc NP lien quan den hai vd'n de tren, cd the quan rd'^ sdi ndi" Id vj ngu; - Bgn ndo eung hdng hdi sdt qua hai bdng sou (xem bdng I vd bdng 2) phdt bieu y kien: Id mdt Bdncf / Cdc thdnh phdn NP tronp cdu kg't cdu C-V, d d , Cac loai Cac phan NP TT Vidu «bgn ndo" Id chu ngu, ttianli phin tronq cau Cac thanti Chu nqQ Chunq loi danq hoc qid lienq Viet «cung hdng hdi phdt bieu phan ctiinli VinqCf Chunq toi dang hoc gid lienq Viet y kien" Id vj ngiJ Ddy Id Cac ttiant) Tranq nqQ Horn nay, t6i di hoc mdt edu ed ket edu C-V phan phu Con di/dng nay, toi da di hoc rat nhieu lan Khcfi nqCr n h u n g k h d n g bj b a o Toi thay hai ban dang lang nghe rat ch§m chii B6 nqu' (trong tieng Viet, Cac em hoc sinh I6p danq tap the due Dmh nqCf loqi cdu ndy dupe goi Id Cac thanti Thanh phan phu chu Lan - nqudi mac ao mau do, hoc rat p i o i ' phan biet edu ghep) Thanh phan ooi dap Mai oi, bon minh di hoc dii l^p Co le, to! se hh6ng den buoi hen duoc Thanh ph§n tinh thai N h u vdy, ket hop vdi Thanh phan cam Un^n Oi chaoi Trang m6i dep lam sac! ngCr lieu SGK, ngu ifeu tren dupc dan tu thyc Hal bdng tren cho thdy: viec phdn loqi edu te giao ttep se giup HS hinh thdnh khdi niem cdu ghep nhanh hon, de ddng hon theo cd'u tqo NP se don gidn hon rd't nhieu, tiet 2.2 Ngdn ngucOa GV gid day Ngdn kiem dupe thdi gian eua GV vd HS tren Idp, ngu ndi cuo GV DHNP ndi riSng, tieng Viet thudn tien eho vlec hinh thdnh cdc khdi niem NP ndi ehung ehinh Id «gtdo cy tn/e quan" sinh ddng cung nhu cdc quy tde NP Nhung bdng ndy se - nhu mpt «dqng mdu" de HS hoc tqp, bdt ehude duqc st) dyng nhu nhiJng «phuang tien true vd Idm theo mdt cdeh sdng tqo Ddi vdi g i d dqy quan" ed y nghla quan trqng cde g i d li NP, ngdn ngCr cua GV ed mot sd yeu cdu rieng: thuyet hoqc dn tdp Cdn cu vdo eo sd vdt ehd't, phdt dm dung ehudn tieng phd thdng; neu, GV cd the trinh chle'u hope treo ede bdng phy phdn tfch ngu lieu edn phdi cd nhung «diem nhdn" de HS tiep nhdn vd hinh thdnh quy tde phdn loqi rd rdng glup HS nhdn dien cdc khdi niem NP cdu theo cd'u tqo NP g i d dqy Vf dy: Khi dqy bdi «Cdc thdnh phdn biet lap NTTQ Id mot nhung nguyen tdc ea bdn tinh thdi, edm / / i d n " ( N g i ? v d n 9, tdp 2), GV ddn DHNP ndi chung vd DH ndi dung phdn loqi ngu lieu SGK: «Trdi oi, cbi cdn ed ndm cdu theo edu tqo NP ndi rieng dh-udng phd thdng phut" Gipng dpc eua G V phdi cd su khdc Nguyen tdc ndy duqc hieu mpt cdeh linh hoqt dtungthdnh phdn, tung bd phdn cdu;chdng boo gom: ehpn vd su dyng ngu lieu; ngdn ngu hqn: «Trdi oi" - doe eao han binh thudng, the ndi cua GV; st> dyng tranh dnh, so d d , md hinh, hign thdi dd vua ngae nhien, vua tlec re eua anh bang, Cdn cu vdo ddi tuqng HS, npi dung tiet nien, «Cbi cdn ed ndm phut" - doe chdm dqy cung nhu dieu kien ca sd vdt ehd't , GV cdn hon, thd hien su ddnh gid ve thdi gian edn Iqi qud ft ddi vdi anh l^^"^ Tiep trang 41) Tap chi Giao due so (ki -1/2012) hinh thuc khde nhau, nhUng thdi diem thfch hqp de Idi eudn su tqp trung chij y cua HS Viec si) dyng cdc PTDH phdi chu den viec HS ty luc khdm phd, dpc Idp Hm tdi phdt hien vd'n de vd doe Idp gidl quyet vd'n de Ddy Id hinh thue kfch thfch cdc em tiep tuc qud trinh nghien cuu, cung ed vd phdt hien nhung kien thuc mdi me sou g i d hqc Luc cd thdi gian, HS nghien ngdm, kiem nghiem cung nhu tdng hpp Iqi todn bd kien thue thu nhdn dupc tCr SGK, tu tu lieu, tu bqn be, GV Ket qud mot gid hpe khdng chf dupc ddnh gid d HS thu nhdn dupe khdi lupng tri thue phong phu, sdu sdc md quan trqng hon Id khd ndng vdn dyng nhung tri thuc dd vdo Hnh hudng cy the Chi ndo HS biet bien hda nhdo ndn nhung tri thue dd thu nhdn dupc, biet dieu khien st) dyng nd, gidi quyet tot mot vd'n de thi cde em mdi that su hieu thdu ddo vdn de vd Idm chu tri thuc eua minh Thdng qua hinh thuc ndy ndng lye cua HS duqc bqc Id todn dien vd quan trqng hem Id su bde Id ndy khdng cdn nhOng gpi y hudng ddn cua GV md hodn todn sy tu huy ddng vdn tri thuc cua HS De giup HS vdn dyng kien thi/e tdt, GV duo nhung vdn de vua mong tfnh khdi qudt, vua mang tinh hdp ddn goi td md, thu de HS tu luc khai thde, suy nghT tim tdi, phdt hien nhijng vd'n de mdi vd tu minh gidi quyet vdn de dd.G Van dung nguyen tac (3) Bill Minti Toan Tigng Viet & trung hoc phd thdng NXB Dgi hgc suphgm, H 2010 Tai lieu t h a m khao NguySn Ba Kim Phutnig phap day hpc mon loan NXB Dgi hpc suphgm H 2004 Dao Tam - TrSn Trung To chirc hoat dong n h a n thuc day hoc m8n loan 6" truDug trung hoc phd thSng NXB Dai hpc suphgm H 2010 Tran Trung Ung dting eong nghe thong tin vao day hoc mon toan trirong thSng NXB Gido ducVielNam H20I1 SUMMARY To ensure effect and efficiency of teaching equipment, besides the quality of the equipment, the use of teachers is very important This article introduces the principles of using teaching equipment according to the terms of pedagogical and psychological of students participating in the process of teaching moth at high school (Tiep theo trang 35) Bdng 2: Cdc kieu cdu tqo NP cua cdu TT Cac loai cau Cau dan Cac ki§u cau tao NP cua cau Cau dan binh thudnq Cau ddn dac biet Cau ghep Cau ghep sLt dung quan h? tu d§ not cac Vidu Chunq toi di hoc Tfiang gieng 2, Mua N i l bing mot quan he tir; Toi noi, no thi ISno nahe N6\ bSng cap quan he lil: Neu que anh co nhiiu dua thi que loi co nhieu mfa N6i bSng lis ho i/ng Toi cang thi no lai Cau ghep khong dung tir noi canq khoc to han Cau ghep dung dau phay Trdi mua nhu Injt nude, sam ch&p am am Cau ghep dung dau hai cham: Cd giao noi mai chunq vdn dyng ket hpp cdc thao tde, phuong Hen de viee DH npi dung Phdn lopi cdu theo edu tqo NP dqt hieu qud td'i uu nhd't • (1} Ho&ng Phe {chu biSn) Tu- di^n Ueng Viet NXB Dd Ndng 2005 (2) Le A - Nguyen Quang Ninli - Biii Minti Toan P h m n i g p h a p day hoc ti^ng Viet NXB Gido due H 1996 Tap chi Giao due s6 (ki -1/2012) Tai liSu t h a m khao Ngu-van (tap 1, 2) NXB GjdodHc.H 2003 N g i r v a n S ( t a p 1,2) NXB G/do J M C H 0 Ngu- p h a p ti^ng Vifet (tap 2) NXB Gido due, H.1992 SUMMARY Visual rule is one of basic rule in grammatical teaching This rule was expressed ta se di cam trai specifically following the specific aspects such as- using corpuses from actual communication, language of teachers, using patterns, diagrams, tobies like lively living documents help the conprehension of knowledge about grammar of students ore quick, effective Teaching the sentence following grammatical structure can use diagrams about pattern of single sentences, complex sentences, simple sentences which expand components, tables relate to grammatical aspect of sentence ... sdi nd''i; Id mpt ket De hinh thdnh cho HS nhijng khdi nlSm vd quy cd''u C-V, d d , «gld hpe" Id ehu ngu, «dien tdc NP lien quan den hai vd''n de tren, cd the quan rd''^ sdi ndi" Id vj ngu; - Bgn... ehinh Id «gtdo cy tn/e quan" sinh ddng cung nhu cdc quy tde NP Nhung bdng ndy se - nhu mpt «dqng mdu" de HS hoc tqp, bdt ehude duqc st) dyng nhu nhiJng «phuang tien true vd Idm theo mdt cdeh sdng... equipment according to the terms of pedagogical and psychological of students participating in the process of teaching moth at high school (Tiep theo trang 35) Bdng 2: Cdc kieu cdu tqo NP cua cdu