THUfiTRANGVAMprSQGIM PHAP PHAN IUONG HOG SINH PHOTHONG vAo HE THONQ DAY nOHE ThS, NGUYEN XUAN NINH" Viec phan luong hpc sinh (PLHS) phd''''thdng vao he thd''''ng day nghe da duoc Oang, Nha nudc ta quan tam[.]
THUfiTRANGVAMprSQGIM PHAP PHAN IUONG HOG SINH PHOTHONG vAo HE THONQ DAY nOHE ThS, V iec phan luong hpc sinh (PLHS) phd'thdng vao he thd'ng day nghe da duoc Oang, Nha nudc ta quan tam chi dao sud't thdi gian qua Van kien Oai hpi IX cua Oang da nhan manh: Voi trgng^cong tic hudng nghiep, PLHS sau trung hqc, chuan bi cho nien dl vio cuoe sdngpghe nghiep phu hop vdi ehuyen dich ea ciu kinh te ca nudc va tdng dia phuang"{^; tr.109) Tuy nhien, nhieu nam qua, cdng tac PLHS phd'thdng vao he thd'ng day nghe cdn nhieu bat cap ve co eau, so lupng CO eh§' chinh sach cho ngudi hoc nghe, dudng phat trie'n nghecho HS ma nguyen nhanco ban la cdng tac phan juongva hudng nghiep (HN)HS phd'thdng vao he thd'ng day nghe chua mang lai hi&u quacao Khai ni$m phan ludng hpc sinh PLHS la suphan hda theo nhdm Idn cd cung nang luc va nguyen vpng eua HS nh^m dinh hudng hp lua chpn nganh nghe phu hpp vdi nang luc cua ca nhan va nhu c l u cP cau nhan luc qude gia Day la bien phap thuc hien hop li xu hudng phan hda HS tren cd sonang luc hpe tap, nguypn vpng eiia HS va nhu eau xa hpi 06'thue hipn PLHS nh^rn bao dam nguon nhan luc cd chat lupng, phu hpp ve CP cau nganh nghe va trinh dp theo yeu c l u phat trien KT-XH, he thdng co sddao tao nghe phai dupc cau tnic ttieo hudng mo, mem deo va linh hoat, thoa man nhu e l u giao due dao tao (GD-OT) cho mpi ngudi vdi quan die'm giao due lien tue, hpe tap sud't ddi ' Thuc trang cong tac PLHS p h o t h o n g vao hethd'ng day nghe Hon 20 nam q^ua, hpthd'ng giao due nudc ta phat trien manh d t l t ca cac bae hpc, td m I m non den dai hpc Tuy nhien, vipc gitJp HS cd nhung hie'u biet ve nghenghiepdedjnh hudng phattrien.luachpn nganh n g h l phti hpp so' thich ca nhan curig nhu nang lue ban than va nhu cau xa hpi cdn nhieu han che Viec PLHS THCS vaTHPT, tao nen tang quan trpng cho v i k chuan bi nguon nhan luc ed chat lupng theo yeu cSu phattrien KT-XH ctia dat nudc vatting dja phuang h i u nhuchua dupc dap ling.TheoVutrudngVy Giao dye chuyen nghi?p (Bp GD-OT) Hoang Ngpc Vinh, HStotnghiepTHCSsevao hoc cac tmdng THPT, cac trung tam giao dye thudng xuyen (TTGDTX), NGUYEN XUAN NINH" eae tn/dng day nghe, ta/dng tnjng cap chuyen nghiep (TCCN) va mpt phan tharn gia thj trudng lao ddng machuadupedao tao nghe Nhieu nam gan day, HS tot nghiep TIHCS khdng tiep tuc hpc chiem tile eao Chl tinh rieng nam hoc 2007-2008, ti le HS tot nghiep THCSvaohpcTHPT la 70,7%,_b6tue THPT 137,5%, hpc cac ca sd day nghe va TCCN thap, chi khoang 1,8%-2,5%; cdn lai khoang 17,5% (khoang 1.4 tneu HS) khdng tiep tyc hpc Mdt sd'tinh cdti le HS hpc xong THCS khdng tiep tuc hpc kha cao nhu: Lao Cai,Yen Bai, Thai Nguyen, Nghe An, HaTTnh, Quang Binh, Quang Trj, _ Thuc te eho thay, phanjdn HS tot nghiep THPT thudng duthidai hpc, cao dang; khdng ddmd^ehuyeri sang hpc TCCN hoae hpc nghe; sd cdn lai co the d nha dn tap va chd nam sau thi tiep hoae tim kiem viec lam khae Theo so thd'ng ke, nam hpc 20072008, 43,8% HS tot nghjep THPT duoc tuye'n vao cac tn/dng dai hpe, cao dang, 30,3% vao hpc TCCN va mpt sd It hoc nghe Tuy nhien, chi nam hpc 2007-2008, ca nudc v l n edn hcfn 156 nghin HS tot nghiep THPT khdng hpc nghe nao Mat khae, sd'HS bo hpc va trupt td't nghipp THPT cdn kha nhieu, vdi khoang han 224 nghin em Neu epngca sd'HS tot nghiep THPT chua tiep tyc hpc vdi so HS trupt td't nghiepvabdhpcthi hangnam khoang400 nghin em Oieu gay lang phi Idn ve rnat nhan luc Nhieu chuyen gia giao due cho rang, nguyen nhan khien viec PL HN cho HS sau THCS, THPT han che la nhan thtic cua ngudi dan, nha tn/dng va xa hdi dd'i vdi giao due nghe nghiep chua that su dung dan Nhieu HS va gia dinh khdng lupng dupc stic hpc ciia ban than, em minh vadieu kien kinh te gia dinh detim dudng hpc nghetu'sdm; dpng CO tham gia eac Idp hpc nghe cua HS bi lech lae Trong dd, ngucn hoe nghe va ngudi tim viec khd tiep can thdng tin ve thj tn/dng lao ddng; quy viec lam thieu Oang chu y, cdng tac giao due HN nha tn/dng phd thdng chua dupc thue hien td't thieu ddi ngu can bd, giao vien am hieu tam li hoc nghe nghiep Nhu c l u lao dpng cac nganh nghe cung gay tra ngai cho viec PLHS Nhieu trudng ehua quan tarn den chat lupng cdng tae giao dye hudng nghiep, thie'u suphd'i hop vdi ' Traaig Cao dang nghe Viet - Oiifc, Ha Tinti Tap chi Giao due so 305 (kil-3/2013)- doanh nghiep tren dia ban de day manh giao dye hudng nghiep Ben eanh dd, quy md va dieu kien cua cae CO sd day nghe chua dap iing nhu cau PLHS Chuong trinh dao tao cae trudng day nghe va kha nang lien thdng giua giao dye nghe nghiep vdi cac bae hoc khac, nhat la len cao d§ng, dai hpc cdn bat cap Viec ma rdng gua nhanh cac trudng THPT he thd'ng co so dao tao sau trung hpc ehua dap lin^ nliu c l u hoc tap cua HS td't nghiep THPJ dan den hien tupng "don toa" Chinh saeh khuyen khich ddi vdl HS THCS hpc nghe, khuyen khich cac trudng nghetuyenhetotnghiep THCS cdn thieu, dd thdng tin ve nganh nghe lai thudng khdng day du va thieu tinh cap nhat Oac biet, viec lam xa hpi cho nhung ngudi hpe nghe, lioc TCCN han che eung la mdt nguyen nhan quan trpng T l i thuc trang neu tren ,de ddi m di cong tae PLHSpho'thdng vao h e t h o n g day nghe, xin de xua't mot so giai phap chinh sau: 1) Tuyen truyen nhim nang cao nhan thuc xa hdi ve nghe nghiep de phu huynh va ban than HS tliay r§ng viec hpc ten la chinh dang nhung cung can xem xet de'n nang lue ea nhan va hoan canh gia dinh de lua chpnhudng di cho phii hqp Can cho cac em thay, cd nhieu dudng dat den udc mo dich thue cua minh; lao ddng diinh vue nao cung ean thiet, dUdc kinh trpng va duoc dai ngd xiing dang neu cd tay nghe cao valam viec het minli Cac CO hdl hpc tap ludn cd va se de'n vol mpi ngudi, hoc tap la edng viee suot ddi, khdng cdthe hoc mdt lan clip ca cupc ddi Tunhan thtic dung dan ve nghe nghiep, HS se nhan thtic dupc, viec eae em di vao eac hudng khac sau tot nghiep THCS hoae THPT la binh thudng va hpp li 2) Tang cudng HN cho HS, ddng thai day manh hoatdgng cua cac cosdday nghedePLHS sau THCS va THPT Viec phan luong phai gan vdi nhu eau phattrien KT-XH, - Cong tic PLHS dcae tn/dng THCS va THPTco nhiem vu giiip cho cae em thay dupcmd'i quan he giuanhanthuc,udemavdiyeu clu nghenghiep thdng qua nhiing hoat ddng hudng nghiep, qua phan tich ket qua hpc tap van hda, cac mdn kT thuat va cac chdng chi djnli cua nghe de cd sulua chpn phti hpp Npoai viec luan &iu theo cht/ong trinh giao due HN cua Bd G D-OT, nha trudng can lien ket vdi cac trudng day nghe, trung tam kTthuat td'ng hpp-HN, cae cPsd san xual kinh doanh, tdchi/c cho HS lop va HS THPT nhung bud'i hpi thao, sinh hoat chuyen de ve HN, tuvan, tham guan, gidi thieu va tuyen truyen ve cac edsoday nghe gitip HS hieu rd ve kha nang ctia ban than va dieu kien gia dinh viec lua chon hudng di sau tot nghiep Can eho HS thaiy dupc cd nhieu eon dudng, each Tap chi Gido due so 305 thiie de dat den ude mo cua minh cung nhu giiip cac em hieu mdt each d i y du vacu the vetat cacac hudng disau tot nghiep THCS, THPT Moi mpt hudng (I can phai lam rd eac yeu cau nhu: Od'i lupng lao dpng ciia nghe, myc dich lao ddng eua nghe; cdng cu lao dpng eua nglie va dieu kien lao dpng cua nghe Co ntiu vay md^ giup HS nhan thiic va cd mdtsulua chpn nghe dung tren co sddanh gia rang luc ban than va cac dieu kien khae - Cac ca sd dio tao nghe c i n nang cao chat luc^g dao tao nghe, xac dmh nguyen tae dao tao Iheo nhu e l u , dao taped dia chi; cdng bd'ti le HS hpc xong cd viee lam Mdi co sd day nghe eln xac djnh danh saeh doanh nghiep dqn vj la doi tac chien lupc d'n djnh lau dai viec tiep nhan nguon nhan It/c da duoe dao tao - Ba dang hoa nganh nghe phu hep vdi dja phUdng va tang cudng hoai ddng ciia eac tnjng lam hpc % cdng ddng, TTGDTX va day nghe, cac tn/dng day nghe dcae huyen, thi^, phd'de PLHS sau THCS vaTHPT di theo nhieu hudng khac Doivdi cac Irudng trung cap, eao dang nghe, can thu hut HS tot nghiep THCS vao dao tao mpt each cd hethd'ng, sau nam cac em td't nghiep bo tuc THPT va tmng cap nghe, se tiet kiem hon so vdi tuye'n HS tot nghiep ldp 12 Mpt bd phan HS sau THCS tham gia vao thi trudng lao dong thu hiit vao cac ldp bd'tuc van hoa tai TTGDTX 3) Dieu tiet phan ludng bang cac chinh sach: • Co ehinh saeh khuyen khich cho ngudi hpc di vao luong giao dye nghe nghiep, the hien dcheild tuye'n sinh, chedo tipc bong va hpc phi Cdthedua ranhiJng tieu chuan uu tien cho nhung HS cd chiing chidao tao ngliedupcvay von san xuat, HS tot nghiep THCS vao luong dao tao nghe dupe vay von, giam hpe phi va tham gia lao ddng tao san pham hang hda de trang trai mdt p h l n chi phi hpc tap; - Nha nudc co chuong trinh cylhedephattrien giaodue nghenghiep, dd ed ea quy hoach, xay dung tn/dng, che dp ehinh sach, nhat la lap ban chidao HN PLHS cac cap tti Tmng uong den dja phuang; - Cung cap danh sach cac dan vi, doanh nghiep tham gia HN vdi vai trd mdi doanh nghiep la mpt dan vi HN Ngpai ra, HS hpc nghe can dupe uu dai va van ddng xa hpi xay dLfngquyhdtrqngudihpc nghl, hdtrp trudng dao tgo nghe; - Cac b i n g tpt nghiep THPT, TCCN, Bd'tuc v^n hda deu binh dang Irong viee thi vao trudng cao dang, dai hpc, dap ung nguyen vpng va quyen Ipi tiep tye hpe len eija mpi cdng dan 4) Bg Lao dgng - Thuang binh va Xa hgiplao Sd Lao dgng - Thuang binh va Xa hgi chi dao cho cac Phong Lao dgng • Thuang binh vaXa hgilam dau moilien heq\\sa tmng lam hpctap cdng (Xem ^ trang ^) -(kil-3/2013) nhu cac kT nang dieu tra, kT nang tu ma hp da su dyng Trong sudt giai doan nay, GV de nghj HS dung lai hoat ddng cac em da lam eae giai doan khac cua bai hpc Khi nao cac em bat dau hieu biel ro rang ve THCVD ay? Khi nao cac em bat dau cam thay tu tin vao nhirng gial phap cu the? Vi cac em chap nhan mpt socach luan glal mdt each san sang hon nhiing ngudi khac? Vi cac em phij nhgn mdl socach luan giai? Vi cae em thdng nha't duge glai phap cudi cting? Cac em ed thay dol each suy nghT ciJa minh vetinh hudng ddkhiquatrinh dieu tra dang dien khdng? Dieu gi gay nen su thay ddi nay? Lan sau eae em se lam gikhacdi? Tdm lai, quy trinh ehuan bi va tien hanh bai hgc dua tren GQVD can sunghien ciiu ki luwig, cdng phu ctia GV Tat ca cac cdng vipc ma GV lam deu phai the hien duge vai trd ngutji hudng dan, ngudi cd'va'n cho hgc trd Thuc hien lot quy trinh tren GV ed the thu dugc nhiing ket qua kha quan van dung md hinh day va hpc tieh cue nay.Q Tai li^u tham khao I NguySn Lang Binh Day vA hoc ti'ch circ Di/anVi^l-Bi,HaN6i.20]0 Doroihy H E v e n s e n Cindy E Hmelo Cindy E Hmelo-Silvcr Problembased Learning: \ Research Perspective on l e a r n i n g I n t e r a c t i o n s Taylor - Francis Publishing Company, 2000 Kenneth T.Henson Ben F Etler Education P s y c h o l o g y for E f f e c t i v e T e a c h i n g Wadsworlh Publishing Company, 1999 Mpt sO' trang w e b : I http:// www.acs.edu.au/enrol-ment/prohlem-basedlearn ing/de Fault, asp X hup:// en.wikipedia org/wi ki/ProhIp based learning SUMMARY Problem - Based Leaming fPBL) Is astudent-centered pedagogy in which students learn about a subject through the experience of problem solving The constructs for teaching PBL are very different from traditional classroom/lecture teaching This article describes problem-based lesson planning and conducUon It focuses on the tive phases of problem-based leaming and required teacher behaviors for each phase 36 Tap chi Gido due so 305 Thirc trang va mot so giai ptiap (Tiep theo trang 8) dong, TTGDTX va eac co sdday nghe, vdl cac eo sdsan xuat, cae doanh nghiep tao "dau ra" cho hgc vien dao tao xong Viee dao tao tai cae co sd san xuat, cae nha may xl nghiep la glaiphap hiiu hieu eho bal loan PLHS sau THCS va THPT PLHS thdng vao he thdng day nghe la van de can duge quan tam giai quyet, khdng the mot sdm mdt chieu va cung khdnp phai la viec cua rieng nganh GD-DT Suphoi hgp cua ta't ca eac co quan, ban, nganh lien quan, dae bi|t nganh Lao dpng - Thuong binh va Xa hdi la rat quan trpng, nhani dubao nhu eau xa hdi vedao tao nghe, tang quy md vdi CO cau hgp 11 phat trien dao lao nghe, lay dd lam can cti de PLHS thdng (sau THCS va THPT) vao he thd'ng day nghe.thuchien lot Chien lugcphal trien Day nghethcriki 20112020; dao lao nguon nhan luc lao dpng cd tay nghe phuc vu phattrien KT-XH caciinh Bae Trung bd ndi rieng vaca nudc ndi ehung, tao nen tang quan trong cdng cudc cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda va hdi nhap qude le • (1) v a n kien Dai h^i B a n g U n thu- IX NXB Chinh trj qud'c gia H 200], XT.\09 Tai lieu (ham khao Thli luong Chinh phii Quyit dinh s/f 630/QD-7Tg, ngdy 29/5/2012 Phe duyet Chiin liwc phdl Iriin Day nghi ih&i ki 2011-2020 Bao cao H6i ihao Cdc phuong phdp phdn ludng hpc sinh •!au trung hpc ca.savd Irung hoc phd'thdng 11/9/2009 cua Bo Giao due & Dao Tao UBND ifnh Ha T^nh D^ dn Ndng cao chdl lupng ngudn nhdn luc tinh Hd Tinh giai doan 2011-2020 NguySn Van Le - Ha The' Truyfin - Biii Van QuSn, MOt stf va'n de huirng nghidp cho hoc sinh phd thdng NXB Dgi hpc supham, H 2004 Phiing Dinh M5n - Phan Minh Ti^n - Trircmg Thanh Thiiy Mdt s^ vSn de ca b i n v^ boat ddng gido due hvi6ng n ^ ^ p d' t r u v n g trung hoc phfi thdng NXB Gido due, H 2005 SUMMARY Over the past few years, ramification of secondary and high school graduates in vocaUonal training system In Northem Centra! provinces in particular and nationwide in general has noi gained good results There are several causes of this situation, but mam reasons are that students themselves and their parents prefer university and college educaUon to vocational training: provincal vocational training network has not met the scale and quality requirements; treatment policy for VocaUonal training and post - graduate employment has not received proper consideration In order to improve the quality of weU - skilled human resource It is necessary for provinces to take measures: to raise the awareness of community and society, to provide useful guidence for students at the last form of secondary and high school, as well as to develop appropriate policies and mechanisms -(kil- 312013) ... td''ng hpp-HN, cae cPsd san xual kinh doanh, tdchi/c cho HS lop va HS THPT nhung bud''i hpi thao, sinh hoat chuyen de ve HN, tuvan, tham guan, gidi thieu va tuyen truyen ve cac edsoday nghe gitip... ehinh saeh khuyen khich cho ngudi hpc di vao luong giao dye nghe nghiep, the hien dcheild tuye''n sinh, chedo tipc bong va hpc phi Cdthedua ranhiJng tieu chuan uu tien cho nhung HS cd chiing chidao... Chiin liwc phdl Iriin Day nghi ih&i ki 2011-2020 Bao cao H6i ihao Cdc phuong phdp phdn ludng hpc sinh •!au trung hpc ca.savd Irung hoc phd''thdng 11/9/2009 cua Bo Giao due & Dao Tao UBND ifnh Ha