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NGHIEN CUU&U>IG DUNG REN LUYiN KY NANG DliN VA T KIBN WlJfC Hi THONG QUA LAP Sd DO TRONG DA Y HOC SINH HOC LOfP 11 ThS Tran Sy LuSn Viin Khoa hpc Lao dpng vd Xd hpi 1 Thuc chat dien dat kien thuc he t[.]
NGHIEN CUU&U>IG DUNG REN LUYiN KY NANG DliN VA T KIBN WlJfC Hi THONG QUA LAP Sd DO TRONG DA Y HOC SINH HOC LOfP 11 ThS Tran Sy LuSn Viin Khoa hpc Lao dpng vd Xd hpi Thuc chat dien dat kien thuc he thong qua lap sff Theo L.Von Bertalanffi: "Hi thong Id mot tdng thi cdc phdn tit cd quan hi, tuang tde v&i "; theo tir dien Bach kh9a Viet Nam (2002): "Hi thong la mot tap hgp cdc yeu td, nhiing bpphdn cd moi quan hi qua lgi v&i nhau, tdc dpng Idn vd tgo thdnh mot chinh the nhdt dinh" Tir hai quan diem tren cho thay, dien dat dugc xem la cd he thdng, cac ND dugc HS trinh bay the hien dugc mdi quan he qua lai giiia cac ND va sap xep cac ND dd theo mot trinh try Idgic Dien dat dugc kien thiic he thdng la da dat dugc kien thiic d miic cao nhat theo chu de Bdi vi, de dien dat duge kiln thiic mdt each he thdng, HS phai: hieu dugc bm chit ciia tiing ND chii de, xac dinh dugc quan he ban chat giiia cac ND do, biet phan tich, triln khai de md rgng ndi ham khai niem (KN) hoac khai quat dl thu hep ngi ham KN theo chii de hge tap, biet sap dat cac KN bd phan vao nhung vi tri phil hgp he thdng Tire la HS phai thiet lap dugc sa dd nhan thiic theo logic van ddng ND cua chii de, rdi tir dd mdi dien dat ben ngoai (chuyen tu ngoai) so dd he thdng Con dudng diln dat he thong qua lap so- Sinh hoc 11 (SH 11) Trong SH 11, HS cd thi dimg sa de he thdng hda kiln thirc theo timg hoat ddng the tham gia-> khai quat tao sinh ly: chuyen hda vat chat co the mdi chi can mpt va nang lugng, cam img, sinh loai CO the (sinh san vd tinh) trudng va phat trien, sinh san hay khdng cd sy ket hgp giao driengTV va DV (chu de nhd) tu dye va giao tir eai -> din din hoac dimg so de he thdng khdng cd su ddi mdi vat chat di hda kien thuc theo timg boat truyen d the he sau ddng sinh ly chung cho ca TV Con du&ng Jhic hai va DV (cliii de Idn) Trong du&ng Id gic dien dich(m& rpng SHll, ed the he thdng hda npi hdm KN): thyc chat cua kien thirc theo cac dudng dudng la md rong, cu the hda KN chung (tdng the) Tir Id gic sau: Con du&ng thic nhdt - KN chung, theo muc dieh, du&ng 16 gic quy ngp (thu hep tieu chi phan chia ma KN cd the npi hdm KN): tit nhiing ndi ham md rgng theo hudng (nhanh) KN bg phan (KN loai cimg cap) hay hudng khac Theo -^ tim diem chung khai quat dudng nay, KN sau dugc ngi ham KN Idn ban gan sinh tir nen tang cua KN trudc, nhat (KN gidng) Theo each la phan md rdng, cu the hda KN nay, HS ed the tun nhihig trudc Nhu vay, tir KN chung diem chung tir nhiing dac diem dugc md rdng den eae KN bp d TV, pV-> rdi khai quat phan cap rdi den cac KN bp phan cap 2, KN bg phan cap dac diem d cap ca the Chdng hgn, KN sinh sdn n Chdng hgn, tit KN Cdm vd tinh: tir cac hinh thirc sinh san bang: re, than, la, phan ddi, img, ban dau HS chi hieu cdm chdi, tai sinh, tir hgp tir img dd la suphdn img ciia ca huih ca the mdi , thi v&i su biin doi cita moi cac hien tugng khac nhau, tru&ng, kien thiic din dugc nhung deu cd diem chung: sy md rdng, HS tun Ueu cam hinh ca the mdi la ling d TV va DV, thay rings mot te bao (TB)/nhdm TB sinh diu la phan irng cua co duong-> khai quat sinh the trudc sy bien ddi eiia moi san bang TB sinh dudng; tuang trudng, nhung tdc phan ty, tir hinh thiic sinh san bang img ciia ca the TV va DV Ja bao tir (reu, duang xi), giao tir khac nhau, d TV thudng dien (smh san), cd diem chung sy cham, khd xac dinh, cdn d hinh ca the mdi mdt DV diln nhanh va de nhan TB sinh san^ khai quat thiy Tit su khac dd, vdi smh san bang TB smh san; sinh sinh van de yeu td quy dinh san bang TB sinh duong ya tdc phan iing cua ca the TV, sinh san bang TB sinh san deu DV O TV chua cd thin kinh cd dilm chung sy hinh (TK), phan iing cua co the vdi nhiing bien ddi ciia mdi trudng ca thi mdi chi cd mdt loai ca Ngdy nhdn bdi 14/7/2012 Ngdy duyel ddng 25/9/2012 16 • TAP CHI THIFTBI GIAO DUC-SO 86-10/2012 NGHIEN CUU& UMG DUNG la hodc mdn dieu khiln sinh (bd sat)^ mau dd tuai (chim, trudng cua TV theo nhiing thii) hudng xac dinh nen tdc Cac thao tac thuc (TT) cham, cdn d DV da cd he TK, hiln ky nang dien dat kiln qua trinh dieu khiln phan iing thiic he thing qua lap so Ah cua ca the la TK nen tdc SH 11 nhanh (qua phan xa); kiln thirc 3.1 Tririh tu cdc TT ciia tilp tyc dugc md rdng ky ndng dien dgt kien thiic hi xem tac nhan kieh thich tir mdi thdng qua lap sa theo trudng len ca thi TV theo mot du&ng quy ngp SH 11 hudng xac dinh hay khdng theo TT Xac djnh cac KN bd mdt hudng nao ca (khdng dinh phan can he thdng hudng) da tao nen kieu cam iing _ Cac KN bg phan cd nhilu hu&ng dgng va img dpng; cdn cap (cap 1,2,3 ), phai nhdm d DV la phan xa dan va phan cac KN bg phan cimg cap cd xa chudi; cii nhu vay, HS se lin cimg tinh chat lai vdi luot di tit KN cam iing d cip ca TT Tim nhiing diem thi din KN cam iing d TV, DV chung cua cac KN bd phan rdi den timg hmh thuc cam iing (cimg cap)^ khai quat d TV, DV Kit qua, hi KN cam KN Idn ban ling (KN chung) d cip ca thi, Theo each nay, cd the ghep HS da md rgng bang each sat cae KN bd phan (cimg cap) nhap them cac KN bg phan de -> JvN Idn, cac KN Idn (cimg nhan thiic mdt each day du, trgn cap) -^thanh KN Idn ban va ven ve cam iing cii nhu vay, cd the ghep tir Con du&ng thit ba -sdp xip nhirng eac khai be nhat (eung cdc giai dogn cua mpt qud cip) KN Idn va JCN Idn trinh: theo dudng nay, han he thdng diln dat he thing chinh la viec TT sip xlp cac KN d xac dinh cac giai doan cua nhiing vi tri phu hgp va ve so mot qua trinh va sap xep cac he thdng giai doan dd theo diing trinh 3.2 Trinh tu cdc TT cua tu ciia mdt qua trinh Trong ky ndng diin dgt kiin thicc hi SH 11, HS cd thi sip xlp cac thdng qug lap sa theo giai doan ciia mdt qua trinh du&ng diin dich SH 11 sinh ly/tiln hda theo mot trinh TT Xac dinh KN gdc ty Id gic va he thdng Neu la (chung) ciia chu de can dien qua trinh sinh ly, phai sap xlp dat he thdng cac giai doan theo mot trinh KN gdc la KN ehung hay ty dien bien ciia mdt qua trinh KN bao triun toam bd ehii de sinh ly tit bit dau-> cac he thdng giai doan trung gian -^ ket TT2 Tim cac KN bg phan thiic Chang hgn, qua trinh CO lien quan de md rdng KN van chuyin nude d TV cd the sap xlp: hiit d re-> dan truyen Tir KN gdc sinh cac d than -> thoat hai nude d la KN bd phan KN gdc ^ KN NIU la qua trinh tiln hda, phai bac ^ KN bac ^ KN bd sip xlp cac miic hoan thien phan cap n (KN bd phan bac chiic nang sinh ly qua cac dai 1,2, la cac muc md rdng, dien DV, TV Chdrig hgn, tit bd sung JvN gdc) mau pha (luong thl)-> it pha TT3 sap xep KN gdc va cac II KN bd phan vao nhiing vi tri phil hgp va ve so dd he thdng 3.3 Tririh tu cdc TT cita ^ ndng dien dgt kien thiic hi thdng qua lap sa theo ducmg sdp xep cdc giai dogn cua mpt qud trinh SH 11 TT I Xae dinh giai doan xuat phat cua mdt qua trinh sinh ly/tien hda Dua vao chii de hoc tap, xac dinh giai doan xuat phat cua mot qua trinh sinh ly/tiln hda TT2 Xac dinh cac giai doan ke tiep eho den giai doan cudi cimg theo trinh ty hgp ly cua qua trinh sinh ly/tien hda Dua vao mdi quan he giiia cac giai doan xac dinh cac giai doan ke tiep eiia mdt qua trinh sinh ly/tien hda TT3 sap dat cac giai doan d nhiing vi tri phii hgp theo trinh ty cua mdt qua trinh sinh ly/tien hda va ve so he thdng Vi du minh hoa Vi eiu: lap so dd he thdng hda kien thiic cdm Ong, SH 11 (eon dudng dien dich) r r i GV:KNnaobaophu toan bd chii de cam iing? -¥ HS: KN cam iing TT GV: tit KN cam iing em hay tim cac KN bd phan dudi KN cam iing va chi cac kieu quan he giiia KN gdc vdi cac JvN bd phan? HS: Tit ICN cdm img (gdc) la suphdn ung cua ca thi v&i sit bien ddi cua moi tru&ng, kien thiic dugc md rdng nhu sau: ca the d day cd the la TV, DV Tuy deu la phan iing ciia CO the trudc sy bien ddi cua mdi trudng, nhung tdc phan img cua co the TV va DV la khac nhau, d TV thudng dien cham, khd xac dinh, cdn d DV dien nhanh va dl nhan thiy TAP CHITHIETBI GIAO DUC-SO 86-10/2012 • M NGHIEN CUU& U'NG DUNG Tir sy khac dd, vdi sinh van de yeu td quy dinh tdc phan ling cua co the TV, DV O TV chua cd TK, phan iing ciia CO the vdi nhiing bien ddi ciia mdi trudng la hodc mdn dieu khien sinh trudng ciia TV theo nhiing hudng xac dinh-^ TCdm^ I tdc cham; cdn d DV da cd he TK, qua trinh dieu khien phan ling cua co the la TK -^tdc nhanh (qua phan xa); kiln Sff Sa he thong ve cdm img a cdp ca thi thirc tiep tuc dugc md rdng xem tac nhan kieh thieh tir img ddng; cdn d D y la phan xa tung hinh thiic cam iing d TV, mdi trudng len co the TV theo don va phan xa chudi (tap tinh); DV Nhu vay, tir JCN cam iing mdt hudng (hudng ddng) hay cii nhu vay, HS se lan lugt di tir (KN chung) dugc md rgng theo nhieu hudng da tao nen KN cam iing d cap co the den den-> cac JCN bd phan cip 1, kieu cam iing hu&ng dpng va ICN cam iing d TV, DV roi din roi den cac KN bd phan cap 2, rdi den cac JCN bd phan cap Bdng Cdc KN bo phdn cua KNsinh sdn (bang 1) KNgoc KNcdpl KNcdp2 KNcdp3 TT GV: Em hay sap xep (2) (4) (3) (I) JCN gdc va cac JCN bd ph?n Cam ling TV huong hudng sang, hudng nude, cap 1,2,3 vao nhiing yi tri phu hudng hoa, hudng trpng dpng hop va ve sa he thdng HS: luc, hudng tiep xiic mdi HS cd mdt each ve so ling dpng sinh trudng, khong sinh khac nhau, san pham ban trudng dau cua HS chua chuan, song DV chua CO CO nit chat nguyen sinh, dugc thay/cd, ban be gdp y, heTK chuyen dpng co the chinh sua HS dan hoan thien CO he TK he TK dang ludi, he TK so (so dd 1) dang chu6i hach va he TK Bifn phap hinh dang Ing ky nang dien dat h€ thing hoc t i p SH 11 qua lap TT Hogt dong cua GV Hogt dpng cua HS SO" GV: em hay cho giai doan HS: giai doan dudng phan, TTI De ren luyen ky nang dien xuit phat cua qua trinh ho chat khdi dau la glued dat he thdng qua lap so do, can hap? Chit khdi diu cua giai thyc hien theo quy trinh sau: Tir chii de hge tap -> Xac dinh doan la gi? logic van ddng N D ^ Xac TT2 GV: em hay xac dinh trinh HS: sau giai doan dudng dinh each dien dat he thdng ty cac giai doan kl tilp cua phan la chu trinh crep va (con dudng 1,2,3) ->Thiet ke cua qua trinh ho hap? Dya culi cung la chudi chuyen hoat ddng day HS diln dat vao dau ma em lai sap xep dien tir Vi: san phim chinh he th6ng-> Td chiic luyen cua giai doan dudng phan theo trinh tu dd? tap Chdng hgn, a budc thilt la nguyen lieu tham gia vao ke hoat ddng day va hge: GV chu trinh crep, san phim cin thiet ke cac cau hdi, lenh, chinh ciia chu trinh crep chi dan d l hudng dan HS thyc tham gia vao chudi chuyen hien TT ciia ky nang diln dat dien tir he thdng qua lap so dd va eac TT3 GV: em hay ve so dd cac HS: dudng phan^ chu trinh boat ddng tuong iing cua HS giai doan cua cua qua trinh crep^ chuoi chuyen dien Vi du: hudng dan HS dien dat hd hap hi • TiU> CHI THIFT BI GIAO DUC - SO 86 -10/2012 NGHIEN C U U & U M G DUNG he thing chu dl "Co che hd hap" qua lap so (con dudng 3) Trong SH 11 tiiy theo myc dich hge tap, dac thii ND cd the dien dat he thdng theo dudng md rdng, cu the hda KN ban dau, hoac theo dudng sat nhap cac KN bg phan ciing cap ICN Idn hon, hoac theo dudng sap xep cac giai doan cua mdt qua trinh sinh ly/tien hda D I dat dugc dieu HS phai hieu dugc ban chat ciia timg ND, mdi quan he ban chat giira cac ND va Id gic van dgng ND theo timg ehu de hge tap; vi vay, day hge GV phai xac dinh dugc logic van ddng ND theo timg chii de hge tap, dya vao dd xac dinh trinh ty cac TT thyc hien ky nang dien dat kien_thiic he thdng, sau dd phai thiet ke cdng cu (cau hdi, bai tap, ) de hudng dan HS thyc hien cac TT ciia ky nang or integrating subconcepts va td chiic cho HS ren luyen to establish the broader ky nang cac hinh concept, or following the way thiic day hge of arranging the biological/ Tai lieu tham khao revolutionary orders In order [1] Nguyln Canh Toan va to form skills of systematically cdng sy, Hpc vd dgy cdch hpc, NXB Dai hoc su pham Ha presenting with charts and graphs for students, teachers Ndi 2002 [2] Theo Xavier Roegiers, need to determine the logic Ldm thi ndo diphdt triin cdc of content dynamics for each ndng luc & nhd truong (Dao subject, and then identiiy Trgng Quang va Nguyen Ngoc Nhi dich), NXB Giao due Ha the way of presenting the systematic knowledge and Ndi 1996 [3] Nguyln Phii Ldc "Sy the skills of corresponding thich nghi" tri tue theo quan techniques, which is then diem nhan thiic ciia J Piaget Tap chi giao due, sl 183, Ha followed by instruments design(questionnaire, Ndi 2008 Summary exercises ) to guide student Systemizing knowledge practice such skills and in biology for grade 11* can be broad, starting with organize its implemetation in detailing the initial concepts the leaming process NHCTNG Y E U CAU C U A G I A O dinh thi cd rat nhieu ndi dung thdng nhit vdi viec GDKNS nham giai quyet nhiing van de cu the nhu: quyen ngudi, hda binh va an ninh, binh dang gidi, da dang van hda va hieu biet ve giao luu van hda, cac ndi dung ve bao ve mdi trudng, tinh thin va trach nhiem tap thi, Dong thdi, hinh dugc nhimg KNS cdt loi nhu ky nang dat muc tieu, ky nang xac dinh cac gia tri, ky nang quylt dinh, ky nang giai quyet vin dl, ky nang kien djnh giiip cho ca nhan cd the dinh hudng tdi cuoc sdng lanh manh phu hgp vdi cac gia tri sdng cua xa hdi Ben canh nhiing KNS III DUC cdt loi tren, nhimg JCNS chung nhu tu phe phan, tu sang tao, thien ehi, suy nghi tich eye cdn dugc ap dung vao giai quyet cac ndi dung cu thi de tao sy phat trien ben vimg Tai lieu tham khao GDJCNS hoat ddng giao due ngoai gid len ldp d trudng THCS, tai lieu danh cho giao vien, NXB giao due Ha Ngi, 2010 Nguyen Thi Oanh, KNS cho tudi vi nien, NXB Tre Ha Ndi, 2005 Tai lieu hdi thao trien khai xay dyng cau lac bg, tang (Tiip trang 28) cudng GDKNS cho HS, Dy an phat trien giao due THCS, Bd giao dye va dao tao, 2009 Summary Living skills education is the process of forming, training or changing the behavior of students in a positive progress, consistent with the goal of education that is comprehensive development Living skills education helps the offender perceptions, attitudes, proper behavior, consistent and meets the requirements of modem life TAP CHITHIETBI GIAO DUC-SO 86-10/2012 ' I S ... theo giai doan ciia mdt qua trinh du&ng diin dich SH 11 sinh ly/tiln hda theo mot trinh TT Xac dinh KN gdc ty Id gic va he thdng Neu la (chung) ciia chu de can dien qua trinh sinh ly, phai sap xlp... xuat phat cua mot qua trinh sinh ly/tiln hda TT2 Xac dinh cac giai doan ke tiep eho den giai doan cudi cimg theo trinh ty hgp ly cua qua trinh sinh ly/tien hda Dua vao mdi quan he giiia cac giai... dien bien ciia mdt qua trinh KN bao triun toam bd ehii de sinh ly tit bit dau-> cac he thdng giai doan trung gian -^ ket TT2 Tim cac KN bg phan thiic Chang hgn, qua trinh CO lien quan de md rdng