NGHIEN COU m GIAO DUC TRONG HIEN PHAP 1992 NOI DUNG VA MOT SO DE XUAT VE SUfA DOI, 8 0 SUNG TSKH PHAM B A NHAT T I £ N 1 NhuTng quy d jnh thit yeu ve giao due t rong Hien phdp 1992 H i ln phap 1992 c6[.]
NGHIEN COU m GIAO DUC TRONG HIEN PHAP 1992: NOI DUNG VA MOT SO DE XUAT VE SUfA DOI, SUNG TSKH PHAM B A NHAT T I £ N NhuTng q u y d j n h thit yeu ve giao due t r o n g Hien p h d p 1992 H i l n phap 1992 c6 D i l u trifc tiep lien quan d^n g i ^ d u e c6 D i l u d ChucJng III (Van h6a, g i i o due, khoa h o c c6ng ngh&), Oieu d Chaong V (QuySn vS nghia vu co bSn cua cong dSn) C6c O i l u d Chiiong III tSp trung quy dinh ve chfnh sAch cua N h l nt/dc doi vdi g i i o due Trong d6, Oieu 35 quy dinh v l vj trf, sijf m&nh, muc t i l u cDa g i i o due; O i l u 36 quy dinh v l h i thdng g i i o due v l chfnh s i c h p h i t t r i l n ; B i l u 43 quy djnh v l chfnh s i c h hop t i c qudc te v l g i i o due Cic D i l u d Chaong V t i p trung quy djnh v l c i c q u y i n v l nghTa vy co b i n cua cdng dSn l i l n quan d i n g i i o due Trong do, D i l u 59 quy dinh ve q u y i n v l nghia vu hpc t i p eCia edng d i n ; D i l u 65 v l q u y i n eCia t r i em duoc gia dinh, N h l nude va xa hdi b i o v l , c h i m sdc v l g l l o due; O i l u 66 quy djnh v l q u y i n cilia n l l n di/pc gia dinh, N h l nudc v l xa hdi tao i ^ l u k i l n hpe t i p , lao ddng v l gili trf Nhin chung, quan h& so s i n h vdi H i l n p h i p cic nude tren the gidi, cd t h i thSy Hien phdp 1992 cOa nudc ta cd nhiiu diSu quy dinh vi gido due nhdt, t h i m chf cd v l n h u d u thira x l t d gdc dd eila mdt v i n b i n H i l n p h i p , vdn dupc h i l u I I dao I u i t CO b i n cOa qudc gia chF t i p trung v i o hai ndi dung CO b i n I I q u y i n v l nghla vu cua edng dan, q u y i n v l t r i c h n h i l m cOa N h l ni/6c Tuy n h i l n , dat bd! c i n h n i m 1992, deft nudc dang cdn dnhCftig n i m d i u ddi mdi, h i thdng phap l u i t chi/a p h i t t r i l n thi su du" thila t r l n I I c i n t h i l t n h u se dupe trinh b I y dUdi d i y Thuc t i ^ n t h £ c h hoa, t h i hanh cac q u y d i n h cOa Ht^n p h i p vi giao due 2.1 Trong thdi gian d l l tU 1992 d i n ban h i n h Lu|it G i l o due 1998, chfnh ele quy dinh t r l n cOa H i l n p h i p da tao hdnh lang phdp ll cdn thiit cho ddi mdi v l p h i t t r i l n g i i o dye theo djnh hudng phye vy p h i t t r i l n kinh t l - x a hdi bdi c i n h d i t nudc c h u y i n tU kinh t l k l hoach hda tap trung sang kinh t l thj trudng dinh hudng xa hdi chu nghia (XHCN) O l kjp thdi t h i c h i hda O i l u 36 cGa H i l n Phap, Chinh phu da ban h i n h Nghj dinh so 90/CP 24/11/1993 quy djnh co c i u khung cua he thdng g i i o due qudc d i n , he thdng v i n bSng, ehUng chi eOa nUdc Cdng hda XHCN Vift Nam Trong he thdng g i i o due quoe d i n , ben canh c i c trUdng cdng l i p , eung ldn d6u tien xdclqp sif ddi ctia cdc tnidng bdn cdng, ddn ldp, tu thuc Cd the ndi, he thdng g i i o due qudc d i n theo Nghi djnh 90/CP I I mdf budc tien I6n tuduy phdt triin gido due nUdc ta Mdt mat, nd k h i n g dinh sy thdng n h i t g i i o due t o i n qudc va su trudng t h i n h tdi mUc d d t u d i p Ung dUpc y l u c i u hoc t i p cua n h i n d i n d mpi c i p hoc v l trinh dp d i o tao Mat khie, nd the hien su v i n ddng cOa h^ thdng g i i o due phu hpp vdi y l u cau c h u y i n ddi cua n i n kinh t l va xu the p h i t t r i l n g i i o due t h i gidi 2.2 N i m 1998, L u i t G i l o due dupe ban h i n h LuSt dupc xSy dung tr§n co sd c i c quy djnh n i n t i n g cua Hien p h i p v l g l l o due, ddng thdi t h i c h i hda eic chu truong, ehfnh sleh p h i t t r i l n giao dye giai doan edng nghiep hda, hien dai hde dat nudc theo tinh tljan nghj quyet TW2 (khda VIII) ve ddi mdi g i i o dye Tuy nhien, vi the c h i hda I I q u i trinh p h i t t r i l n l i l n tue nen L u i t G i l o due 1998 da dupc thay the bdi L u i t G i l o due 2005 v l dupe t i l p tuc chinh If bd sung L u i t sUa ddi, b d sung mdt sd d i l u cOa Luat G i l o due B i n canh dd, cdn ed Luat Day n g h i 2006 Tuy r i n g h i thdng p h i p l u i t v l g i i o dye cua nudc ta edn non t r i , ehua ddng bd, ehua t i l n kjp vdi mot thuc t l g i i o due dang p h i t trien manh, da dang v l phUe tap, nhung chfnh h# thdng van b i n p h i p l u i t v l g i i o due n i y da gdp p h i n quan trgng v i l e tao dung hanh lang p h i p li can t h i l t de giao dye nudc ta ddng gdp xUng d i n g vao su thay doi d i l n mao eua dat nudc 25 doi mdi vUa qua 2.3 Tuy nhien, thUe t l cho t h i y cung da sinh nhijng b i t c i p , khd khan, vudng m i c q u i trinh thi h i n h cac quy djnh cCia H i l n p h i p Ndi bat nhat I I quy djnh "Phit trien g i i o due I I qudc sach hang dau" (Oilu 35) Quy djnh n i y chua dupc Slf79-1HAlKVZ012.| m NGHEN c u u thuc h i l n Thdng b i o 242 n g i y 15/4/2009 eCia Bp Chinh trj eung khang djnh ' G i l o due va d i o tao chua thuc su la qudc sach hang dSu' Quy djnh ' N h l nude p h i t t r i l n c l n ddi h i thdng g i i o due" (Oilu 36) cung khdng dUpc thuc hidn Cd the ndi, vUdng m i c ldn nh3t cua g i i o dye nudc ta thi hanh quy dinh cua Hien p h i p la sukhdng cdn doi phdt triin D i l u n i y ed t h i thay tU nhCfrig gdc dp khac cCia p h i t t r i l n g i i o dye v l quy md, chat lupng, eo cau, edng b i n g xa hdi, cung n h u mdi quan he can ddi eSn thiet giOra p h i t trien giao dye v l p h i t trien kinh t l - x a hdi, giUa d i o tao v l sUdung Quy d j n h " C i p t i e u hpc Ici b i t bude, khdng p h i i t r i hpc p h i " (Oieu 36) eung ed v u d n g m i c t r o n g t d ehUe thuc hien Theo quy djnh n i y t h i hpc sinh t i l u hpe d u hpe d t r u d n g edng l i p hay t r u d n g t u t h y c cung p h i i dupc hudng chung chfnh s l e h uu t i d n n i y , nghTa I I n h l nude c l n h d t r p hpe phf cho hpe sinh t i l u hoe theo hpe t r u d n g t u t h y c Tuy n h i l n , thUe t l hi§n khdng nhu viy Quy d i n h ve giao due Hi^n phap mot so nUorc t r e n t h e gidf Bi CO t h i m co sd d l xuSt vi&c sCra ddi, bd sung c i c quy djnh v l g i i o dye H i l n p h i p 1992, dudi d i y se dua e i i nhin tdng quan v l ndi dung g i i o dye H i l n p h i p mdt s6 nude €>6i vdi cdc nudc phdt thin: Phip, h i l n phap h i l n la H i l n p h i p 1958 da dupc sCra ddi, b d sung 18 Itin g d m 89 d i l u , nhung khdng cd quy dinh n I o v l g l l o dye Hien p h i p My h i l n I I Hien p h i p 1787, d i n da qua 17 \$n siJra ddi, bd sung, g d m d i l u gdc v l 27 d i l u bd sung, nhUng eOng khdng cd quy djnh n I o v l g i i o dye H i l n p h i p OUc I I H i l n p h i p 1949, da ed sUa ddl, bd sung quan v i o n i m 1990 thdng nhat hai mien, d i n gdm 141 d i l u , d d ed O i l u 5, k h o i n quy dinh v l q u y i n t u day hpe va O i l u quy djnh v l h i thdng trudng Ddi vdi cdc nudc chuyin doi: H i l n p h i p Nga h i l n I I H i l n phap 1993, siia ddi, bd sung nam 2008, g d m 137 d i l u , d d cd D i l u 43 quy djnh v l q u y i n g i i o due v l he thdng g l l o due (xem Hdp 1) H i l n phap Ba Lan 1997 gdm 243 d i l u , d d ehi ed O i l u 70 quy djnh v l c i e q u y i n g i i o duc (xem Hdp 2) Tuong t u n h u v i y , H i l n phap Rumani 1991, sCra ddi, b d sung nam 2003, gdm 156 d i l u , d d chi ed d i l u 32 quy djnh ve cie q u y i n giao dye 2.KKDAH9CBU0DVC H o p : Men phdp A^O, O i l u 43 (Chuong II v l cie q u y i n va q u y i n t U d o eua ngUcri va cdng dan] Moi ngUdi deu cd quyen dupe g i i o dye Q u y i n dupc hpe mien phi v l giao due mau giao, trung hoc p h d thdng va trung hpe n g h i tai eac co sd g i i o due cong lap, phd v l tai doanh nghiep dupc bao dam Moi ngucri cd quyen theo hpe g i l o due dai hpc (GDDH) m i l n phf Xrixx cO sd canh tranh tai e o s d g i l o due nha nUdc, CO s d g i l o due t h i n h phd h o l e tai doanh n g h i ^ G i l o due phd t h d n g co sd I I b i t bude Cha me hoac nhUng ngUdi thay mat cha me cd trach nhiem bao d i m de mlnh theo hpc g i l o due phd thdng eo sd Lien Bang Nga ed t r i c h n h i l m t h i c h i hda c i c chuan g i l o due lien bang, hd t r p c i c hinh thUc g i l o due va tU g i l o dye k h i c Hop 2: Hiin phdp Ba lan, O i l u 70 {Chuong II v l q u y i n tU do, q u y i n va nghTa vy eua e l n h i n v l edng d i n ) : Mpi ngucri ed q u y i n v l g i l o due G i l o dye d i n 18 tudi I I b i t budc Cleh thUc thUe thi nghTa vu d i n trudng dupe quy djnh theo l u i t G i l o dye tai trudng cdng l i p la mien phf Co sd GDDH edng lap ed the thu mdt sd phf theo quy djnh cua p h i p l u i t Cha me cd quyen chpn trudng khdng p h i i trudng cdng t i p cho minh Cdng d i n v l td chUe ed quyen lap trudng t i l u hoc, trudng trung hoc, co sd giao dye dai hoe v l eo sd p h i t t r i l n g i l o d u e O i l u k i l n lap v l d i l u h i n h trudng n g o i i cdng lap, v i l e tham gia cua CO quan cdng q u y i n cap t i i ehinh, cung nhu ele n g u y i n t i e tra giao due cic n h l trudng va co sd giao due d d dUpc thuc h i l n theo quy djnh cua phap luat Cie CO quan edng q u y i n b i o d i m q u y i n t i l p can g i l o due binh d i n g v l p h d q u i t eho mpi cdng dan Cae co quan cd t r i c h n h i l m lap v l day manh eae he thdng hd trp hpc sinh sinh vien v l t i i chinh v l td ehUc Cic d i l u k i l n de n h i n dupc sU ho t r p n i y dupe quy djnh theo l u i t Q u y i n t u chQ cua eo s6 GDOH dupe b i o d i m phu hpp vdi e l e quy djnh cOa l u i t NGHllN Clhl Q 06i vdi cdc nudc khu vUc: Hiln phap Hop Hiin phdp Han Quoc, Oilu 31 (ChUOng II Trung Qufic hiln II Hiln phip 1982, da sCra ddi, ve quyin va nghia vy cdng din): bd sung lin, gdm 138 dilu, dd ed dieu Mpi cdng din cd quyen btnh ding v l quy dinh v l gilo dye (xem Hdp 3) Hien phip Nhit gilo due phil hpp vdi ning lUc eiia mlnh 1947, din chua sila ddi, bd sung, gdm 103 Mpi edng din ed trich nhiem d l dilu, dd cd dilu 23 v l quyin tU hpe thuit v l dilu 26 quy cRnh v l cic quyen gilo dye minh hoin thinh ft nhat II giao dye tieu hpe vl giao due khac theo quy dinh cQa Luit Hiln phip HIn Qudc 1948, d l sUa ddi, bd sung Gilo due cUdng bUc II mien phf lin, gdm 130 dilu, dd ehi ed Oilu 31 ve cic Tfnh ddc lip, tfnh chuydn nghilp, tinh quyin gilo dye (;fem Hop 4) Hiln phip khdng thiln vj v l chfnh tri gilo dye v l Malayxia 1957, da 42 lin sUa ddi, bd sung, gdm 230 dilu, dd ehi cd Dilu 12 quy djnh v l cic quyin quyin chCi cOa eo sd GDOH dupc bio dim theo cae dieu kiln quy dinh bdi Luit gilo dye Nha nude cd trich nhidm thuc day gilo due sudt ddi Hop 3: Hiin phdp Trung Quoc, Dilu 19 (Chuong Cic v3n d l CO bin lien quan den he thdng giao due, bao gdm cl gilo dye trudng v l I v l cie quy djnh chung): gilo dye sudt ddi, quin If, t i i chfnh v l vj t h i gllo Nhl nudc phit triln gilo due XHCN v l viln, dupe quy djnh theo Luit ning cao trinh dd van hda, khoa hpc cua 6Bi nudc Nhl nude thinh lap va quin U ele loai nhl lUot so dixuat vesi](ad6i, bo sung Hien phap trudng, phd cip gilo due tilu hpc bit bude, 4.1 Ve cdu trdc cda Hiin phdp t^hU tren 6a n6i, thOc dely giloduc trung hpc, gllo dye nghi, eSu true Hiln phip 1992, vdi mdt chuong rilng v l GDOH v l gilo due mim non vin hda, gilo dye, khoa hpe, edng nghi, II phCi hop Nhl nude phit triln cie eo sd gilo dye vdi ylu ciu ddi mdi cCia dit nude nim 1992, h0 d l xda mO chQ v l cung Ung gilo dye ehinh thdng phip Iuit cua chiing ta ddi vdi tUng tinh vuc trj, khoa hpe kT thuit v l nghi cho edng nhin, kinh tl-xa hdi hiu nhuchua cd gi Ngiy nay, sau 25 ndng din, cdng chUc, ngudi lao ddng Nhl nim ddi mdi, dO ring h i thdng phip lu$t niy cdn nudc khuyin khfch ngudt din ning cao trinh nhilu bat cap, nhUng quan he so sinh vdi dd thdng qua ty hpc trudc day, chCing ta d l ed mdt he thdng phip luit Nhl nudc khuyin khfch ele td chUc kinh phit triln hdn trudc rat nhilu VI vay, Hien phip t l t i p thi, doanh nghidp nhl nude eung co ngiy khdng can mdt ciu true nhu trudc day quan v l eic khu vue khic cua xa hdi lip Vdi tuelch la dao luat co ban cOa Nhl nude chitdp cic loai CO sd gilo due theo quy dinh cCia phip trung diiu chinh nhCmg quan hi nin tdng giOa cdng luit ddn vd Nhd nudc, d l nghi sCfa cau trCic cCia Hiln Nhl nudc thiic dcly vile sU dung tilng Bic phap theo hudng ed ehuong I v l nhQng quy djnh Kinh toin qudc chung, chuong II v l nhumg quyin v l nghia vu eo Oilu 23 (Chuong I) bin cua ea nhan v l edng din, mdt sd chuang v l bd Nhl nudc dio tao nhin lue chuyin mdn may nhl nude, vl chuong cudi cOng v l nhQng quy mpi ITnh vuc phue vu chO nghia xa hdi, djnh lien quan din sQa ddl Hiln phip phit triln ddi ngO trf thUe v l tao dilu kiln 4.2 Ve npi dung cda Hien phdp liin quan din cho Sif ddng gdp diy dd eua ho vio cdng cudc gido due Vdi quan nilm ve Q$U true neu trln thi hl^n dai hda XHCN (fieu hiln cOa Hiln phip 1992 lidn quan den Oilu 46 (Chuong II v l cic quyin v l nghia gilo due can dUpc xem xlt di tap trung vio nhQng vy co bin cCia cdng din): quy dinh chinh ylu nhat Cu t h i nhusau: Cdng din nude Cdng hda nhin din Trung • Quy djnh 'Phit triln gilo dye la qudc sleh Qudc ed quyin v l nghia vy dupe giao due hing dau'trong Dilu 35 can can nhic nen bd di Nhl nude thdc diy su phit triln toin diln hay glQ lai Lf bd di la vl quy djnh niy din v l dao dUc, trf tu$ v l t h i chit cua t r i em va van mang tfnh khau hidu, khdng dupc thuc hiln nifin Tuy nhiln, day lai II mdt quy djnh da an siu (Xem tiep trang 23} Sti7l-THANG4/ZI1Z«3 NGHIlN COU GIAO DUC TRONG HIEN PHAP 1992!••• nhSn thfle xa hdi ndi chung, n g i n h g i l o dye ndi rilng Trong Cflong linh x i y dflng tfit nUdc thdi kl q u i tfd \in CNXH (bd sung, p h i t t r i l n n i m 2011), van k h i n g tfjnh " P h i t t r i l n giao due va dao tao eflng vdi p h i t t r i l n khoa hpc v l cdng ngh& la qudc sleh h i n g dSu" Vi vSy, khdng de gi bd di quy tfinh n i y Tuy n h i l n , n l u gifl lai, d n sfla tfdi nhfl sau:"Nhl nude i D l o t f l m p h i t t r i l n g i l o d u e v i tflo tao cung vdi p h i t t r i l n khoa hpc v l edng ngh& la qudc sleh h i n g tflu" • CIc quy tfjnh k h i e v l sfl m&nh v l muc tieu cfla g i l o due O i l u 35 n i n bd tfl, d i n h cho L u i t G i l o due • CIc ndi dung O i l u 36 n^n lupc bdt tfe ehl t i p trung v i o t r i e h n h i l m eCia N h l nudc q u i n II v l p h i t t r i l n h i thdng g i l o due qudc d i n • O i l u 43 l i l n quan tfln hpp t i e qudc te v l g i l o due khdng n i n cd H i l n p h i p • O i l u 65 v l 66 n i n xem x l t gpp v i o O i l u 59 l i l n quan din q u y i n v l nghia vu hoc t i p cfla cdng din 4.3 N h u t h i , phdi hpp d c tfl x u i t sfla tfdi, bd sung n l u t r l n , tfdng thdi d n c f l v i o Cflong linh x i y dpng d i t nfldc thdi kl q u i tfd l i n CNXH (bd sung, p h i t t r i l n n i m 2011), d c quy tfinh v l g i l o dpe H i l n p h i p sfla ddl s i chl edn tap trung v i o tfilu, mdt tfilu Chflong nhflng quy tfjnh chung, m^t tfilu Chuong nhflng q u y i n v l nghia vu co b i n cfla d n h i n v i edng d i n Cu t h i nhfl sau: Trong Chuong nh(jmg quy tfjnh chung, cd O i l u n h u sau: Nhd nude bdo ddm phdt triin gido due vd ddo tgo cdng phdt triin khoa hoc vd cdng nghi Id qudc sdch hdng ddu TAILI$UTHAMKHAO Thii Duy TuyIn (ehu biln), Nghiin edu ngudi Viit Nam kinh ti thi trudng: Cdc quan diim vd phuang phdp tUp edn, De t i i KXO&IO, H I Ndi, 1995 Vd Quang Phue, MuSn tri huthdnh edng ddn trff, NXB G l l o d p e 1991 Xd hda hod gido duc, NXB Oai hpe Qudc gia, (Tiep theo trang 3i Trong Chuong nhflng q u y i n v l nghia vu co b i n cua d n h i n v l edng d i n , cd O i l u v l g i l o due vdi nhflng k h o i n nhflsau; / Hpc tap Id quyin vd nghia vu eua cdng ddn Gido due tieu hpc Id bdt bude vd miin phi Cha me hodc ngudi gidm hd co trdch nhiim bdo ddm di minh hodn thdnh gido due tieu hgc Nhd nUde phdt triin hi thong gido due gom gido due mdm non, gido due thong, gido due nghi nghiip, gido due dgi hgc theo dinh hudng xdy dung xd hdi hgc tdp, tgo ca hdi vd diiu kiin cho mgi cdng ddn duac hgc tdp suot ddi; thuc hiin ph6 cdp gido due mdm non cho tri em tudi vd phd cdp gido due trung hgc ca sd; phdt triin cdc logi hinh trudng cong ldp trudng ddn ldp, trudng tU thuc vd cdc phuong thdc gido due khdc; gdn phdt triin gido due vdi nhu cdu phdt triin kinh ti-xd hgi; bdo ddm cdn doi vi ca edu trinh dd, ea edu ngdnh nghi ca cdu vung miin; kit hgp gida ddo tgo vd sCrdung Nhd nudc vd xd hdi tgo diiu kiin hoc tdp di hgc sinh ndng khieu dugc phdt triin tdi ndng; tri em khuyit tdt tri em cd hodn cdnh dgc biit khd khdn khdc duac hgc vdn hda vd hpe nghi phu hap Nhd nude bdo ddm quyin tU hgc thudt gidng dgy dgi hgc vd nghiin cUu khoa hpc SUMMARY Based on contents on education set forth in Vietnam Constitution' of 1992, and consulting educational contents prescribed in constitutions of selected countries, the author proposes key amendments and supplements for Vietnam Constitution in both structure and content of relevance to education iiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiMiiiiiniii NhOng d i e tfilm t i m If Ifla tudi cung vdi nhflng b i l u h i l n t i m If cfla hpc sinh y l u k i m tfao tfflc (tuy r i t k h l i q u i t so bd) nhflng I I c l n cfl If luan quan tfl t d chflt ele hoat tfdng g l l o d u e Q iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiriiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii H I Ndi, 2011 Nguyen V i n L^, Nguyin Sinh Huy, G(do due hgcdgicuang, NXB Gilo due 2000 Trln Trpng T>iu9, Nguyin Quang U l n , Tdmll hoc dgi euang, NXB G i l o d u e 1998 Nguyen Sinh Huy, G/dodue/p/,Tii li§u g i l n g day eao hpc, 1996 SUMMARY The author presents key psychological characteristics ofhigh-schoolstudents and stperiences of implementing law education in general education sector Sti79-THiiN64/201Z*23 ... NGHIlN COU GIAO DUC TRONG HIEN PHAP 1992! ••• nhSn thfle xa hdi ndi chung, n g i n h g i l o dye ndi rilng Trong Cflong linh x i y dflng tfit nUdc thdi kl q u i tfd \in CNXH (bd sung, p h i t t r... CO t h i m co sd d l xuSt vi&c sCra ddi, bd sung c i c quy djnh v l g i i o dye H i l n p h i p 1992, dudi d i y se dua e i i nhin tdng quan v l ndi dung g i i o dye H i l n p h i p mdt s6 nude... g d m d i l u gdc v l 27 d i l u bd sung, nhUng eOng khdng cd quy djnh n I o v l g i i o dye H i l n p h i p OUc I I H i l n p h i p 1949, da ed sUa ddl, bd sung quan v i o n i m 1990 thdng nhat