NANG LUC VA NANG IUC NGHE NGHIEP O PGS TS TRAN KHANH O l / C 1 Xd hdl hidn dpi vd sp chuyin bidn v l chdt lupng nhdn Ipc Trong xd hdl hidn dpi • xo h^l thdng Hn, hi riiOc vdi «thl gidri phdng'''' hidn na[.]
NANG LUC VA NANG IUC NGHE NGHIEP O Xd hdl hidn dpi vd sp chuyin bidn v l chdt lupng nhdn Ipc Trong xd hdl hidn dpi • xo h^l thdng Hn, hi riiOc vdi « t h l gidri phdng' hidn nay, Thomas L Friedman cd edng thdc sou: CQ + PQ > IQ, h-ong d6, chl sd hilu hpc C Q (Curiosity quoHent) edng vdi chl sd dam md PQ (passion quoHent) cd gid trj quoi h-png hon chl sd thdng minn IQ (Intdligent uoKent) Khd ndng thfch ung, phdt H-lln khdng it dpo trdn chl sd IQ md quon trpng hon Id cdc chl sd M tud cdm xuc, cdm thuc (EQJ Chfnh cdc y l u td ndy h ^ ro khd ndng, NL sdng tpo d$c bidt cdo cdc cd nhdn hong h>ng trnh vpc nhdt djnh, cd vol trd quan trpng qud h'lnh rdn Iuydn, phdt h i l n , ndng coo cdc NL cd nhdn, h ^ (hit lugng mdi cOa nhdn li/c difc bl$t Id d$l ngO nhdn li/c c6 trinh d^ caa b^c dgi hgc Hopt ddng gido dpe vd ddo tgo cdn chd y cd hai m$t ndy (It h-f vd xOe cdm) tht mdi tpo ro chdt lupng ngudn nh&i Ipc thpc sp kl nguydn mdi - kl nguydn kinh t l h l thdc, kl nguydn sdng tgo Trong kl nguydn sdng too, khdng chl ed dan thudn h-l thdc md cdn cdn phdi cd cdm ihOc mdi mong lpl cdc gid hi gla IQng cCa sue ho d^g mdi cd nhdn - co sd d l hinh thdnh chdt lupng coo cdo ddl ngO nhdn Ipc loo d$ng trf hid d hinh dd coo, d$c bidt d bdc ddo tpo dpi hpe N l u nhu h-ong xd h$l hvydn thdng vdi nin vfin mlnh ndng nghidp Ipc hdu, sdn xudt theo kinh nghidm, nhdn td thi it/c, sOc khdecd vol hd quylt djnh hong < M t lupng ddl ngO nhdn Ipc kio ddng gidn don tht song xd h^l cdng nghidp, xa hdi ttidng Hn edng vdi t h i Ipc Id y l u td hf It/c, NL chuydn mdn, nghd nghidp cd vj hi hdng ddu hong c h a lupng nhdn Ipc qua ddo tpo KN mdm (hi duv, sdng tpo, gloo Kip, phdn dodn, thfch ung, Ilnh hopt) h d thdnh nhung KN edt Idl hd thdhg NL nghi nghidp cda ddl ngO nhdn Ipc hong thdgldl hidn dpi a Khdi nidm NL vd cdc edu phdn cda NL Cd rdt nhidu quan nidm, djnh nghlo vd NL, d ddv, chdng tdi hidi ddn mdt vdi quon nidm Hdu bidu: nfingTpc Id «1) Khd n & ^ , dilu kidn chd quon TtP Chl 6H0 due s6 (to i - 4/aoia) PGS TS TRAN KHANH O l / C \K3dc h/ nhidn sdn cd d l thpc hidn m ^ hopt dpng ndo dd; 2) Phdm chdt tdm li vd sinh li tpo eho eon ngudi khd ndng hodn thdnh m^t hopt d^ng ndo dd vol chdt lupng coo" (1); «NL Id d$c dilm cdo cd nhdn thi hidn mdc dd thdng thpo • h>c Id cd t h i thpc hidn m$t cdch thudn thyc vd d\6c chdn - mdt hay mdt sd dpng hopt ddng ndo dd N L g d n l i ^ vdi nhdng phdm chdt v l hrf nhd, Knh nhpy cdm, hi h>d- Tinh cdch cdo cd nhdn" (2) Tdm k;il, NL co M dugc xem nhu Id khd ndng Hip nhin va v^n di/ng ling hpp, cd hiiu qud mgi Him ndng cua ngudt (hi lhOc,KN, thdi d^, thi h/c, nlim Hn } di mi/c hl$n cd chit lugng cdng v ^ hodc xjllvdl m^ Hnh huihg, trgng mdi ndo dd hong cuic sing vd laa d^g nghi nghl^ Cd nhilu cdch phdn lopl NL khde nhou, dd ed cdc cdch phdn lopl chu y l u sou: 1) NL chung (General Competency): Ld nhdng NL oo bdn, thilt y l u hodc edt l$l Idm nin h^ng dim mpi hopt ddng cdo ngudi h-ong cudc sdng vd kx> ddng n ^ l nghidp nhu NL nhdn thdc, NL h-i h)d, NL v l ngdn ngO vd Knh todn; NL gloo Kip, NL vdn ddng Cdc NL ndy dupe hinh thdnh vd phdt h-iln dpo Hdn bdn ndng di truydn cdo ngudi, ciud trinh gido dye vd trdi nghidm h-ong cudc s&ig 2) NL chuyiSn bl$t Ld nhung NL ridng dupc hinh thdnh vd phdt h-lln h-dn co sd cdc NL ehung theo ^ n h hudng chuydn sdu, ridng bidt h'ong cdc k>pi htnh hopt ddng, cdng vide hodc Hnh hudng, mdi hvdng dijc thd Vf dy nhu NL nhdn dpng nhanh duw: hinh thdnh hdn co sd cdc NL ehung vi thi gidc, phdn dodn, so sdnh vd cdc phdm chdt, ndng Ichllu chuydn bidt NL cOng ed t h i dupe phdn lopi thdnh cdc NL thdnh phdn nhu NL xd h$1, NL cd nhdn, NL v l phuong phdp vd NL nghi nghidp hodc qud trinh kx) ddng nghi nghidp ed t h i phdn cdc k>pl NL v l y mdng - thidt kd, thi cdng - vdn hdnh; gidm sdt vd ddnh gid NL dupe hinh thdnh vd phdt triln trdn co sd * t M « l i i bfc siao dfc • I f i bfc t i k ^ U mi t6° hap cac kl^n thuc, KN vd thai dp Glenn M , Mary Jo Blahno ( 0 ) , cho r&ng b6l cdnh thdi dq\ mot, xu th^ phdt tri^n gido di^c va cupc cdch mong khoa hpc - cdng nghf id tdc ddng va ldm b i i n d6\ nhanh chdng, sdu sdc den tdt cd cdc Ifnh vuc Clio xd hdi, dd cd gido dgc vd v i ^ Idm Sif bli'n doi dd dupc th^ hl#n trudc h#t d quan ni^m mdi v4 hinh mau nhdn cdch ngudi loo ddng xd hdi cdng nghiSp vdn mlnh h i ^ dpi M d hinh nhdn cdch cOo n g i ^ lao d$ng dupc xdy di/ng di/a trgn NL (Human Resources G)mpetency), bao g6m thdnh td' cd'u tnic CO bdn: 11 Klin tht>c (Knowledge): cd kll(n thi}c nin tdng co bdn M hpc t$p vd tl^p thu cdng ngh$, kilfn thi>c chuvdn mdn n g h i nghi&p d muc dd tinh thdng, [dm vi$c cd Vi hopch, am hi j u phdp ludt, ti6p thu nhanh, kilfn ; | KN (Skills): bao gdm mdt sS thi»c xd hd KN CO bdn: dpe, vilt, Knh todn, ndi, nghe; KN nghd nghilp: thi/c hi|n thdnh thpo cdng vi$c, cd khd ndng xu li cdc tinh hu^ng hopt ddng n g h i nghilp, cd NL thich ung vdi si/ thay d^l theo y l u cdu sdn xud't/d|ch vv; co KN qudn If ihdl gian, v l h i | u qud cua nhdm; K N phdt triln: xdc djnh mgc tflu, KN hopch dinh si/ nghilp, tv hodn lhf|n vd phdttrfin bdn thdn ; 3) Widm chdl/Thdl df (Traits): cd sue khde teil, c6 tdc phong cdng nghf|p (khdn truong, dung gtd gidc ), cd y Inuc kl ludt lao ddng cao, cd n i l m say m l n g h i nghf|p, ti/ tf n, tfnh Iflm chfnh vd trung thi/c, chiu trdch nhi|m cd nhdn, tdn trpng cdc y kiln cua ngudi khdc, cd tfnh thdn y l u nudc, y l u ddn tdc, s^ng cd trdch nhflm vdi cdng ddng vd xd hdf, Cdc cc vd K N , thdt d « B S Bkxxn (1948) dd d l xudt mpt h i thing phdn bpl cdc myc tilu cOa qud trinh gido dgc nhu sou: - Uhh vyc nh^n lhi}c (cognitive domain); thi hl|n d khd ndng suy nghT, l^p kl^n N d bao g i m vl|c thu t h ^ cdc SV kf|n, gidl thfch, ldp lu$n theo kliu diin djch vd quy npp vd sv ddnh gid cd p h i phdn; - ITnh vvc M m w^n d l ^ (psychomator domain): lien quon d i n nhung KN, ddl hdi SV kheo Ite v l chdn t b ^ tu don gidn din phuc tpp; - iTfi/i vvc cdm xiic (oflecttve domoin): IHn quon d i n nhOng ddp ung v l m^t thdi d$, Hnh cdm, boo hdm cd nhiing mdi quon h$ nhu y i u g h ^ , ihdl d$ nhl|l flnh thd a, cfing nhu sv cam k * vdi mdt nguyin l6c vd sv H ^ thu cdc If tudng, cdc gid tri Cdc iTnh vvc nlu trln khdng hodn todn Idch bf$t ha$c kxjf ln> lan nhou Phdn • ldn v l ^ phdt triln tdm If vd qud trinh nh$n thuc, qud trtnh hpc t ^ d i u bao hjan cd ilhh vi/c ndi trln dd hnh ti/c nhdn ffiiic dupc chia thdnh cdc muc d$ hdnh vl tu d n i gidn nhdt d i n phuc tpp nhdt vdi cdc muc CO bdn sou:- Nf)d'(Knowledge); ' Hieu (Compre-henNon): - Ap d^ng (Application): - rtifin Hch (Analysis): - TSng /ipp (Synthesis): - Ddnh gid (Evoluolian) Ngodi cdch phdn k>pi cua B.S Bkxxn Aipc dp dvng khd phd b l ^ Irong thvc liin thilt k l chuong trtnh vd gidng dpy cdn cd mdt sd tdc old khdc nhu: Phdn kapl mpe HIu gidng dpycOo Miner, Williams vd Hokidya (1978) cd cdc bdc nhfn thuc sou: ^) Ndi hi hodc ldm Igi (RelleraHon); 2) TSng kit hoi)c ldm iSl (SummoHon); 3) Urn rd ^ /lodc mlnh hqa (Illustration); 4) Dif dodn (Predidlon); 5) Ddnh gid(EvakxiHon); 6)Ap phdn Kch h-d ldn thudng dupc ddl hdl d trinh dp 1} LTnh v p c nhdn thdc (The cognitive ddo h3o coo (h/ bdc coo) domoin), h^c gid chlo ro d muc dd (tu don gidn Ve Irnh vpc hdnh vi, thdi d§ htnh thdnh m$t d i n phue h?p): bilt, hilu, ung dyng, phdn tich, nhdn edeh qud h'lnh gido dye edng dupc tdng hpp, ddnh gid, chuyin giao, sdng tpo; hjy ddnh gid thdng qua cdc hopt ddng cda ngudi nhidn, nhdng nghidn cdu gdn ddy dd duo ro hpc d trudng, kSp cung nhu cdc cupc sinh cdp dd: 1) Biit (Knowledge): Ghi nhd cdc sp hopt tpp the vd d cdc phdng thi nghidm, d cdc kidn, thudt ngd, nguydn ll dudi hinh thdc md eo sd thpe tdp Vide xdc dinh myc tidu, h/ chpn sinh vidn dd dupc hpc; 2) Hl^ (Comprehension): n$i dung vd mdc dd ddnh gid eijng ed t h i phdn Hilu cdc Kr lidu dd dupc hpc, ngi^l hpc phdi lopl theo cdc mdc dd v l nhdn cdch, thdi do: cd khd ndng d i l n gidl, md td tdm tdt thdng Kn 1} Chdp nhdn: Y thdc dupc thorn gla mdt edeh thu thdp dupc; 3) Ung di/ng (Application}: ung thy ddng vdo m^t sd sp kidn vd tdc nhdn kich dyng dupe cdc thdng tin, kiln thue vdo tinh thieh nhu chdm chu nghe gidng, Idng nghe ngudi hudng khdc vdi tinh hud'ng dd hpc; 4} Phdn Hch khde phdt b i l u h'ong cdc cudc thdo ludn nhdm; (Analysis): Bilt h^ch h> tdng t h i thdnh bd phdn 2) Ddp ung: Tudn thd theo hoy phdn ung vdi vd bilt rd sp lidn hd giua cdc thdnh phdn dd vdi mdt thdi dp dd cd t h i thdy trudc ddl vdi cdc sp nhou edng vdi edu true eua ehung; 5) Ting hgp kidn hoy tdc nhdn kieh thich nhu thi hidn sy quan (S^thesls): Bilt kit hpp ede bd phdn thdnh m^t tdm chd y, sSn sdng trao ddl jr kiln cd Hnh tdng t h i mdi h> tdng t h i ban ddu; 6} Ddnh gid hud'ng phd hop; 3) Ddnh gid: T h i hidn mot thdi (EvaluoKon): Bilt so sdnh, phd phdn, chpn Ipe, dd on (^nh vdi mpt nilm Hn khdng thoy ddl ciuylt djnh vd ddnh gid trdn co sd tidu ehi xdc cdc finh hud'ng md ngudi dd khdng bi budc fA\a\ d{nh; 7} Chuyin giao: Cd Idid ndng d i l n gidl, thpc hidn hoy hjdn theo nhu h/ gidc hjdn thd ndi thuyit phyc vd h u y I n thy cdc kiln thuc dd Hip quy phdng thi nghidm khdng ed cdn thu dupc eho dd'i tupng khd; 8) Sdng tgo: Sdng b^ qudn li phdng rfii nghidm; 4) Y thue tichuc tgo ro nhdng gid h-j mdi trdn co sd ede Idin thdc Com kit vdi mpt lopl gid trj Hnh thdn, t h i hidn da Hip thu dupc bdng mdt thdi dp kien djnh; 5) Bleu thj tinh cdch: 2} NL tu duy: cd t h i chia thdnh cdp d$ khde Todn bd cdch cu xd dn djnh vdi cdc gid trj dd nhou: 1) Tu cp thi: Cht cd t h i suv ludn hdn ht^thdnhndital cd sd nhdng thdng Hn cy thi ndy d i n thdng Hn ey Hd thdng NL n g h i nghidp t h i khdc; 2) Tu logic Suy ludn theo mpt ehudl T h i gidi nghi nghidp rdt phong phu vd da d^ (myc tiSu lidn quon d i n sd thich, thdi dd vd gid h-!) vd tdm v^n (myc tidu lidn quan d i n KN thpc hdnh) Myc Hdu lidn quan d i n KN thpc hdnh (LTnh vpc tdm vdn - The psychomotor domain), duoc tdc gid d l cop d i n mdc dd (td dem gidn dd'n phuc top): 1) Sp bdt chudc (Imitation): Soo chdp mdt hdnh dpng dd dupc quan sdt, song thudng thid'u sp phd'i hpp thdn kinh; 2) Sp ^ao tac (Manipulation): Su chdp mdt hdnh ddng dupe quan sdt thudng sou ro ldnh, t h i hidn m$t sd' sp phd'i hpp thdn kinh; 3) Sp chfnh xdc hda (Precision): Thpc hidn bdng hdnh ddng co bdp vdi d$ chinh xdc coo; 4) Sp phil hgp (Articulation): Thpc hidn todn didn vdi hdnh ddng eo bdp cd lidn quon vd phd'i hpp d i n hdng loot cdc hdnh ddng khde; 5} Sp tl/ nhlSn hda (Naturalisation): Sp thudng xuydn eda cdc hdnh ddng co bdp Idm cho chung h-d ndn phdt, nhidn vd (cudi cung) Id sp phdn hdl cd y thuc Tap cfti Blio due s6 (h i • 4/>oii> dpng vdi nhieu logi hinh lao ddng vd cd'p dp chuyen mon khde Tuy nhien, cd the djnh hinh hd thdng NL theo cdc NL chung vd cdc NL chuydn biet hodc theo he thdng cdc NL cd't loi Theo quan diem ddo Iqo, ddc bidt Id ddo tpo nghe nghiep d trinh dp coo ddng/dgi hpc hudng toi ddp ung nhu cdu xd hpl, vide djnh hudng ddo tgo hinh thdnh cdc NL then chdt (keycompetence) cd y nghlo quon trpng Cdc nhd ddo too vd su dyng too dpng cuo Australia dd duo NL then didt sau: 1} NL thu thdp, phdn Hch vd td chde thdng Hn; 2) NL huyen bd tu hrong vd thdng Hn; 3) N L k l hopch hod vd td chde cdc hoot dpng; 4) NL Idm vide vdi ngudi Wide vd ddng d§l; 5) NL su dyng nhung^ hrdng vd kl thupt todn hpe; d) NL gidl quyet vdn d l ; 7) NL sd dyng cdng nghdTheo md htnh ddo tgo cda Vidn Cdng n ^ d Massachusetts (MIT), vide phdt h-iln ehuong h'lnh cdc ngdnh kl thudt theo cdch Hep cdn CIDO (V hwing - Thilt k l - Triln khai - Vdn hdnh) dyo h-dn hjvdn bd ddu (Learning Outcomes): Sinh vidn tot nghiep cdn cd nhung kiln thdc, KN, phdm chdt - thdi dp ndo vd trdn co sd dd hinh thdnh nhihig NL (khd ndng} hdnh nghi ddp dng nhu cdu hoy mong dpi cua cdc lidn ddl (stokeholdes) Cdc kiln thdc vd KN ndn tdng boo gdm: 1) Tu vd kiin thuc (dng nghf (Teainleal Knowledge and Reasoning); 2} K N chuyin mdn nghi nghl$p vd cdc phim chit cd nhdn (Personal a n d Professional Skills); 3) Cdc KN liin nhdn cdch: Idm vide nhdm, gloo Hip (Interpersonal Skills: Teamwork and CommunicaHon T r ^ Khinh Diic Giao due vk phdt tri^n ngudn nhftn Iuc thf ki XXI NXB Gido due Viit Nam, H 2010 Rudolf TippeU Comptenc) based Training Ludwig Maximilian University, Antonio Amor6s M.A., International Cooperation Office (BIZ), 2003 Edward F Crawley (Hd Tin Nhijt v i Doin Thj Minh Trinh djch) Cai cich vi xfly dpng chuwng trinh d&o tao k.i thuat theo cUcb tidp c^a CIDO NXB Dpi hpc qudc gia TP HS Chi Minh 2010 Thomans L Friedman Thf gidi p h ^ NXB Tri, H 2005 Glenn M., Mary Jo Blahna A competency • based model for devdoping human reource professloDals 2005 SUMMARY This allele presents sorrw ttung (^Dout competence and proffes^ond competences A rrtain contents area rriodem society aryd a changing of quality of a menpower competence and an elemeryts of competence; a professKXTOl competences system Phiitmg phap day hoc (Tiip theo hong 30) d l DT dupe nhieu nhd hud'n Iuydn kl thudt vd ngudn nhdn Ipc gidl hon.D Tdi li^u tham khdo Nguy&n Thi^y Ai Phnvng phdp d^y hpc kl thu&t (Gido trinh) Trudng Dpi hpc suphpm ki Ihudt TP H6 CM Minh 1974 Nguyen Van Binh - TrAn Sinh Th^nh - Nguyin van KhOi Phmmg plidp day liQC Ki thudt cOng nghi&p Nghidn edu NL vd NL nghe nghiep Id mot NXB G i d o d K H 1999 vd'n dd mdi vd Id ddl hdi khdch quon, cd'p bdch Nguyfin Van TuSn Phuong phdp d(ry hpc chuySn qud h'lnh ddl m6\, ndng coo ehd't lupng ngdnh ca chS tpo (Bai g i ^ g - Luu hanh nOi bO) gido dye vd ddo tpo Do cdn cd nhilu gdc nhtn Tn/dng Dpi hpc suphpm ki thudt TP H6 Chi Minh,! 999 vd quon nidm khdc nhou ve NL vd NL nghe nghidp Nguygn Trpng Thing - VO Thj Xuan - Lini Diic nen cdn ed nhung nghien cdu sdu sdc vd todn Tuy6n HiuDiig phdp d^y hpc chuy£n ngdnh Difn didn v l vd'n de h%n de ung dyng phu hpp vdi ede I ^ B Dpi hpc qud'c gia TP Hd Chf Minh yeu cdu phdt triln cdc mohlnh ado h30 ndi chung Inwent Phuvng phdp day lipc chuyfin ngdnh (Tai l i ^ t}di duOng giao vien) cua Tdng cpc d^y ngh£; 2008, vd edng Idc tuyen sinh ndi rieng D SUMMARY (1) Hoiing Phe Tdr difn Tifng Vi$t NXB Dd N3ng, 2000 (2) Tikdl^n biScb khoa ViftNam, t?ip NXB TUdiin bdch khoa, H 2000 TftI lifu tham khdo Chinh phu Nghj Quytft 14/CP vd d6i m6i cSn bin va to^n di$n giSo dye d^i hpc Vi$t Nam giai do^n 2006-2020 Teaching mettv^ds are the ways to create production capacity for irvitMduc^, contributing to the econcmy by trak^ng the teachers Technteal teaching method is on appBcatkjn In technicc^ fields such asmechanks, eiectrk:ity electronk:s and informatton tectvx^ogy The arttole introOuces ttte txjsk: cofh tentoftechntoaltecKhingn}ethoaswtvchwasprocrtces at University of Technical Eaucatton In HCh^ and many other universities Tap ctiifilaodue s6 QU i 4/aoia>