CHAU MY NGAY NAY SO 05 2012 23 CHINH TRi LUAT TIM HIEU CHINH SACH HO TROl PHAT TRIEN GIAO DUC CUA HOA KY ^^fc^rong tdng thi he thd''''ng chinh ^ 1 sach giao due cua Hoa Ky, ^ • • ^ chinh sach ho trd phat[.]
CHAU MY NGAY NAY 23 SO 05-2012 CHINH TRi LUAT TIM HIEU CHINH SACH HO TROl PHAT TRIEN GIAO DUC CUA HOA KY ThS Nguyen Anh Hiing Vien Nghien ciiu Chdu My ^ ^ f c ^ r o n g tdng thi he thd'ng chinh ^1 sach giao due cua Hoa Ky, ^ • • ^ chinh sach ho trd phat triln giao due trd mot bo phan quan Sau day la eae chinb sach hd trd phat triln giao due tieu bilu Chinh sach ve giao vien Chinb sach lien bang ludn coi ddi ngu giao vien tilu hoe va trung hoc, bdi: (1) day la mot khu vflc cd tdi hdn 90% nam tay nha nfldc; (2) tam quan dac biet cua giao due phd thdng; va (3) giao due dai hoc thi mang nhidu tinh thin tfl tri va tri thflc cao chinh sach cho giao vign phd thdng khdng the phu hdp neu ap dung vdi giang vien dai hoc Thflc hien sfl quan tam nay, chinh saeh hfldng vd viec cung cd chit Ifldng giao vign Truyen thd'ng tfl trfldc nam 1961 de lai la mot ngfldi td't nghiep cfl nhan sfl pham, dfldng nhien se dfldc cap giay chflng nhan du didu kien tham gia giang day phd thdng cho dg'n hg't ddi Va'n de sau dd chi cdn la trfldng hoc nao hdp ddng nhan ngfldi vao giang day Chat Ifldng ludn dfldc coi la dn Nhflng cung tfl nhflng nam 1900, cd hang loat quan dilm eua phu buynh va chuygn gia cho rang each tuygn giao vien ehi can cfl vao bang cfl nhan thi chfla du cd sd dl dam bao chit Ifldng giang day Mot cudc didu tra quy mo bang phidu tham dd da dfldc tidn hanh vdi kdt qua 85% sd' ngfldi dfldc phdng van tra ldi rang ehinh quydn eIn cd nhflng bien phap bd sung kiem tra chit Ifldng giao vien trfldc ky hdp ddng va de ho trflc tig'p len Idp Ddi hdi trd van dd xa bdi cap tbig't va giai doan tfl nam 1910 ddn 1972, lan Ifldt 44 bang da dfla ehinh saeh kidm tra chat Ifldng giao vign phd thdng vao thdi ky dau, nhflng cfl nhan sfl pham qua kiem tra thflc chat la ky thi cap gily chflng nhan hanh nghd bi trfldt de'n gia nfla, khig'n gay ngn nhieu y kien ehi trich Tuy nhien, hinh thflc bat dau phd big'n trgn toan lien bang tfl 24 SO 05-2012 nhflng nam 1970 bdi da sd^ nhan tha'y tinh tich cflc, hdp ly eua nd (khdng nhflng nd bao vg chat Ifldng cho hoc sinh, ma cdn bao ve uy tin eua nganh va tap t h i giao vien khdi mang tig'ng tfl nhflng ca t h i thieu sd' hoc hanh khong de'n ndi den ehd'n tai eac trfldng sfl pham khong ten tudi), ddng thdi bdi ty le trfldt k i l m tra cang giam thi sinh chuan bi td't bai vd va tam ly Cong chung bat d l u ung ho va de'n d l u nhflng nam 1980, chinh sach kigm tra chat lUdng giao vien phd thdng dfldc ap dung khap nfldc My Du vay, v l n cdn mot sd' quan diem bat ddng xung quanh v l n de nay, chu yg'u cho la: (1) nd lam giam sd^ Ifldng nhflng ngfldi tinh nguyen vao nghe tidn Ifldng khdng cao, chinh sach kiem tra chi lam moi giao vien them khong hflng thu vdi giang day; va (2) nd lam giam vi thg' cua ngfldi giao vign ma t h l y cd cung phai thi d l ed thg dfldc chflng nhan hanh nghd, thi viee thi trfldt la hoan toan cd thg xay ra, ma mot da tflng thi trfldt, sfl kinh can thidt cua xa hdi va hoe sinh danh cho thay ed gia© vien tbi dau va dflng trgn buc giang cung se giam Chinh sach kigm tra va cap gily chflng nhan giao vign v l n dfldc tidn hanh va cang quy cu Cac bang ap dung phfldng phap kiem tra khac ddi chut Tdi nhflng nam 1990, Bo Giao due cdn can thiep vao tieu chuan k i l m tra De'n nam 2000, vdi CHAU MY NGAY NAY sii thig'u b u t giao vien, h l u hg't moi bang de x u l t cae bien phap thay thd khac de k i l m tra chat Ifldng mot each mdm deo hdn, thay vi mot ky thi cflng n b l e nhfl trfldc dd Giao vien v l n phai cd b l n g cfl nhan nhfl la didu kien td'i thigu, nhflng bang td chflc nhflng Idp h u a n luygn cIn thie't d l ho trd trfldc ho tdi thi cap giay chflng nhan Nhieu phe phan cho rang lam thg' cbi cd t h i giai quyg't dfldc tinh trang thieu giao vien, chfl khdng dam bao dfldc c h i t Ifldng Tuy vay, trfldc thflc trang nan giai la quy md hoc sinh mdi Idp giam nhflng Ifldng hoc sinh mdi trfldng lai tang tfl nhien ddi bdi toan lign bang phai t u y I n thgm 200.000 300.000 giao vign mdi moi nam nfla d l u thap nien 2000, Ifldng va phu cap giao vign khong m l y tang, khdng h i p d i n bo tbi eae bang chi cdn bien phap xet tuygn dl dai d l sdm ed thgm giao vien Bd Giao due cung khdng the cd y kien gi hdn nhflng hoan canh nhfl thg' Vd chg' Ifldng bdng, ca ehinh quydn Reagan l l n chinb quydn Clinton deu cd cd' g l n g tim each tang Ifldng giao vign de dam bao du sd' vien chflc cho nganh Mflc Ifldng trung binh cua mdi giao vien phd thdng nam 1981 la 28.576 USD/nam, dg'n n a m 1991 dfldc nang t h a n h 34.322 USD va nam 1998 la 35.099 USD Vdi nhflng giao vign cd bang cfl nhan, Ifldng ed kha hdn nhflng ngfldi ehi cd b l n g chuyen gia CHAU MY NGAY NAY SO 05-2012 trd ly cua chfldng trinh cao dang Tuy nhign, tfl nhflng nam 1970, vat gia d My leo thang nhanh, nhidu mflc, nhidu l l n , ma Ifldng giao vien tang Ign mot ty le khdng dang ke nhfl tren, phan anh chinh sach Ifldng bdng giao due v l n chfla thoa dang Vdi mflc Ifldng xap xi 3.000 USD mdi thang, moi giao vign chi du sd'ng vdi gia sinh boat r l t binh dan va tig't kiem tai My Trong cac lan t r a n h cfl n a m 2000 va 2004, flng vign G W Bush hfla se tang ngan saeh tai trd tfl lien bang de cai thien ehinh sach Ifldng bdng giao due, nhflng dac cfl dng khdng thflc hien ndi bdi ap lflc cua dang Cong boa khong d i dd ong lam cai viee ma ho v i n coi la thudc ve trach nhiem bang va dia phfldng C h i n h s a c h thvt v i e n Trang bi cho thfl vien eae trfldng cung nhfl thfl vien cdng ddng tren toan nfldc My la mot chinh sach ldn dfldc dfla tfl nhflng n a m 1900 Dg'n nam 1910, thfl vien da cd d h l u k h l p trfldng va nhflng cdng ddng dan cfl dia phfldng, phd big'n khdng khac trung t a m van boa cua moi ngfldi Td chflc va quan ly thfl vien thudc trach nhiem chinh quydn dia phfldng va bang Trfldc n a m 1965, lien bang it cd vai trd gi va tai trd h l u nhfl la eon so'khdng Sau n a m 1957, ma nha't la sau 1965, cac dao luat giao due mdi 25 tao ngan sach hd trd tfl lien bang nhflng khoan nha't dinh bang nam cho trang hi thfl vien Dg'n nhiing nam 1990, lien bang cd thgm chfldng trinh hd trd tai ehinh d l eae thfl vien trang bi mang Internet Tuy vay, ehi phi ehinh dieu hanh, bd sung ngudn tai lieu, quan ly v l n thudc bang va dia phfldng Chinh quydn bang va dia phfldng chu dg'n nhflng thfl vien cong lap nham phuc vu cdng tac nang cao van boa va giao due cho cdng ddng ngoai moi trUdng sfl pham; nhiing cac thfl vien trfldng hoe va sinh vien lai thfldng sfl dung nhieu thfl vien cong ddng Hien cd bdn 10.000 thu vien cdng lap trgn toan hgn bang cung nhieu thfl vien tfl nhan va trfldng hoc 80% thfl vien cdng lap dfldc nha nfldc trang hi he thd'ng phuc vu tfl ddng 54% tdng sd' thfl vien cac loai dfldc coi nhfl ddn vi hanh chinh eua ehinh quydn dia phfldng, 6% eua ehinh quydn lien bang, 3% eua cac trfldng cong lap dia phfldng Trong tdng kinh phi cua thfl vien, sfl ddng gdp cua chinh quydn bang va lien bang cdn it - dg'n nhflng nam gan day, lien bang ehi chig'm 1% va bang la 12%; ehinh quyen dia phfldng gifl vai trd chinb, dam bao khoang 78%; 9% cdn lai n h a n tfl cIc ngudn tai trd, ddng gdp khac Hang nam, tfl tdng kinh phi nay, thfl vien chi den 64% dg tra Ifldng va phi dieu hanh, 15% dfldc sfl dung cho trang 26 SO 05-2012 bi mdi va bd sung ngudn vdi moi thfl vien, mflc bd sung ngudn thfldng khdng qua 100.000 USD/nam Theo thdng ke, mflc ehi trung binh qud'c gia cho thU vien eua Hoa Ky nam 2001 la 24,48 USD/ngUdi/nam do, 19 USD thuoc p h l n chi dia phUdng, 2,97 USD thudc bang, 0,22 USD thuoc lien bang va 2,28 USD thuoc cac ngudn tai trd tfl nhan, cac doanh nghigp, to chflc cong ddng, tdn giao Bang cd mflc ehi thap n h a t la 9,85 USD/ngfldi/nam, cdn cao nhat la Thu Washington vdi mflc 40,19 USD/ngfldi/nam^ Chinb sach tai chinh eua lien bang cho thfl vien khdng thay ddi giai doan 20012004 va cung chi tang chut It vai nam g i n day Chinh sach giao due tfl n h a n Phap luat giao due My khdng elm tfl nhan lap cd sd giao due, mien la ho chap hanh day du quy dinh cua chinh quyen bang quan ly nganh chu ye'u la kiem tra chit Ifldng giao vien va ndi dung giang day chinh cua chfldng trinh Vi vay, lap trfldng tfl rat dg, gan nhfl khong phai xin phep Nhflng tri hoat ddng cua nd mdi la chuyen kho bdi tai chinh khdng manh va dam bao blng trfldng cdng Trfldc kia, ehi cd mot sd' trfldng tfl la tru ndi chat Ifldng, da sd' cdn lai khdng dn dinh CHAU MY NGAYNAY Trong may chuc nam vfla qua, ydu td^ chat lUdng trUdng tU da ed tig'n bo vUdt bac Chat Ifldng cua nhieu trfldng t u da dfldc dam bao kha tot bdi ho t h u h u t dfldc giao vien gidi vdi mflc lUdng cao Hdn nfla, nhidu trfldng tfl cung dfldc to chflc quy cu khdng kem trfldng cong Ho edn cd he thdiig thfl vien va xe buyt dfla ddn hoc sinh day du Do dd, canh t r a n h d l gianh hoc sinh gifla trfldng tfl vdi trfldng cdng b i t d l u diin manh me Tfl nhflng nam 1970, nhieu phu bujTib hoe sinh phd thdng that vong ve chit Ifldng giao due cdng lap, nen chuygn d i n eon em minh sang eac trfldng tu Cong ddng thigu sd' va da mau hi phan biet do'i xfl mdi trfldng qua dong cung cd khuynh hfldng nhfl the' Nam 1975, sd' Ifldng hoc sinh trfldng tfl chi dfldi 10% tong sd' hoe sinh toan qud'c, nhflng da tang d i n len tdi 12% vao nam 1993 Cae trfldng cua nha thd (trfldng ddng) cung thu b u t hoc sinh tfl mflc 140.000 hoc sinh vao nam 1971, tang len 500.000 vao nam 1980^ b i t chip viec Toa an Td'i cao e l m doc kinh va cau nguyen Idp hoc Cong dan My cd quydn mang gily chflng n h a n da t h a n h toan hoc phi cho em tai trfldng tu den chinh quydn dg ddi lai khoan thug' ho phai ddng.cho dia phfldng va lien bang n h l m tai trd giao due mien phi d trfldng phd thdng cdng lap Bdi vay, CHAU MY NGAY NAY SO 05-2012 gidi trung lUu va t h u n h a p tot khong mat gi may chuygn eon em ho tfl trfldng cdng m i i n phi sang trfldng tfl phai nop tidn ne'u trfldng tu c h i t Ifldng td't hdn, ehuyin trfldng cho em la didu chac c h i n xay Trong linh vflc giao due dai hoc, trfldng dai hoc t u ed truyen thd'ng phat trign tfl xfla va day la cai noi dao tao n h a n tai cho nfldc My ca thd ky XIX Tuy nhien, chinh saeh hd trd cho dai hoc tfl chu ye'u mdi la d p d l t de ho xay trfldng theo Dao luat Morrill n a m 1862, hdp ddng vdi ho d l thflc hign cac nghien cflu cho chinh quydn n h a m gian tig'p tao cdng viee va p h a t t r i l n nghign cflu flng dung, cdn tai trd vd tai chinh trflc tiep h l u nhfl la khdng Dai hoc tfl v l n phai tdn tai bang hoc phi la ehinh dieu giai thich tai hoc phi cua dai hoe tfl thfldng rat cao va tang d i n bang nam, khig'n cbi ed nhflng gia dinh thu nhap cao mdi cd the chu cap cho em vao ndi eae trUdng dai hoe danh gia, vi vay mfldn tfl Chinb phu khdng the t r a n g trai du Ngoai hoe phi, dai hoc tfl nhd vao tai ehinh tai trd bdi bdi ddng quan tri, cac td chflc tfl nguyen khac va hdp ddng nghien cflu khoa hoe mot sd bang, bd giao due bang cd cfl ngfldi vao hdi ddng quan tri cac dai hoe tfl d l theo doi va dinh hfldng dao tao, nhflng vai trd eua "'vi khach" khdng manh H l u het chinh 27 sach dieu h a n h va chien IfldC- phat t r i l n dai hoc tfl deu chinh dai hoc tfl tfl quyg't Chinh quydn va bd giao due cac cap khong can thiep dUdc dai hoe tu khong n h a n bat ky mot trd cap tai ehinh nao tfl nha nfldc Trong nhflng n a m g i n day, chinh quyen trung fldng ddu nd lflc tim each tai trd dd phat t r i l n he thdiig trfldng tu ca phd thong va dai hoc, nhflng vIp phai sfl ngan trd cua dang Cong boa vdi ly khdng thg dung tidn thug' chung d l phat trien quydn ldi mot bo phan Tuy vay, chinh sach md rong hdp ddng, tai trd t h a n h lap mang Internet noi bo chfldng trinh tron gdi thuoc Chinh phu, giup dd ngudn cho thU vien, keu goi cae td chflc xa hdi hd trd trfldng la nhflng chinb saeh lien bang da va dang lam manh dd ung ho giao due tfl nhan C h i n h s a c h d a y n g h e p h a t t r i e n n g u o n n h a n lflc va Ndu toan bo luat le va chinh saeh khac vd giao due chi quan digm xay dflng, td chflc va quan ly he thdiig dao tao ngudn n h a n lflc chinb quy, tbi chinh sach boat ddng day nghe la mang bd sung quan de phat t r i l n cae ngudn n h a n lflc cdn lai cua xa hdi Day nghe ludn di ddi cflng giao due, nhfl hinh vdi bdng Trong he thd'ng giao due chinh thflc cham lo p h a t trien n h a n lflc tfl m a m non Ign tieu va trung 28 SO 05-2012 hoc, rdi len dai hoc vdi dien tudi h l u hg't dung giai doan phat trign cua t h i chat, thi day nghe quan tam dg'n ngudn nhan lflc dang lam viee eIn bd sung kidn thflc, ngudn n h a n lflc khdng dfldc dao tao cd ban tfl nhd dieu kien khac, n h a n liic qua tudi ehUa qua dao tao, chfla nghd nghigp, nhan lflc eIn cap nhat chuygn mdn Hai ngudn tren la hai bd phan cua cung mot chu thg: ngudn nhan lflc qud'c gia Dd'i vdi Hoa Ky, dau tfl cho giao due chinb quy mang tinh chidn Iflde, edn d l u tfl cho day nghd mang tinh chidn thuat Chig'n Ifldc luon dfldc coi trong, nhflng ed nhflng giai doan ngan nhat dinh, chig'n thuat cd tam quan hdn - n h l t la v l n dd day nghd di kem vdi nhflng thdi thuc tao dieu kien dn dinh cdng an viec lam cho ngfldi lao ddng nham xoa ddi giam ngheo nhfl cae nam 19621964, hay day nghe la mot phan khdng thg thig'u cua chfldng trinh cung ed' chuyen mdn, bd sung cho chinh sach ddi mdi cong nghe, tang cfldng kha nang canh tranh kinh tg' nhfl hai nhiem ky tdng tho'ng cua Chnton (1993-2000) Nam 1963, Qud'c hoi Hoa Ky lan d l u tien thdng qua Dao luat Giao due Hfldng nghiep va Phat trign ngudn n h a n lflc, nhfl mot chfldng trinh bd sung cho chinh sach xoa ddi giam ngheo dfldc Tong thohg Kennedy de xfldng Nam 1968, Qud'c CHAU MY NGAYNAY hoi lai tig'p tuc sfla ddi Dao luat de moi cong dan trgn k h l p nfldc My d moi Ifla tudi deu c6 quyen hoc nghe cung nhfl ed t h i hudng flu dai n h l t dinh theo ehinh sach Dao luat da thiet lap ndn tang cho nhidu chfldng trinh sau dd Chfldng trinh Tap trung n h a n dung (CEP) td chflc mot mang Ifldi day nghe d khap dia phfldng N a m 1968, Chfldng trinh Hg thd'ng Ke hoach lign kdt N h a n lflc gifla eae vung (CAMPS) tig'p tuc hd trd cung flng nhflng kidn thflc giao due cd ban cho lflc Ifldng lao dong thig'u ca tay nghe l l n van boa Dao luat Cd hoi kinh td sau dd ke't nd'i vdi Dao luat Day nghd dd cho ddi mot chUdng trinh chung tdn tai va phat trign n h a n h ddn la Td chflc Xuc tidn viec lam (JCs) JCs dfla nhflng loai hinh day nghd da dang: toan thdi gian, ban thdi gian, ngoai gid, ky nghi he, ban dem, nghi ; day Idp, ngoai cong vign, da ngoai, tai nha cho ta't ca dd'i tfldng tfl 16 de'n 21 tudi nhflng chfla ed ca van hoa l l n tay nghd Dfldc sfl hd trd cua Chinh phu, J C s sau dd lign kg't vdi Chfldng trinh Kinh nghiem ve Cdng viec (WEP) de giup dd dao tao lai tay nghe cho nhflng cong n h a n mdi that nghigp, cong n h a n chuygn nganh Mang Ifldi WEP va JCs trai khap cac dia phfldng Vfla la td chflc mang tinh thien nguygn, vfla la td chflc phi ldi ich cua Chinh phu, hai ddn vi CHAU MY NGAY NAY SO 05-2012 ddng gdp r l t ldn cho cdng tac day nghd, tfl van hfldng nghigp va xuc tig'n viec lam toan qud'c Hau hg't chinh sach ddu dfldc didu phd'i va td chflc bdi Van phdng Dich vu Cdng viec Hoa Ky trflc thuoc Bd Lao dong 2,8 ty USD sau da dfldc ehi vdng n a m dg hd trd cho cae cd sd dao tao nghe khap ca nfldc cung co' t r a n g tbig't bi, hoc cu, phdng thi nghiem, saeh giao khoa, trUdng sd va m i i n giam hoe phi cho hoc vign t a n tat, hoc vign ngheo Quan bdn, mot sd^ dam bao tin dung da dfldc d p de khuyg'n khich va tao didu kign cho tfl nhan, eae td chflc cong ddng ed t h i vay von d i dang tfl ngan h a n g phuc vu muc tieu d l u tfl lap trung t a m dao tao nghe mdi hoac cung co' va md rong boat dong cua trfldng da ed^ Nam 1972, khoang 500 trieu USD da dfldc bd sung them cho chfldng trinh day nghd Gia t a n g lien tue tai chinh da chi r a mot didu: khong cdn thdi ky eac chinb khach cd the nghi r i n g day nghd cbi la mot hoat ddng bd tue kien thflc nghd nghiep cua cac doanh nghigp cho cdng n h a n eua ho, va rang nd khong phai la boat ddng gilo due Nhflng cai thien manh chinh sach day nghe mang tdi nhieu kdt qua an tfldng Ndu vao nam 1961, ca nfldc My chi cd trieu ngfldi hoc nghe cac trung t a m va trfldng cao dang chuyen nghiep, thi de'n n a m 1975 sau 14 n a m da cd tdi 17 trigu hoc vien^ 29 Chinh sach ldn n h l t vd day nghe hai nhiem ky cua Tdng thd'ng Clinton la viec de xfldng va ban b a n h D^o luat Cd hoi Vfla hoc vfla lam nam 1998, ap dung nhflng bd trd cong viec phu hdp vdi thdi gian di hoe cho moi do'i tfldng ldn tuoi, nha ngheo hoac khd k h a n khac vd hoan canh, khong thd den trfldng tfl nhd Ngan sach lign bang d p 80% kinh phi d l td chflc thue mfldn sinh vien lam viee ngoai gid, mot phan thdi gian tai ky tuc xa hoac d eac ndi Ngoai ra, kgu goi cae td chflc xa hoi tinh nguygn giai quyg't viec lam cho hoc vien n h l m giup nhflng hoc vien ngheo cd the tfl tuc va ygn tam hoc^ Dao luat edn hd trd nhflng ngfldi tan tat hoe phi va cd hdi tim viee sau hoe nghd Nhd vay ma he thdiig day nghd phat trien manh Cbi sd^ that nghigp giam nhidu ndu so sanh vdi thdi ky 1961-1993 H l u bdt giao due day nghe tfl nhan rdi de'n cac bo phan chuyen trach cua chinh quydn bang va dia phfldng dam nhiem Thap ky g i n day, ehinh quydn lign bang cd khuynh hfldng cang quan tam sau hdn tdi he tho'ng Tfl cac nam 1998-2000, chinh quydn lign bang bang viec gia tang ngan sach tfl trung fldng cho eac chfldng trinh day nghd, da ddng vai trd quan trong chi phdi va quan ly Vao nam 1998, mot cudc dieu tra cho tha'y, dfldc hdi Qud'c hdi nen lam gi vdi mot 30 SO 05-2012 CHAU MY NGAYNAY ngan saeh ed kha nang thang du mot nhflng mat da t h a n h cdng tai khoa, da sd^ nghi si da tra cua ehinh sach day nghd va hfldng ldi la can tang chi cho giao due va nghiep noi chung • cong tac hudng nghiep Thflc te' sau dd chflng minh, b l u hg't nhflng Tdi lieu tham khdo: chfldng trinh cd ngan sach ldn ddu Michael Imber & Tyll Van Geel, Education Law, McGraw-Hill, Boston, 1993 rdi vao day nghd va hfldng nghiep bdi B Guy Peters, American Public Policy: vi: (1) bang It chu y dg'n cdng tac day Promise and Performance, Chatham House Publishing, New York, 1999 nghe; va (2) cung co^ chuyen mdn cho Michael Engel, The Struggle for Control of nhan lflc ldn tudi la cong viec trflc Public Education: Market Ideology and Democratic Values, Temple Univ., tig'p va tac dong nhanh ddn nang Philadelphia, 2000 suat san xult Do dd, Bd Lao ddng va Joel Spring, American Education, McGrawHill, Boston, 2008 Bo Giao due cd nhflng ung ho can Nguyin Van Phii (b.s), Tong quan ve M tbig't tfl cac thg' lflc ldi ich, gidi chu va thdng giao due dai hoc vd cao ddng cua My, NXB Thanh nien, HsI Noi, 2004 ehinh khach lign bang viec Terry M Moe (ch.b), Sa iMc vi cdc triidng tang ngan sach cho chfldng trinh hoc Hoa Ky, NXB Chinh tri Quoc gia Ha Noi, 2005 Tuy tac nghiep ehinh da sd^ v l n la Lam Quang Thiep, Giao due dai hoc Hoa cong viee eua cac trung tam va Ky, NXB Giao due H a N6i, 2006.' trfldng tfl, nhflng chinb sach eua Nguyin Tidn Dat, Kinh nghiSm va tUu phat trien giao due vd ddo too tren the chinb quyen lign bang da khong gidi, NXB Giao due, Ha Noi, 2007 nhflng hd trd tai ehinh cho ngfldi hoe, Tran Thi Bich Liiu, Ndng cao chdt iMng giao due dai hoc a My: NhvCng gidi phdp cho ndi dao tao, ma cdn giup dd mang tinh he thdng vd dinh hiidng thi triidng, NXB Dai hoc Su pham, Ha Noi, mot tang cong tac xuc tig'n viec lam 2008 va chuygn ddi nghe nghiep 10 LQ Dat -Chu Man Sinh Lutu Lap Dtic Chu Hai Yen, Cdi each giao due d My, NXB Day nghe va hfldng nghigp cho Giao due, Ha Noi, 2010 ngfldi khuyg't tat cung la mot chinh 11 Cac trang web: www.whitehouse.gov; www.senate.gov; www.house.gov; sach dang dfldc hd trd nhieu T i t ca www.cbo.gov; www.ed.gov; www.nea.gov; trung tam, trfldng cao dang, dai hoc www.dol.gov; www.moet.gov.vn; www.vi.wikipedia.org; www.dantri.com.vn ed nhflng Idp day nghd cho cIc ddi tfldng tren ddu n h a n dfldc trd d p tai Chu thich: chinb tfl Chinh phu Tfl ban 1) Publilc Libraries in the United States, hanh Dao luat vd Ngfldi My khuyg't Educational Statistics Quarterly Press, Feb 2001, p l tat nam 1990, hang trieu ngfldi 2) J a m e s S Coleman, Public and Private khuye't tat trgn toan lign bang da Schools, National Opinion Rerearch Center Press, Chicago, 1981 dfldc hoc nghd bang tidn ciia Chinh 3) Anderson-Brady-Bullock, Public Policy and phu dg cd thg tfl lam viec va tdn tai Politics in America, Dxixbury Press, CA, 1978, p.282 ddc lap, dn dinh cuoc sd'ng Day la ... hoac khd k h a n khac vd hoan canh, khong thd den trfldng tfl nhd Ngan sach lign bang d p 80% kinh phi d l td chflc thue mfldn sinh vien lam viee ngoai gid, mot phan thdi gian tai ky tuc xa hoac... n g phuc vu muc tieu d l u tfl lap trung t a m dao tao nghe mdi hoac cung co'' va md rong boat dong cua trfldng da ed^ Nam 1972, khoang 500 trieu USD da dfldc bd sung them cho chfldng trinh day... viec Hoa Ky trflc thuoc Bd Lao dong 2,8 ty USD sau da dfldc ehi vdng n a m dg hd trd cho cae cd sd dao tao nghe khap ca nfldc cung co'' t r a n g tbig''t bi, hoc cu, phdng thi nghiem, saeh giao khoa,