Li tUAM Oii^O Pyg PAY HQC MOT SO OliN PHAP TlNG GlMlNG SIT P H O I HOP CAC IITCIITOHG THAM GIA GIAO DOG HOA H H A P HOG SIHH KHUYET Tftt TRi TUE COA HIEU TRUONG CAC TRUONG TIEU HOC O TRAN THI BICH N G[.]
Li tUAM Oii^O Pyg - PAY HQC MOT SO OliN PHAP TlNG GlMlNG SIT PHOI HOP CAC IITCIITOHG THAM GIA GIAO DOG HOA HHAP HOG SIHH KHUYET Tftt TRi TUE COA HIEU TRUONG CAC TRUONG TIEU HOC O Hifn nay, Vift Nom cd hon trifu tre khuyet tdf (TKT) ddd tudi di hge, frong dd nhdm tre khuyet lgttritui[K\ 11) chiem 28,36% Trong nhi/ng ndm vua qua, vife thuc hifn gido dye hdo nhdp (GDHN) dd dgt dugc nhirng kef qud ddng khich If nhu: hf thdng qudn li GDHN TKT dugc hinh thdnh trSn fodn qudc; ti If TKT bd hge gidm; cd nhilu lye lugng xd hgi tham gia vdo cdng tdc gido dye TKT; mgt sd trung tdm ho frg GDHN dd dugc fhdnh ldp tgi ede dia phuong, Tuy nhien, vife fd cht/c vd qudn li GDHN vdn ehua ed sy thd'ng nhd't giira cdc bd, ban ngdnh, gli/a cdc cd'p hgc vd ngoy frong mdt cd'p hge So lugng hgc sinh (HS) hgc hda nhdp tdng nhung dgi ngu gido vifn (GV) vd cdc edn bg qudn li edn «thie'u vd yeu" v l ed so lugng vd chd't lugng D^e bift, edng fdc qudn If GDHN eho dd'i tugng t r i KTTT cd'p tieu hgc (TH) - mdt nhung ddi tugng cd ti If KT cao nhd't (30%), chiem ti If di hgc nhieu nhd't (70-75%) vd gdp nhilu khd khdn nhd't hgc hdo nhdp , vdn chuo dugc quan tdm thich ddng, nhu: thieu nhilu gido frinh, fdi lifu tdp hud'n, vdn bdn hudng ddn nhdm thuc hifn cdng fdc qudn li dgc biff eho cdc co sd gido dye; it cdc don vj nghien cuu khoo hgc v l gido dye dde bift; thieu ddi ngu chuyen gia v l cdng tdc qudn li GDHN; khdng nhilu ede cdng Wnh nghiSn ct/u ve GDHN; ndng luc qudn li GDHN ctia edn bg edn hgn che, Vi vdy, vife nghien ei/u v l GDHN cho tre KTTT cd'p hge ndy Id rdt cdn thiet TRAN THI BICH N G O C * nhdm dat duoc muc tieu dd de eua qudn li GDHN ' C6 f h l ndi, ddy Id hogt dgng cd tinh pht/c tgp vd cdn sy linh hogt thye hifn cdc nhifm vy: ldp ke hogch, fd chuc, ehi dgo kiem fro, ddnh gid, ddi hdi ndng luc vd phdm chd't cuo HT Song, cdng tdc qudn li GDHN HS khuyet tdf nhd't Id HS KTTT Igi mong tinh «xd hdi hdo* eao, edn ed sy tham gio gdn kef vd thuc h i f n ciJa n h i l u luc lugng gido dye, edng ddng cung nhu ede luc Iugng true tiep tham gia vd td ehi/c finh nguyfn Su hd trg cuo cdc luc lugng GDHN dugc the liif n Sado Mo hinh cac fheo so dd sou (xem Iyc lugng tham gla GDHN sa do\ De phdt huy dugc st/c mgnh eua cdc luc lugng GDHN qud trinh chdm sdc, gido dye TKT, HT nhd trudng cdn thye hifn mdt so' bien phdp sou: 1) Xdy dung nhd trudng trd thdnh mgt tap the vung mgnh vd tgo dugc mdi trudng hda nhdp td't cho tre Cy the: - Cd biin phdp ch! dgo, tdehuc chdt che cdc hogt ddng v l gido dye vd chdm sdc cuo GV dd'i vdi HS KTTT Idp hgc hda nhdp ft/ ddu ndm hge nhu: phdn cdng GV cd kien tht/c vd chuyen mdn virng hogc GV dd dugc ddo tgo, Trong phgm vi frudng hgc, qudn li GDHN cho HS KTTT to sy tde ddng ed ke hogch, ed td fdp hud'n v l chuyfn ngdnh «gido dye dgc b i f f chuc, ed djnh hudng eua Ban gidm hiiu, hiiu nhdm gido dye vd dgy hge eho tre; linh hogt phdn trudng (HT) di'n viie qudn li HS Kill dya trin cdng GV ed Idng yeu tre, nhift finh, h/ nguyfn nbifng yiu cau cd tinh khdeh quan ve li ludn vd thyc ti^ GDHN cung nhu ngodi nhd trudng ' Klioa Giao due dac bi^t, Tnrting Oai hoc sir phaa Ha N6I Tap chi Glao due s6 299 m i la/aoiai dgy HS KTTT; neu nhd frudng cd dii GV, HT nen phdn edng hoi GV dgy ciing mdt Idp cd TKT hgc hdo nhdp (mdtGV chiu trdch nhifm chinh vd mgt GV se hd trg cho nhi/ng HS cdn su giiip dd v l hgc tgp); cd the su dyng ddi ngu tinh nguyfn vien (fu cdng ddng hodc cha me HS) ty nguyfn tham gio Idp hgc quon sdt vd trg giiip cho GV chu nhifm Idp Thudng xuyen ed ke hogch vd thye hien boi dudng, ndng cao trinh chuyen mon cho GV bdng vife ci/ GV tham gia cdc khoa bdi dudng ngdn hgn vd ddi hgn, cdc hgi thdo, fdp hudn ve viee gido dye HS KTTT nhd frudng phd fhdng; fd chirc giao luu, trao ddi kinh nghifm giua cdc GV hodc mdi chuyen gio gidi v l tinh vyc gido dye dgc bift tdp hud'n eho GV v l viec dilu chinh ndi dung, myc tieu chuong frinh, phuong phdp gido dye cho TKT; phdi hgp vdi cdc frudng TH hda nhdp khdc frong cung mdt khu vyc tien hdnh giao luu, too ddm ve phuong phdp dgy hgc hda nhdp nhdm ndng coo frinh kiln tht/c vd kT ndng gido dye tre KTTT cho cdn bd, GV trudng; vife xdy dyng «Ki' hogch gido due ed nhdn" eho HS KTTT cdn dugc duo vdo quy che chuyen mdn cuo nhd frudng, tgo hdnh long phdp li cho cdng tdc gido dye vd chdm sdc tre duo fren quan diem «moi tre Id mgt ed nhdn dgc lap, cd nhu cau vd ndng Iyc khdc nhat/'; xdy dung phong trdo « Vdng tay be bgn" hogc « Ddi bgn cung tii'n" giup tre cd the hgc tdp tien bd vd hda ddng vdl cdc bgn, Yiu cau GVed ljch cdng tdc cu the, thudng xuyen gdp gd, cung cd'p eho phy huynh nhi/ng thdng tin v l su tien bg eiJo tre de kjp thdi fhdng nhd't edeh gido dye vd chdm sdc HS khuyet tdt d nhd vd d trudng (khuyen khich GV ddnh 5-7 phut de froo ddi vdi phy huynh vdo cud'i gid hge hg ddn tre) Nhd trudng edn cd mdt hf fhdng qudn li theo ddi hd so chuyen mdn, nghifp vy eua GV frong vife GDHN eho HS khuyet tdt - Moi HS KTTT can dugc hgc «tiet hgc cd nhdn" [tir 20-30 phut moi ngdy) Quo fief hgc ndy, GV se bd sung hodc dn fdp Igi nhifng kien tht/c md cdc em cht/o ndm vifng; ddng thdi tim hieu them thdng tin v l nhu cdu vd khd ndng cua mdi HS de dieu chinh, dua ro nhi/ng phuong phdp dgy hge thich hop vdi tre 2) TSng cudng phd'i hgp vdi phu huynh bgc sinh (PHHS) KTTT Oe thue hien td't bif n phdp ndy, nhd truong cdn: - Khuyen khich thdnh lap «Hgi PHHS" dd ed PHHS tre KTTT Ddy Id «cdu ndi" giifa gia dinh vd nhd frudng vife ddp ung nhung nhu edu ciJo tre vd gido dye tre HT vd Hgi PHHS xdy dung nhi/ng bif n phdp phdi hgp giifa Iyc It/gng chinh (gia dinh vd nhd frudng) vife dilu ehinh ngi dung, phuong phdp, ehuong tnnh, myc tieu ddnh gid gido dye vd dgy hgc cho HS KTTT cung nhu ddng gdp co sd vdt chd't tgo dilu kifn eho cdc em dugc hgc hda nhdp Chia se thdng tin, kien thirc, kinh nghiim chdm sdc gido due TKTbdng nhilu hinh thuc: fd chi/c tgp hud'n, hudng ddn v l cdch chdm sdc, gido dye tre KTTT cho PHHS; fd chuc cdc cdu Igc bd, ede cudc thi fim hieu kien thuc chdm sdc, gido dye tre KTTT; xdy dung cdc «gdc" tuyen truyin gido dye cho PHHS ngoy tgi frudng; mdi phy huynh tham gio cdc budi hgp, giao luu, thdo ludn Clio «Cdu Igc bg GV dgy hda nhdp", «Cdu Igc bd phy huynh", cdc nhdm cdng ddng de ndm ddy du mgi fhdng fin v l edeh chdm sdc gido dye TKT vd fim hieu v l chuong frinh GDHN cuo nhd trudng; md fd cdc myc tieu gidng dgy cua nhd trudng vd mye tieu hgc tdp cuo tre; trao ddi cdch thi/e md gio dinh ed the tham gio vdo cdc hogt ddng d nhd trudng ciing nhu Idp hge; thudng xuyen lien Igc vdi gio dinh tre KTTT de fhdng bdo ve su tien bg ciio tre cung nhu fhdng nhd't cdch gido dye tre; xdy dung So liin lge giifa PHHS vd GV; trao ddi v l cdch Idm the ndo d l tre cd the hgc fdp td't hon vd yeu edu cho me ede em trinh bdy quon diem ciio cd nhdn v l vife hge top tiep fheo cuo eon minh - Md rdng hogt ddng eua Hdi PHHS v l chdm sdc gido dye TKT bdng viee khuyin khich cha me ede em vd cdc thdnh viin khdc gia dinh tinh nguyen giup dd ho trg GV frong cdc hogt ddng d lop, trudng; nhd trudng cd t h i mdi PHHS trd fhdnh tinh nguyen vien true tiep thorn gio vdo Idp hge, hd trg GV gido dye tre 3) Phd'i hgp gii/a cdc trudng hda nhdp ciing dia bdn Ody Id mdt vife Idm rdt cdn thief de ddm bdo tinh ben vi/ng eho GDHN Tuy nhien, thye te hifn mdi frudng dlu ed cdch Idm rieng nen if cd su lien hf giua GV vd HS ede frudng vol Vi vdy, frong vife hgp tde gii/a cdc trudng, cdc nhd qudn li gido dye giir vol frd rd't quan trgng, dd HT nhd frudng ed vai frd quan frgng nhdt - HT vd dgi diin Ban gidm hi^u cdn hgp vdl Tap chi Glao due so 9 (ki i • la/aoia) khoi gidng (be gidng), hgp phy huynh, nhdm huy dgng dugc nhilu luc lugng ben vd ben ngodi nhd trudng tham gia chdm lo cho hogt dgng GDHN; td chirc cdc euge thi sdng kiln kinh nghifm, hdi thdo chuyen d l , nghien cuu khoa hge v l GDHN eho TKT; ed them cdc tdi lifu chuyen mdn, chuyen khdo, cdm nang hi/dng ddn edeh gido dye vd dgy hge TKT cho cho me HS vd egng ddng Xdy dung cdc phong trdo ho trg cho TIG dudi nhilu hinh thuc: vdn dgng Uy ban Bdo vi vd Chdm sdc tre em, Hgi Chir thdp do, Hgi Thanh niin, Hgi Phy nif hd trg nhd trudng vd gio dinh TKT v l vdt chd't vd finh thdn; ket hgp chdf che vdi ede bg, ban ngdnh dodn the vdn dgng cdc td chuc xd hgi tham gio ede hogt ddng gido dye, tgo CO hdi eho TKT dugc hge tdp, vui choi vdi cdc bgn cung Iua fudi tgi dia phuong gdn noi fre sinh sdng; d l xud't vol cdc cd'p chinh quyin v l che do, chinh sdch dd'i vol GV dgy hgc hdo nhdp cOng nhu hd frg, ung hd cho TKT; kef hgp vdi cdc phudng, xd giup dd, gidm bdt nhifng kho khdn eho gia dinh fre (mien cdc khodn ddng gdp d djo phuong, tgng qud dip Tet, ) - Kit hgp chdt chi cdc luc lugng (nhu Bd Loo ddng - Thuong binh vd Xd hgi, Bd Y te, cdc co quon chuyen mdn) viee dieu tra eo bdn, phye hoi chife ndng, nudi dgy tre KT: cung ede trung tdm y te, edn bd phudng qudn de dilu tro «dung vd du" so lugng TKT da vd chuo ro Idp d l vdn ddng gio dinh duo tre ro Idp; phdn logi KT «ndng, nhe" nhdm xep nhifng fre KT cd ciing sd thich, mire KTTT vd frinh hdo nhdp frong cung mdt Idp de cd nhifng bifn phdp chdm sdc gido dye fre thich hgp; kef hgp vdi ede co quan chuyfn mdn y te td cht/c cdc hdi nghj, hdi thdo xdy dyng cdc tieu ehi ddnh gid, nhdn xet dd'i vdi fre hge hda nhdp; tham muu cho bd phdn chuyen mdn cua Bg GD-OT ban hdnh khung ngi dung, ehuong trinh gido dye vd dgy hgc cho TKT; td chi/e gdp mgt HT cdc frudng nhdm froo ddi kinh 4) Tdng cudng cdc hogt dgng thuc day su nghifm v l edng tde GDHN cung xde djnh hS trg cua cdc ban, ngdnh, dodn thi vd td nhung khd khdn gap phdi qud trinh thue chuc xd hdi cdng ddng Cy the: hifn vd fim cdc bifn phdp khdc phye; fhdnh ldp Tli'p tyc kien todn «Ban diiu hdnh GDHN' cdc «Nh6m hd frg" nhdm tiep nhdn vd giup dd eua nhd trudng vdi ddy du cdc dgi difn cuo eo TKT, cung cd'p kT ndng sdng eho cdc em, Kr vd'n quan cht/c ndng nhdm friln khoi ddng bd vd hifu eho phy huynh v l cdch gido dye vd chdm sdc de qud edng tdc gido dye vd dgy hgc; phd bien cdc em hdo nhdp nhonh chdng vdi tre binh r$ng rdl ede fhdng tin ve TKT, GDHN eho fre thdng thudng; nhd frudng vd nhdm hd frg cdng ddng qua cdc phuong tifn fhdng tin dgi chiing, quo nen xdy dung nhifng ehuong trinh kr ndng xd hgi ede h$l nghj, h§l thdo, b i l u dien vdn nghf, le it nhdt Idn/ndm de nhin nhdn ve cdc vd'n d l cung quon tdm Vi dy: Cdc TKT tren djo bdn dd d l u duge den frudng hay khdng? Cdc frudng, GV ed nhdn TKT khdng? Cdc em ed khd khan gi frong vife fdi Idp? Vife tgp hud'n cho GV dugc tht/c hifn nhu the ndo? Cd hd frg GV vd fre khdng? Cdc frudng tren cung mdt djo bdn nen phd'i hgp thdnh ldp mgt «Trung tdm fu lifu" cung cd'p ddy dli cdc fu lifu ddp t/ng viec dgy hge vd chdm sdc tre nhu (sdch, vd, bdng video) - HT edn phdn edng eho cdc GV dgy HSKlll din cdc trudng thyc hiin GDHN tren cung dja bdn de tham quon vd hgc hdi kinh nghiem; bd tri nhi/ng GV cd «fhdm nifn" den giup dd trudng khdc frong mdt giai dogn ndo dd de cdc ddng nghifp ed the quan sdt vd hge hdi dugc kinh nghifm; td cht/c thdo ludn, hdi thdo trao ddi kinh nghifm v l nhifng vdn d l md GV quon tdm qud trinh f r i l n khoi GDHN (nhu d i l u chinh chuong trinh, phuong phdp dgy hgc, ddnh gid xep logi HS, ) O mdt so nude, co quan qudn li gido dye cd frdch nhifm phdn edng «GV ngudn" tdi trudng hda nhdp giup dd cho cdc HS KT vd td cht/c cdc euge tgp hud'n cho GV d cdc frudng md hg phy frdch Cdn tgi Vift Nam, ddi ngu «GV ngudn" cd the chinh Id HT, hieu phd, cdc GV cdt edn dd dugc tham gio nhifng Idp tdp hud'n v l chuyen mdn eua cdc trudng thye hifn GDHN Cdc frudng d ciing mdt khu vyc nen hgp tdc ciing mdi chuyen gio gidi ve tinh vyc GDHN d l top hudn vd ddo tgo cho GV; khuyen khich md'i quon he glao luu gii/a HS binh thudng vd HSKT frudng hgc hda nhdp (chdng hgn: tham du mdt sd hodc fodn bd cdc tiet hgc d cdc trudng binh thudng; ciing tham gio mgt hogt dgng ngogi khoa nhu fhdm quan bdo tdng, chia se kinh nghifm dgy hgc ede mdn nhu MT thudt, Am nhgc ihufc vdo nhu edu cuo fre vd sy sdng tgo cua HT vd GV nhd trudng) Tap chi Glao due s6 9 (ki i • la/aoia) nhu: chdm sdc nhu cdu cd nhdn, ndng eao khd ndng giao tiep, su dyng phuong tifn edng cdng, de giup tre hda nhdp ** * Tdng eirang phdi hgp gii/a nhd frudng vd cdc luc lugng gido dye cdng ddng ehi Id «bifn phdp dieu kifn" cho viec thuc hien GDHN nhung Igi ed mgt vai frd to Ion gdp phdn dgt mye tieu GDHN Vife thuc hifn bien phdp ndy ddi hdi ndng lye cuo HT eOng nhu su phdi hgp hifu qud eua cdc Iyc lugng xd hdi; sy chi dgo chgt che ve mgt chuyen mdn; ddu tu co sd vgf chd't vd cd che ddng vien, khen thudng ddi'vdi nhirng tgp the vd ed nhdn thuc hien tdf cdng tdc qudn li GDHN tre KTTT Xay d p g tieu chi va (Tiep theo trang 26) ve tdf cd nhifng khdi niem fren vd hodn fhdnh hdnh ddng d muc yeu Mi>c5(1 < X < 1,8): ehua thich ung: Id nhung SV nhgn fhirc soi vd hodn fhdnh hdnh dgng d mire kem «** Oe nghien ct/u su thfch t/ng ctJa SV DH Thdi Nguyen vdi phuong tht/c ddo tgo fheo HCTC dgt hieu qud, viee xde dinh tieu chi vd xdy dyng thang Id vife Idm ed y nghTo li ludn vd thyc tiln to Idn Tuy nhien, ddy cung Id mdt cdng vife rd't khd khdn vd phuc tgp Trong qud trinh dieu tra thue te cd the cd nhung vd'n d l mdi Tai li^u tiiam Idiao BO GD-DT "Kiyiu bdo cdo cdng tdc gidp due tre phdt sinh (ed SV nhdn thuc dung, fhdi tich khuyit tdt" HOi ihao Dd'i mdi cdng tdc gido due tre eye nhung hdnh ddng Igi d muc yeu kem ) Ddy Id nhung trudng hgp dgc bief, chung fdi se khuyittdt Ha NOi, thang 3/2010 Le Ti^n Thinh - Trdn Dinh Thujn - NguySn XuSn tien hdnh cdng diem trung binh ket hgp vdi H&i S6 tay giao due hoa nli^p hpc sinli Idiuyft tat phdng vdn sdu, phdn tfch sdn phdm hogt ddng d^nli cho giao vien ti^u hpc NXB Gido dftc Viit Nam, vd mgt so phuong phdp dde thii khde d l c6 H.2009 nhirng kef ludn thuc su ehinh xde vd khoa hgc NguySn Xuan Hai Qudn li gido diic hoa nhap Do dd, vife t/ng dyng linh hogt, ddng bd cdc NXB Dpi hpc su phpm, H.2010 phuong phdp Id rd't edn thief d l nghien ciru thdnh Trin Ngpc Giao - Le Vin Tac Quan li giio due h6a cdng sy thich irng etja SV OH Thdi Nguyen vdl nh^p (ban hiinh kbm theo Quy^t djnh s6 39ii/QDHDHT fheo H a c • BGDDT ngiy 30/7/2001 vi vi^c Xdy dung chuong trinh tdi li(u bdi dudng nghiip v{< qudn li gido due hda nh4p cho cdc cdn b^ qudn li cdc eo sd cdc cdp Tai lieu tham lihao Vu DQng Tur dien Tam li hpc NXB Khoa hpc xd Ape) NXB PAi*/)!?, H.2010 BO GD-DT Bdo cdo khdo sdt thuc trang gido due hdi, a 1995 tri khuygt t^t d Vift Nam Ha NOi, 2005 Quy chtf 25/2006/QD-BGD-DT BO GD-DT, H 2006 Deborah Deutsch smith Ruth Luclcasson Quy chS43/2007/QD-BGDDT BO GD-DT, H 2007 Introduction to special education, University of New Dai hoc Thai Nguygn Quy^t djnh vS vife ban hinh: Mfjcico USA, 1995 "Quy djnh dao tao djii hoc va cao dSng \\i chinh quy UNESCO Inclusive Schools and Community theo hf thd'ng tin chi", Thai Nguyen 2010 Support Programmes Report Phase Two: 1998 2001; 2002 SUMMARY http://www.about.com - Special education The paper analyses the theory of adaptation and the adaptation to leaming activities on the basis SUI^MARY of the credit-based system Accordingly, the author The closely cooporation among schools and edu- develops criteria and an assessment scale for Thai cation and community groups is a solution to effec- Nguyen University undergraduate students' adaptive inclusive education, however there are few stud- tation to learning activities on the basis of credities on the role and the cooporation among them to based system on the following aspects: perception, Implementing inclusive education in effectively way attitude, and action Finally, the author presents an assessment scale for and common expressions of Ttial Therefore, this paper propose ways that the Principles of inclusive schools shouki to strengthen the corpo-Nguyen university undergraduate students' adapration among sctiools anfd educaton and commu- tation to leaming activities on the basis of the creditbased system nity groups Tap ehi Glao due so 9 ym i la/aoia) ... HS) ty nguyfn tham gio Idp hgc quon sdt vd trg giiip cho GV chu nhifm Idp Thudng xuyen ed ke hogch vd thye hien boi dudng, ndng cao trinh chuyen mon cho GV bdng vife ci/ GV tham gia cdc khoa bdi... hgp vdi phu huynh bgc sinh (PHHS) KTTT Oe thue hien td''t bif n phdp ndy, nhd truong cdn: - Khuyen khich thdnh lap «Hgi PHHS" dd ed PHHS tre KTTT Ddy Id «cdu ndi" giifa gia dinh vd nhd frudng... KTTT; xdy dung cdc «gdc" tuyen truyin gido dye cho PHHS ngoy tgi frudng; mdi phy huynh tham gio cdc budi hgp, giao luu, thdo ludn Clio «Cdu Igc bg GV dgy hda nhdp", «Cdu Igc bd phy huynh", cdc nhdm