NANG Lire VA VAN DE PHAN LOAI NANG LlTC TRONG CAC niGHIElU CUU M E N NAY TS BUI MINH O U C I Khanlem nang Il/c (NL) 1) Nhung djnh ngha khic nhau ve''''NL NL (competence) eo nguon goe tieng La tinh la "co[.]
NANG Lire VA VAN DE PHAN LOAI NANG LlTC TRONG CAC niGHIElU CUU M E N NAY TS BUI M I N H O U C I.Khanlem nang Il/c (NL) 1) Nhung djnh ngha khic ve'NL NL (competence) eo nguon goe tieng La tinh la "competentia", CO nghTa lagapfirtxTrong tieng Anh, ti> NLdiiOdsu'dungvdi nhieu nghla cuthegan vcfi eae Ifnh vuc khae nhau, nhong tinh huong va ngQeanh lieng Co le vi the ma ngi/dl Anh va mpt so nuac SL/ dung tieng Anh conhieu thuat ngii khac dedlln d^t nhiing ngidung Hen quan tn/e tiep hoae gian tiep d§'n van de NL, nhu: Competence Ability, Capability, ElSciency, Capacity Potentiality, Aptitude Juy nhien, thuat ngu dugc su dung blen nhat v l n la Compete/7ce{hoac Competency nang dap ung cae yeu eau phuc tap dua tren v i ^ huy dpng eae nguon li/e tam li (bao gom ea kTnang va thai dp) mpt hoan eanh cu the Vi du, kha nang giao tiep hieu qua la mpt NL dua tren kien thilc cua mdlea nhan vengon ngQ, kTnang thue hanh va thai dp hucffig tcrinhLJng ngudi ma ta dang giao liep" (5) Nhuvay, xetve thuat ngu, NL cdnhieu diem gan gui vdl cactLTcung trudng nghTa.Tuy nhien, ehpn tilNL hay Competence cho cac nghien cuu thupc eac linh vue tam li hpc, giao due hpc, eac nha khoa hpc hin da ed ehu y rieng Tat nhien, day mdi chl la van de thuat ngii, disau han vao van deNL eon nhieu noi dung can p h a l l i ^ tuc tim hieu 2)Cac quan diem nghien cuu vingoiinudc Cung giong nhutieng Anh, tieng Viet, tir NL rat gan nghla vcii mptso tu khae nhu tiem nang, kha ve khai niem NL Ttibinhdien Triethgc,Ul''\\\eu theo nghTa rpng la ning, kinang, tainang themi chi co net nghTa gan vdi ning khieu (xem Tiidien Tieng Viet) (1) Cung nhiing dae tinhtamli eua ca thedieu tiet hanh vi eua ca theva la dllu kien song eua eathe Hieu theo nghTa dae theo sach nay, NL la: 1} Khanang, dieu kien chu quan ho3c tunhien san co de thi/c hien mpt hoat dpng nao biet, NL la toan bdnhiing dae tinh tam lieua ngudi do; 2) Pham ehat tam II va sinh li tao eho eon ngucri kha khien eho nd thieh hap vdl mot hinh thiic hoat dpng n3ng hoan mpt loai hoat dpng nao vcri ehat nghe nghi§p nhat dinh da hinh ljch su" \uqng cao".Tuy nhien, tae gia Vu Xuan Thai (2) lai cho Cung theo quan diem nay, "NL eua eon ngudi la san rling NL la mot ti) H an-Viet, "nang la lam noi pham eua suphattrien xa hpr, nd"khdng nhihig vl^;/yt:lasue manh; NL la sue manh lam noi viec nao hoat dpng cua bp nao quyet dinh ma trude het la d6".TLrnhQngdllngtaitren,e6thethay,NLbaog6mea trinh phattrien Ijeh suma Ioal ngudi da dat dupe kha nang san co va ducfe dao tao de thi/e hien cong Theo ynghTa ddthi NLcua ngucS khong thetach rcii vi?cmptcach hieu quaaehatlupng cao Khac vdi fi^ vdl to ehiic lao ddng xa hdl va vdl he thd'ng giao dye nanff, NLehuyeu hien hien thi/c ehii'khong d thieh dng vdl to chuc do" (6) rt/'fi/lDftdffin Tam ^/jpc,NL1alap hpp cac tinh chat dangtiem tang Khac vdl/r/?ana/J5rn6l ehung, NL la "mOtmucdpnhatdinh cua khanang ngudi,bieu thi haypham ehat eua tam licanhan, ddng vai tro la dieu d v i ^ hoan &ianh ed ket qua mpt hoat dpng nao do" (3) kien ben trong, tao thuan loi cho viec thi/e hi&n tot mpt NL cung khong giong vol ti/nan^vi/la/nang'la "mile dp dang hoatdpng nhat djnh"(7)-So'a "to (lOp cac thupc NLcaohcm,bteiJthisuhoan mptcach sang tao tinh dpc dao eua ca nhan phu hpfp vdl nhiing yeu cau mpt hoat dpng nao dd" (4), va cang khac vdi nanp/fft/eiy eua hoat dong nhatdinh,dam bao eho hoat d6ng ddcd • kha nSng san cded tinh bam sinh Gdn so vo^ kTnang ketquatof.NLIthong phal lampt thupc tinh tam li xuat NL lai cd pham vi nghTa rpng hem Ve dieu nay, D.S sac nao dd ma la to hc^ cac thude tinh tam li cua ca Rychen vaL.H Salganik cho r^ng: "NL khdng chi la nhan" (8) kien thucva kTnang, nd nhieu han the, NL bao gom kha * Trwtgfiaihoc sir pban Ha N6i 28 Tap chi Gide due so 306 '(ki2-3/2013) Tubinh di$n Giao due hge, N L la "kha nang duae hinh vaphattrien cho phep ngudi dat duae cdng mpt hoat dpng the lue, tri li/c hoae nghenghiep NLdugcthehipn dkha nang thihanh mpt hoat dpng, thuc thi mpt nhiem vu" (9) Trong Li luan day hgc hi$ndai,HLdMcquan niem la "diem hpi tucua nhieu yeu to nhutri thde, kTnang, kT xao, kinh nghigm, s u s ^ sang hanh dong vatrach nhem daodijc"(10) Tmng khoa hgc vexay dung vaphattri&i Chuang fr/V?/) g^'o tfi/c, "NL cd the djnh nghia nhu la mpt kha nang hanh dpng hieu qua bang sued'g5ng dua tren nhieu nguon luc Nhirng kha nang duae sirdung mptcaeh phu hop,baogom tat eanhunggihpc duoe tu nhatruc«igcLJngnhunhung kinh nghiem;nhung kTnang, thai ddva suhiing thu; ngoai cdn cd nhung nguon ben ngoa " {CTGD Quebeccua Canada) (11 ).Bd ta "mpt kha nang hanh dpng hieu qua hoae la su phan ling thieh dang eac tinh hud'ng phu'e tap nao dd" (CTGD cua New Zealand) (12); "la nhiing kien thdc (knovifledge), kTnang (skills) vacae giatrj (values) dupc phan anh thdi quen suy nghTva hanh dpng cua mdl ca nhSn Thdiquen tuduy va hanh ddng kien tri, ri§n tye cdthegiup motngudi trdnen cdNUvdiynghTa lam mptvi^cgiddtreneasdcdklenfliOc,kTnang vacae gia tri ccf ban" (CT giao dye cua Indonesia) (13) Du each trinh bay quan mem ve NL khae ddng tdcae gdc dp tiep can van de khdng giong nhung cdthe thay nhijng diem ehung cae djnh nghTa tren, dd la: NL la kha nang thue hien (performance), lam viee dua tren hieu biet chae chSn, kT nang thuan thue va thai dpphu hop NL la nhdng kien thuc (knowledge), kTnang (skills) vaeae giatri (values) duae phan anh thdi quen suy nghTva hanh dpng cuamoi canhan 2.Phank}aiNL Phan loai NL la mpt van de kha phdc tap Tuy theo quan diem tiep can mangudita ehe NLthanh cac dang thuc khac va theo dd cung xuat hien nhieu kieu NL khac Tuy nhien, bien nha't v l n la each phan Ioal N L NL chungva NL neng(c6n gpi la NL ehuyen biet) Tim hieu CT giao dye dnhieu nude tren the gidi ta thay hau het cae nha giao dye deu lUa ehpn each phan Ioal Cy the: - NL Chung (general com petence); la NL co ban, thiet yeu de eon ngudi ed the song va lam viec binh thudng xa hpi, NL duoc hinh va phat trien nhieu mdn hpc Hen quan den nhieu mdn hpc, ddcd nai nd edn duoc gpi la NL xuyen chuang rf/n/?{Cross-currieular competencies) Ngay NL Chung cung lai dupc chia lam pham tnJ rpng, cdsu glaolhoavdinhau:'\)NL St/dung eac cong eu tuang Tu^S'nh vuc kinh tehgc, khai niem NL eung da duae tie hieu qua vdi moi trudng (use \oo\siorac\eraci\ng iS$ e|ip dudi cac gdc nhin eua eac chuyen gia Trong effectively with the environment) vi nhu NL sddyng H^nghichuyendevenhungNLcabancuaOECD^To chdc Hoptaeva Phattrien Kinh td'-Organlzation for cdng nghe thdng tin hay NL s d d y n g ngdn ngu; 2) EconpmicCooperation and Development), F.E.Wehert NL hoat dong tuang tac eac nhom phue hop cho r5ng"NLdupcthehien nhumpt hethwig khanang, (interact in heterogenous groups); 3) Wi./7oaWpng suthanh thap hoae nhiing kTnang thiet yeu, cotheglup mp/ca'c/;/i/'c/jJ(actautonomously) -/VZ.ni/?£r(speelficcompetence)laNLcy the, chuyen eon ngudi du dieu kien vuan tdi mpt m yc dich ey the^ Cung t^l diln dan nay, J.Coolahan quan niem: NL la biet, dupc hinh vaphat trien mpt finh vuc/mdn "nhQng khanSng caban dua tren e a s d tri thdc, kinh hpc nao dd, vi the, CT Quebec gpi la A/Z mdn/jpccuffje nghi?m,cac gia tri va thien hudng cua mpt ngucri (Subject-specific competencies) dephan bietvdi NL xuyen CT-NLchung duoc phat trien thdng qua thuc hanh G D" Cung Ifnh vuc giao due, tien hanh xay dung ru*ydcd'pxa/)p/7?p(;,Rycherquanniem:"NLIam vl^c la kha nSng dap dng eac yeu cau hoae tien hanh chuang trinh va danh gia chat luang dao tao dai hpc cdngm6t cdng viec NLnay bao gom ca khia eanh theo quan diem tie^ can ket qua dau ra, eac nha nghien nh|n thde vaphi nhan thuc" (14) Cdn theo Winch ya cdu va quan II giao due cung da de cap va tien hanh Foreman-Peck, "NL lam viec la mpt h6n hpp bao gom phan bai NL Theo hudng nay, Deborah Nusche (thupc tht/c eac h£tfih dpng, kiai thuc, gia tn va m yc dich thay d a ba OECD) da chia NL dau thanh: NL nhin thuc canh" McLagan cho ring "NL dupc hieu lampt tap hep (Cognitive outcomes) va NL phi nhin cac kien ttidc, thai dp, va kT nang hoae each ma tap hep (Non-cognitive outcomes) Trong dd: la ed't ldi va quan tn?ng cho v i ^ tao nhdng san -NL nhan thikhao gom nhiing kien thde lien quan p h ^ dau quan trpng" (15) den tdng ITnh vue nghe nghiep chuyen bietva nhiing kT Tap chi Gido due so 306 | 29 (ki 2-3/2013)- nang lap luan va giai quyet van de (Shavelson va Huang, 2003) Cung theo Nusche, hien dang ton tai nhieu he thong phan loai NL nhan thdc Cac he thong phan loai da so dua tren thang muc tieu giao due eua Bloom, neu mot khung cac ket qua eiia viec giao due, tu nhung kien thuc va hieu biet ve the gidi den nhung kT nang hpc thuat nhu ung d y n g , to'ng hop, phan tich, va danh gia - Trong khido, NL phi nhin thiirc la nhdng thay doi veniem tin hoSc suphat trien eae giatrj NL phi nhan thtic cdthedupc phattri^ thong qua viec hpc tap dtren Idp Cling nhunhung hoat dpng ngoai Idp hpe nha tiuwigtdchucdebosungehochuong trinh hpc Nhung hoat dpng ngoai khda hoae "dong khda" ("co-eunieula", tde nhdng hoatdong b§tbupc song song vdi viee len Idp nhung diln ben ngoai Idp hpc) nhuhudng dan, hpe nhdm tu van, quan he tare tiep gida giang vien va sinh vien, cau lac bp, hoat dpng the due the thao va nhdng hoat dpng khac cho thay nha tn/cftig coitrpng vipcphattrien nhiing NLphinhanthucdebd'sung cho v j ^ hpc tap tren k}p hpc Cung hudngtiepcan ket qua dau giao due, UNESCO daehiaNLdaurathanhSnhomNL: - NL nhin tht/c (cognitive competencies): Nhiing NL dong gdp vao myc tieu phat trien kien thde ea nhan, dong thdi cung la nhung yeu to'hd trogiup ta ap dyng cdng nhung kien thdc san cd - NL thii (attltudinaleompetencies):Q6 la eac hanh dpng, giatri va chuan muc nh^m chi hoae tao hieu suat eao, d a i g thcri eung eho tha'y eae loai kien thdc khac da dupc ngudi hpc phattrien mpt each hdu hieunhu thenao - NL nghenghiep (proiessionaieompeteneies): Kien thde chuyen biet (specialized knowledge) ve eae nguon thdng tin, kha nang tiep can, cong nghp, djch vy, quan li, cung kha nang danh gia cd phe phan mpt each hieu qua, chpn Ipc va sudung kien thdc de hoan nhung cdng viee eu theva dat den nhirng ketquamongmuon Macduquan diem t i ^ c a n van dekhae nhau,trong nhdng pham vi khdng gioig nhung nhin ehung cac each thdc phan bai neu tren deu chu trpng tdi cac NL nghe nghidp dae thu ma mdi ngudican cd de lao dpng tmng mdt ITnh vye nganh, nghe nao dd, ben canh nhOngNLehung maxa hpi doi hoidmoi canhan Viec phan taaiNLthanh NLchung va rieng khdng chl edca 30 Tap chi Gido due so 306 sd triet hpe, giao due hpc tam li hoc ma cdn phu hap vdl thuc tien cude song eua mpi ngudi B a y cung chlnh la mot nhdng e a s d khoa hpc cho cac nghien euu tiep theo ve NL n g h l nghiep eua giao vien hien va nhdng nSm tiep t h e o • (1) Ho^ng Phe (chu bien) Tir di^n Tigng Vifil NXB DdNdng, 1997 (2) Vii Xuan Thai Gtfc vi nghia tur Viet thfing dung NXB Vdn hda thdngtin,H 1999 (3) (4) (8) Nguyfin Quang USn - Nguyfin Van Lfly Dinh van Vang Giao trinh tam If hQC dai cuong, NXB Dai hgc suphgm Hd N^i, 2006 (5) Rychen - DS &Salgnik, L.H Definition and Selection of key competencies, OECD - Key Deseco Publication, pp (6) Nhifiu I4c gia Tudien Trifl hoc NXB TUn fc