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^lIvaHplC S011 2011 W / N G A V NAY , *a »««; ^ , , ,^ 91? tyaKrt MiM i>! Luyen viet doan van thuyet minh cho hpc sinh pho thong ThS LE XUAN SOAN Trudng Dai hgc Hong DiJc T KHAI NIEM VE VAN THUYET MIN[.]
^lIvaHplC W / N G A V NAY 91? S011-2011 ,-.*a »««;.^ , ,_.,^ tyaKrt.MiM.-i>! Luyen viet doan van thuyet minh cho hpc sinh thong ThS LE XUAN SOAN Trudng Dai hgc Hong DiJc T KHAI NIEM VE VAN THUYET MINH Van ban thuye't minh la kieu van ban thdng dyng mpi ITnh vUc ddi sd'ng nham cung cap tri thifc ve cac hien ^tUdng va sU vat tU nhien, xa hdi bang phUdng thifc trinh ^bay, gidi thieu, giai thich Van ban thuye't minh cd tinh chat ,,khach quan, thUc dung, la loai van ban cd kha nang cung cap ^ tri thifc xac thiic, hOu ich cho ngUdi Trong xa hdi hien dai • rat can den van ban thuye't minh de giiip ngUdi md rong mpi hieu biet va sd'ng tdt hdn Vi vay hoc sinh can lam quen vdi kieu bai nay, nen luyen cho minh each viet (ndi) van ban thuye't minh khdng chl day du, chinh xac, khoa hoc ma cdn gpn, rd, hay de tien tdi ky nang viet (ndi) van ban thuyet minh mpt each nhanh chdng cd the dap Cfng mpi tinh hud'ng can thiet Pham vi cua van de thuye't minh kha rdng, d nhieu mat ' cua cupc sd'ng ngUdi bao gom: nhOng diing, nhCfng di tich, thing canh, cay, hoa, ddng vat, nhiifng mdn an dan tpc, • chdi dan gian, phong tuc tap quan, tac gia, tac pham t h i loai van hpc : - Mdt van ban thuye't minh hay la mpt van ban trinh bay rd [jrang, hap dan dac diem cd ban cua dd'i tUcJng thuye't minh Vi vay, ngUdi viet phai nghien ciifu, tim hieu dd'i tupng can thuye't minh de nam bat dUdc ban chat, dac trUng cua chiing, tranh sa vao trinh bay cac bieu hien khdng tieu bieu, khdng quan trpng De bai van thuyet minh cd siifc thuyet phuc, de hieu, sang rd, hpc sinh can sif dung phd'i hdp nhieu phUdng phap thuye't minh nhU: neu djnh nghTa, liet ke, neu vidy, dCing sd lieu, so sanh, dd'i chieu, phan tich, phan loai II DAC DIEM CLIA DOAN VAN THUYET MINH Mdi doan van thuyet minh can trinh bay chfnh xac, cu the mpt phudng dien, mdt khia canh, mdt dac diem cua dd'i tUcfng thuyet minh Chang ban phan than bai cua de van: gidi thieu ve Ho GUdm, ngudi thuye't minh cd the trinh bay cac doan van vdi ndi dung sau: Doan mpt: Gidi thieu ve sU tich Ho GUdm Do^n hai: Gidi thieu ve he sinh thai Ho GUdm xUa va Dogn ba: Tac dung cua Ho GUdm ddi vdi mdi trudng sinh thai Doan bd'n: Gia tri Ijeh sis, van hoa, tam linh cua Ho GUdm vdi Thu dd Ha Npi va ca nudc Ve ndi dung, bai thuyet minh phai tuyet dd'i dung si; that, diing ban chat cua ddi tUdng, khdng dUpc cat xen, them bdt; Ve each viet, phai dimg van phong khoa hpc chU khdng diing van phong truf tinh nhU mieu ta, tU sU, cac bien phap nghe thuat (dd dd bai thuye't minh cung can den cac yeu td d mdt mUc dp nha't dinh) Bai thuye't minh can lam cho ngUdi dpc (nghe) hieu dd'i tUdng la chu yeu chU khdng phai cam ve ddi tUdng dd Vi the each viet cua bai thuye't minh can gpn, rd, mach lac, d l hiiu, cd the diing sd lieu, bang biiu thdng ke, tl le phan tram va ca de muc, da'u gaeh dau Idng Ddi vdi doan van thuyet minh - mdt phan cua van ban thuyet minh, mud'n trinh bay dac dilm, tfnh chat, each diing eua ddi tUdng thi can phai nam vOng tat ca nhCfng ndi dung dd d l trinh bay doan van mdt each trpn ven, thuyet phuc Ngudi viet (ndi) phai xay dUng he thdng y eua doan va xep theo thU tU eau tao eiia sU vat, thU tU nhan thifc (ti/ tdng t h i den bp phan, tU ngoai vao trong, tCf xa den gan), thU tU dien bien sU viec thdi gian trUde sau hay theo thif tU chinh phu (eai ehfnh ndi trUdc, cai phu ndi sau) Vi dy: Neu mudn gidi thieu theo trinh tU tham quan Hd Hoan Kie'm va Den Ngpc Sdn tCf xa den gan, tif ngoai vao nen sap xep thU tU gidi thieu nhU sau: Tif xa thay hd rdng, ed thap riia, giOa ho cd den Ngpc Sdn - Den gan: cong den ed thap biit, eau The Hiie dan vao den, den Ngpc Sdn; Ho bao bpc xung quanh den; xung quanh Hd cd nhieu cay to III LUYEN VIET DOAN VAN THUYET MINH De bai: Gidi thieu mdt lodl ddng vat cd Ich dii vdl ngddi (loil ich) Trong phan ren ky nang viet doan van thuyet minh, ehiing ta can chii y cac ndi dung sau: Xac djnh y cho doan van thuyet minh Y cua de bai ehinh la ndi dung can trinh bay bai van dap Ung td't yeu eau, pham vi eiia de van Ngudi viet can tim dUQfe he thdng y va sap xep mdt each hdp ly Neu cac each sap xep mdt each Idn xdm thi bai thuyet minh se thieu thuyet phyc, tham ehi ngUdi dpc khdng hieu rd ddi tUdng dUdc thuyet minh Nhu vay, mud'n xae djnh he thdng y thi ngUdi viet can xac djnh dUde yeu eau, pham vi eua de bai TU dd, d l tim 30 y va lap dan y Chang han vdi de bai (') thi yeu cau ciia de bai la: ich Ipi cua loai ech ddi vdi ngudi; phgm vi r5 rang chl gidi thi^u d loai ech chii' khdng phai la loai nao kh^c, Theo dd ta se cd he thdng y la: - Gidi thieu ngudn gdc cua lodl ech ndi ehung vd bdi ich d Viet Nam - Gidi thi^u dac diem ciia loai ech (bao gdm: mdi tiUdng sdng, eau tao cd t h i - ngo^l, sinh trudng v^ phat trien, thu'c an, di chuyen ) - Gidi thieu vai trd, vj tri ciia ech vdi tU nhien Gidi thieu vai trd ciia ech vdi ngUdi (gi^ tri dinh dudng ciia thit ech, gia trj kinh te nudi ech ) Xac djnh chii de Chu de ciia van ban la ddi tu'png v^ van de trung tSm, van de cd ban dupe tac gia ndu Idn, dat qua npi dung CM t h i ciia van ban Van ban cd tinh thdng nhat ve chu d l chf ndi ldi chii de dupe xac dinh khdng xa rdi hay lge sang chii de khae Tinh thdng nhat ve chii de cua van ban cd lien hp mgt thilt vdi tinh mach lge va linh lien kit Mpt van ban khdng mgch lge, khdng lien kit thi van ban dd khdng dam bao tinh thdng nha't ve chii d l D l viit dupe hay hieu dUpc mdt van ban, can xac dinh rd chii d l ciia van ban Chii d l eiia van ban dupe t h i hien hoac can dupe tim hieu de bai, de myc, quan h$ cac phan cua van ban va d eae tU nguf then chd't lap di lap lai Chfnh vi vay, d tUng doan van thudng cd c§u chii d l va tu ngO chu de Cau chii de chinh la eau chdt eiia doan van Cau chii de mang ndi dung khai quat ldi le ngan gpn, thudng du hai phan ehinh chii nguf - vi nguf Nd cd the dUng dau doan van (doan dien djch), cung cd the dUng cudi doan van (doan quy nap) Cdn tU ngO chii d l la cac tu dUdc lap lai nhieu lan hoac cae dai tU, cac tU ddng nghTa nham tri ddi tupng dUde ndi den Trong van ban thuyet minh chii de la ddi tUdng thuyet minh va nhOng dac dilm, tinh chat, ca'u tao, y nghTa ciia ddi tUdng, dupe tac gia gidi thieu thdng qua each djnh nghTa, md ta, neu vi du Net ke, so sanh, ddi chieu, phan tich, phan loai Cdn cau chii de ciia doan van la cau mang ndi dung khai quat hoac gidi thieu mdt dae diem, mdt tinh chat nao dd eua ddi tUdng thuyet minh TU ngO chii de ciia doan van thuyet minh la nhUng tU lap Igi nhieu l^n hoac eae dgi tU, cac tif ddng nghTa nham tri, gidi thi^u eu t h i , rd rang giiip hpc sinh dUqfc hieu ve dSc dilm, tinh chat eiia ddi tUdng dUde trinh bay dogn vSn Chang ban chii de ciia de b^i (*) la: lodi ich vd Igi ich cua nd Sir dung phep lien ket, each diing Xii Khi tao lap van ban, dogn nham tgo sy thdng nha't ciia van ban Ngudi ta thudng dimg cac phdp lien ke't eSu: - Phep nil: Cach lien ket cac cau bang cae ti/, to hdp ti/ chl quan he - Phep lap: Cach lien ket eau bang viec diing di dimg Igi mdt sd yeu to ngdn ngO nao dd - Phep thi: Cach lien ket cau bang vipe dimg ti/, to hdp tif khae nhung ciing chl ve mdt vat, mdt viec de thay the cho - Phep lien tudng: Cach lien k i t eau bang viec dung cac tu, to hdp tif cd quan he lien tudng cac cau khae s o 112011 •WiM^nimimwnbMiiWiiimwWtiti ^!/S?iS ~ Phip nghjch dii: Cach lien k i t eau bang viec dCing cae ti/, to hpp ti/ cd lidn h§ nghjch dd'i c^c eau kii^c - Phip tr$t tl/tuyin tinh: Cach lien k i t dya vao tr$tli( trUdc sau ciia ciSc cfiu cd lien quan Hdn nOfa nhiifng trudng hgfp cy the nao dd, ngi/fij ta cdn dimg cSu d l lidn k i t c§u nd'i Dd la loai cSu co chifc nang lidn k i t gii7a dogn vSn vdi doan vSn hoac gij cac cSu cung dogn van, Cliu ndi thudng cd vitrlj d^u doan t i l p theo Cach vi^t dogn van thuyet minh X ' t v l cau lao, dogn van thuyit minh cd m^t s6 mi hinh sSp xep y thudng gap nhU sau: + Tuan theo thif ty c§'u tgo ciia si; v$t (thuyit minh mpt diing, mpt sSn p h i m , mpt vSt lo^i vat, cSy c6i-) + Tuan theo thif ty nhSn thufc nhU ti/ t i n g th^ dInibO phSn, tu ngoii v i o trong, tU xa d i n g^n (thuyet minh gidi thidu mdt danh lam thing canh ) + Tunn theo thU ty d i i n biin sy vi^c khoang nhiJng thdi gian nhS't djnh (gidi thieu m^t phUdng ph^p, n0U nghidm, mOt trd chdi ) + Tuan theo thU ty chinh phy, cai chinh noi trudc,cii phy ndi sau (thuyit minh ve danh lam thing c^nh rnO' san pham.,,) Vi^c xac djnh c^c md hinh s i p xep nhu tr§n chl mai^ tinh chit tudng ddi Trong thye t l , van co the ket i)0pMm xen cac trinh ty s i p xep y vdi Ching hgn nhiML hpp giOa thU ty nhan thifc vdi thtf ty chfnh phy, k^tli0 giC/a thU ty cau tgo vdi thd ty nhan thiifc_ Chinh SM keth0 se gdp phan tgo nen c^ch dien dgt phong phii, sirih ddng cho bai van thuyet minh Vi dy: j Cau tao, kiin true cua Ldng Ho Chu tjch rit dep, gdmta Idp vdi chiiu cao li 21,6 met Ldp dddi cua Ldng dU0c tao ddng bac thim tam dp Ci'p dddi Id le ddi dinh riing cho dodn Chu tjch Quanh bin mdt Ldng li hing cot vudng /am bdng dd hoa cddng Mdt chinh cua Ldng co ddng chQ v^nj dng dnh, nil bit lin Khdng c6 gi quy hdn ddc lap ti/ n phia dddi Id chd ky quen thugc cua Bic Ldp d gida la ki eiu trung tim cOa Ldng gim cd phdng ddt thi hit cua Bac vd xung quanh li hinh lang vi eiu thang lin xuing Ta di Idn eiu thang li din nOi an nghi cua Bic- (Theo Bao Giao dye v i Thdi dgi) Dogn vSn tr§n thuyet minh v l c&'u tgo Lang Ho Chii lich, Trinh ty s i p xep y tu§n theo thif ti; cKu tgo cua doi tUdng la chinh, cd k i t hdp vdi thU ty nh§n thufc T^i ligu tham khao Le A, Nguyin Hk\ Dgm Le Xu&n Soan, Hoang Mai ThaoPhuong ph6p dgy hpc tiing Vi§tdTHCS,Nhaxuatb&nGiaodyc,1998, Nguyin Thanh Hung - Van nghj lu&n tafdng cap Niiaxu^t biin giao dye, 1995 Phan Trpng LuSn - PhUdng phap dgy hpc Van Nha xuat ban giao dye, 1995 Le Xu&n Soan - Ren luy§n ky nang viet dogn van cho tioc sinh thdng, NXB Dgi hpc Qude gia Thanh pho' Ho Chf Minh, 2007, Bui Minh Toan, Nguyin Quang Ninh - Tieng Viet thye hanh, NXB DHSP, 2003 Dd Ngpc Thong, Phgm Minh Dieu -Van mieu ta nhatn/cing thdng, Nh^ xuat b&i gi^o dye, 2003 Cao Bfch XuSn - Cac dgng bai TSp lam van va cim thu thd van ldp 8, Nha xuat bin Giio due, 2004 ... viet dogn van cho tioc sinh thdng, NXB Dgi hpc Qude gia Thanh pho'' Ho Chf Minh, 2007, Bui Minh Toan, Nguyin Quang Ninh - Tieng Viet thye hanh, NXB DHSP, 2003 Dd Ngpc Thong, Phgm Minh Dieu -Van... Cach vi^t dogn van thuyet minh X '' t v l cau lao, dogn van thuyit minh cd m^t s6 mi hinh sSp xep y thudng gap nhU sau: + Tuan theo thif ty c§''u tgo ciia si; v$t (thuyit minh mpt diing, mpt sSn... ddi tUdng thuyet minh TU ngO chii de ciia doan van thuyet minh la nhUng tU lap Igi nhieu l^n hoac eae dgi tU, cac tif ddng nghTa nham tri, gidi thi^u eu t h i , rd rang giiip hpc sinh dUqfc hieu