DANH 6 IA HOC S I N H KHUYET TAT TRI TUE TROHG L P HOC HOII HHOP TI^U HOC HlgP RflV if UIgT nnm O ThS D I N H NGUYEN TRANG THU* n I m h a vd ddnh gid (DG) hpc sinh Id m$t ^ khdu quon trpng trong qud W[.]
DANH 6IA HOC SINH KHUYET TAT TRI TUE TROHG L P HOC HOII HHOP TI^U HOC HlgP RflV if UIgT nnm O n I m h-a vd ddnh gid (DG) hpc sinh Id m$t ^ khdu quon trpng qud Wnh dpy hpc i gido dvc Ddc b i | l , vl|c D G hpc sinh khuylt tdt (HSKT) ndi chung vd HSKT H-( h j | ndi ridng [g\ cdng cd f nghTo quan h^rtg, bdi kit qud D G 58 giup nhd gido dgc xdc djnh rd cdc Mid ndng cOa h-d, h> dd gdp | ^ d n d|nh hudng dung ddn dudng phdt W i n ttip theo h-ong qud Wnh hodn lhi|n nhdn cdch cho cdc em Tuy nhlftn, h-6n thi/c t l , vi|c D G d6ng l^d ndng cOa ddi hj^png h i d^c bi|t ndv I9I khdng don gidn, cdc em rdt dpng v l knilm khuyll, khd ndng, nhu cdu cOng nhu cdoi t h i hl|n bdn ngodi Do vQy, cdn cd nt^t quy Wnh D G ddng b$, h> lOc h i bdt ddu thorn gia vdo qud Hnh hpc hda nhdp cho din h i kit thuc qud Wnh dd d l cd dugc mdt kit qud todn d i | n , phdn dnh dOng khd ndng cda cdc em, h> dd glOp d i o m? vd cdc nhd gido dye \ga chpn dupc dudng phdt h-(ln flip iheo, phu hpp nhd't cho cdc em tucmg kil ThS D I N H N G U Y E N T R A N G THU* Iyc lupng khdng nhd TKT tham gia vdo cdc htnh thOc kSrp, trudng hl|n noy Trong qud Wnh gido dye vd dqy hpc, OG ed vol h-d rot quan trpng, vl nd vdo Id khdu cudi cOng d l hodn tn1|n mdt ehu Wnh, Iql vi>a md ddu mdt chu Wnh mdi, gdp phdn Idm cho todn thi qud Wnh gido dye vd dqy hpe ludn ludn v^n ddng vd phdt h-lln khdng ngOng Do v$y, hong qud Wnh G D H N h i KTH, D G Id hoqt ddng khdng ihl thilu hong vl|c ndng coo chdt h n ^ g vd hi|u qud ci3a qud Wnh gido dye vd hodn thi|n nhdn cdch eOa hd cd nhu cdu ddc bi|t ndy 1) Khdi nl$m vd quan dlim vi DG Theo quon dilm h-|lt hpc, D G (assessment) Id ihdl dd ddi vdl m$t hl|n hrpng xd h^l, hoqt ddng hdnh vl cOo ngudi D G G hyc Hip hin hd, vide thu thdp hi| vd cdc khd ndng khdc cua minh ede thdng Hn td nhOng ngudi lidn quon din trd 4) DG HSKT hi h4 hxmg Idp hiu hgc hdaeOng rdt quon hpng Dd Id edc thdng Hn DG v l n/idp Trong mdi trudng hda nhdp, ^^ hinh ihdl dd cOo GV vd cOo nhung ngudi chdm sdc gido dye dupc thyc hl|n iheo quy Wnh bude ddi vdi trd, sy chdp nhdn e5a bqn bd vd khdng nhu sou: 1)Tim hl^ iehd ndng vd nhu t^u cua k5p hpe Vide thu thdp cdc ngudn thdng Hn ndy dupc flin hdnh bdi cdc phucmg phdp: su TKT; 2} Xdc dfnh mi/e hiu vd Idp kihogch gido dyng bdng hdi, phdng vd'n hode dilu tra Mdt sd' dvc; 3) Thgc hiSn kihogch; 4) DG k^ qud gido c^c D l cd mdt kit qud DGtodndl|n, chfnh xdc, cdc bdng hdi phdng vd'n eho m? hoy dupc su vl$e DG mdt HS KTTT cdn dupc tiln hdnh theo dyng nhu: M-CHAT (The ModiFied Checklist for Auflsm In Toddlers - Bdng kilm v l h i h/ kf), ASQ hoi gtol dopn nhu sou: (Age and stage quenflonalres, third edition - Bdng Vtptvo hdi ve d$ hjdl vd cdc glol dopn cOa h i nhd), S-M checklist (Vinelond Social Mahjrlty Scale checklist - Bdng hdi Kilm tro ndng lye cudc sdng xd hpi S-M) Etdy Id edc bdng hdi ed t h i d l ddng dupc flin hdnh nhdm thu dupe < ^ kit qud v l khd ndng eOa hd d d Irnh vyc co bdn: Iff ndng h/ phi/c vy (self-help), v^n d^ng (locomotion), fchd * Glal dogn • QL ddu vdo Ddy Id glai doqn ndng 4\ao tdc (occupoHon), khd ndng glao hip DG xdc dnh rd cdc khd ndng cOo hd v l cdc trnh (ccHnmunleaHon), laid ndng tuong tdc xd h^l vye khdc nhou d l xem xdt edc khd ndng dd cd (sociallzoHon) vd khd ndng dfnh hudng/quy tdc d6p Cmg du ydu cdu cho trd thom gia vdo qud cOa bdn thdn (self-direcHon) eOng nhu edc ddu hinh hdo nhdp hay khdng N$l dung vd ede Tl ^4 Tgp Chi filao dMC s6 Cfc* a - g/aoia) _ # hi|u nguy ea mdc hdi chi>ng tg ki c) Xdc djnh hudng phdt triln tllp theo cho hd: dupe thyc hl|n dya trdn kit qud D G ddu vdo N l u hd phdi quay hd k;il chuong Wnh can thl|p d bde mdu gido, tni dilu quan hpng Id cdn chTnrt sdo, xem xdt lpl ndi dung ehuong Wnh ndy nhdm ciJng cd Ipi cho hd cdc kiln thi>c, kr ndng cdn thilt, bd sung nhChig d i l u edn thilu v l tdt cd cdc Irnh vyc Cdn nlu xdt thdy edc khd ndng v l edc trnh vyc phdt hiln cOa h i cd t h i ddp dng dupc cdc ydu cdu co bdn cOa chuong Wnn hda nhdp d l ra, h i sd dupc khuyin khfoi thorn glo ngoy vdo cdc htnh thuc gido dye hdo nhQp d bdc hpe ndi flip d l cOng cd ede kr ndng v l ngdn ngu, nhqn ihuc, gioo Hdp Mdt sd ehuong Wnh can thi$p vd cdc phuong phdp phd biln hl|n dang duoc edc tdm can thi|p thye hi|n Id: h>ng bude nhd m^t (small steps), phuong phdp Montessorrl, phuong phdp can thl$p hdnh vl ABA, phuong p/)dp glao tidp bdng hvnh dnh (PECS), bdng dm (VOCA), chuong Mnh PEP-R, TEACCH Cdc chuong Wnh can thl|p sdm ndy phdn ndo dd phdt huy Hch eye h-ong vl|c glCip t r i KTTT ddp i>ng edc khd ndng ban ddu d l flip tyc theo hpc d bdc hpc hdo nhdp ^ I p theo Tuy nhidn, thyc t l cho t h ^ , cDng vdl so luqng h-d TKT ndi chung dong tham glo vdo ede b$c ftpc edn khldm tin ' Glal dogn - QL ddu Ddy Id glol doqn (theo s^ li|u cOa B$ Loo ddng Thuong binh vd Xd D G trd sou mdt qud Wnh hdo nh^p, nhdm kilm hdi, tdng sd 1,2 W | u TKT mdi chf cd 53,3% tro k^t hidu qud eOa v(|c hda nhdp vd gdp phdn trd ftpc xong tilu hqc vd d% t r i hpe xong cM djnh hudng phdt W i n tllp theo eho h-d d bdc thdng trung hqc), sd luqng trd KTTT duqc nndn trung hpc coo hon Ngodi vl|c st) dyng cdc bdi vdo hpc tql ede tnidng fida nhdp cdn rdt fiqn kilm ho thdng thudng nhu cdc HS khdc, vl|c chl Bdn cqnh dd, kilm ho ddu vdo, cdc GV D G HS KUT cdn boo gdm cdc hoqt ddng vd dd kilm ho hd so cOa trd, nhung mdi chf quan cdc phuong phdp sou: ede test d l kilm tro kit tdm dupc d i h ode ddi tupng h i cd khuylt Idt rd qud W thdng minh (IQ), D G kit qud hpe tdp rdng; edn nhDng trd cd nhOng khd khdn v l hdnh theo nhdm vd theo cd nhdn, DG bdng tost kilm vi, khuylt tdt hqc t$p md h^ong qud Wnh hpc tro chuc ndng hdnh vi ABA (Applied behavioral mdi bdc Id thi G V r ^ khd kilm ho Ngodi ra, approach) hoi^c si> dyng thang kilm tra hdnh vl vl|c D G ddu sou qud Wnh hqc hdo nft^p cOa Vineland II (Vineland AdapHve Behavior Scales, HS Kl I I cOng chua nra^n dupc sy quon tdm thfch second edition), D G d y a vdo chuong trtnh ddng ndn vi|c d|nh hudng flip llieo cho hd cOng (Curriculum based assessment - CBA) vd cdc D G chua nrang k?i hidu qud Cd nhOng trd KTTT mdc G V tg Idm, ed tham khdo f kiln eOa nhdm dd h-dl qua qud Wnh hda nhi^p nhung k& qud chuydn gia nhu bde sT, cdc chuydn gio tdm If D G cudi cOng cfw t f i ^ kfid ndng cda edc em hqc dudng, edc chuydn gio phuc Iql xd hdi, cOng chua d l Hip h ^ hpc Idn cao; nhOng hvdng hgp ndy edn djnh hudrig cho cdc em ttteo eon chuydn gio v l tg kf dudng hpe n g h i , ihay vl Iql Hip tyc bdt em d6 Thyc frqng vl$c D G h-d KTTT tgl cdc iheo hqc d edc bdc hpc coo hon h4guqc Iql, c6 hrudng, Idp hda nhdp h l f n noy nhilu em sou qud Wnh hda nhdp, ki^ qud DG Theo Eldo cdo nghldn cdu khdo sdt thyc trqng cho t h ^ cd t h i ddp dng duqc ydu cdu d bdc hpc gido dye TKT Vl|t Nam thdng / 0 , od khodng coo hem ndu duqc chO trpng hon nOo vl|c dilu 24d.000 TKT di hpe, chllm 24,22% vd ndm 0 chfnh thi Iqi khdng duqe khuyin khfch, tt>dm chf tdng tdn Id 0 h i Trong dd, sd luqng TKT od hvdng hqp odn bj r i ngang sang hudng n g h l ^ ndi chung ttvim gia vdo hinh thdc ftda nhj|kp o t l l m dilu kl|n vd hodn cdnh cOo gio dinh sd luqng ddng nhdt, 4d9.800 hd, chllm 98,2% E^t ddu ti> ede chuong Wnh can thl|p sdm ddnh eho h i khilm thfnh h> nhOng ndm 1992Trdn ddy, chOng tdi chf dua ro quy Wnh hai 1995 cuo td chde Oy ban II Hd Lan tdi W? h?l Hd glai dopn D G mong Hnh khdi qudt nhdt ddi vdl Ndi vd TP Hd Chf Minh, cdc chuong Wnh ddi hiqng h i KFTT ndi ridng vd TKT ndi chung thi|p sou ndy cho cdc ddi hiqng TKTlchdc ngdy D l cd I h l thyc hl|n tdt vi$c D G ddi hdi phdi cd ^ n g du9c ndng coo v l nW^ chdt luqng TCly vdo nhOng nghldn cdu cy t h i v l thyc hqng hda nhdp h>ng dqng khu)n0t t$t vdl nhOng ddc mim ridng cOng nhu vl|e dqv vd hpe ddi vdl ode h i ndy d md cdc hd KTTT duqe tham glo vdo cdc hinh thdc mdi hvdng hdo nh$p edc cdp sou ndy khde nhu gid fipc cd n t ^ , gid hpc tdp t h i (Xem n^ hxmg 57} TOP chi Clio due so od «- a/aon) tibdo; 4) Hdy rOt nguyin tSc cOa qud tfinh trao ddi chit qua mdng ti bdo; Bude 3: Ti> v l ^ hwSmg dan HS trd Idl c6c CH, GV djnh hu6ng Ai HS rut n$i dung ci3a qu6 trtnh troo dd\ d\dt qua mdng ti bdo 4) COng d n^l dung bdi hgc bdng cdc CH hodc bdi t^p vdn dvng Sou hpc xong, GV tiln hanh cOng c^ n$l dung cOa bdi bdng o ^ ydu cau HS l^v vf dg minh hpo hoc cOo bdi, v$n dung kiln ihik da hpc d l gldl quylt cdc vd'n d l ihyt: tiSn V( dv dpy bdi «Tudn hodn mdu (tilt 2)' (SH 11), GV cung cd n$i dung cOo bdi bdng CH: }} Hdy niu mdi quan h$ glOa hoqt d^ng cua tim vdl hogt ddng eOa h$ mgeh U^ v( c/^ minh hga? CH ndy s3 giup HS khdl qudt ai/pc n$i dung cOa bdi (bdi ndy c6 n$l dung Id hogt d$ng cuo tim vd hogt d$ng cOa h$ mgch) vd i h ^ dugc n^\ quon h$ glOa tim vd h$ mgch; 2} Vi hong mSl diU Id tim, tdm nhT ludn co trude tdm ihdif Vl$c tdm nhT co trude tdm thdt cd ^ nghTa gi9 CH ndyySu cdu HS hilu dugc h$ dSn truyin tim (nOt xoong nhT -> nOt nhT thdt - > bd His - > mgng Pudckin) vd tdc d$ng cOa xung thdn kinh l3n hogt d$ng cOo ca tim Ddng thdi HS cOng th£fy dugc tfnh hgp If g\ua c^u trOc vd cht>c ndng cOo tim [Tdm nnTnh dyng cdc phuong phdp ndi trSn cd tdc dgng gdp phdn bdi dudng ndng li/c PHVD vd G Q V D cho HS N l u HS dugc bdi dudng ndng li/c ndu vd G Q V D s8 |)hdt triln dugc KN tv hgc • L6 Ng(?c Son DH.1977 T&i lifu tham khdo Nguyfin Thanh Dpt - Phjun Vftn L(lp - D$ng Hflu Unh - Mai S ; T u ^ Sinh bpc 12 NXB Gido d^c, H.2008 flq chi Glao due s6