nSN LUYEN Hi NANG SUY LUAN CHO HOC SINH IRDNG DAYHOCCHUDNGTRiNH SINH H0C11 NANG GAO O IS LE THANH OAI 1 Tql sao phdi rfin l uy fn 1^ nf ing suy t u f n (KNSL) Suy lu fn (SL) Id htnh thiie logic cOo hr[.]
nSN LUYEN Hi NANG SUY LUAN CHO HOC SINH IRDNG DAYHOCCHUDNGTRiNH SINH H0C11 NANG GAO O Tql p h d i rfin l u y f n 1^ nfing suy t u f n (KNSL) Suy l u f n (SL) Id htnh thiie logic cOo hr duy, phdn dnh v l nhDng mdl lifin h f da dqng vd phik Iqp hem (so vdl phdn dodn) eiia h i f n thye Ithdch quan, nhd d d ngudi ta nit ro dupe tl thtjc mdl hi nhihig tl thue dd btit Cd'u hjo eo bdn cOa SL gdm: tlin di, kdt ludn vdeasd logic Cfin cii vdo d f phd qudt cuo frl thue t l l n d l vd kdt lufn ed t h l ehla SL thdnh nhdm ldn: - Dlin djch Id loqi hlnh SL frong d d hi t l l n d l Id frl thiic chung v l cd tdp ddl h/png ngudi ta suy ro k i t l u f n Id tri ihlic v l rifing Kmg ddi hjpng hay mdt sd ddl hn?ng cOo kSfp d d (hr van dqng h i chung dfi'n rifing); - Guy ngp (QN) td tcxii hinh SL frong d d ngudi to khdl qudt nhihig fri thiic v l rieng hing dd'l tupng d cdc ttln d l thdnh frl thiic chung v l ed Idp dd'i hjqng d k i t l u f n (lu vqn d f n g hi rifing d i n chung) SL quy nqp cd voi frd quon trqng frong c6c khoa hqc thyc nghiem nhu Todn hqc, Vqt It, itec bift Id frong Ifnh vyc Sinh hqc; - Logi suy Id loql hinh frong d d d y a frfin sy gid'ng hodc khde giira hoi ddi tuqng d n h i l u dfic diem ngudi ta suy sy gidng nhou giiia chiing d nhCfrig dde diem edn tql Rfin luyfn KNSL c d voi frd quon frqng frong qud frinh dqy hqc (DH), d l hoqt d f n g hpc Iqp cd hifu qud hqc sinh phdi n i l ro n h l l u thdng Kn Ichdc tii cdc ihdng tin d d cd hie Id phdl SL Cosd rfin l u y f n {Q^ISL SL gdm cdc thdnh phln: - Tlin di Id nhirng fri thiic da blet, ho^c duqc thtia n h f n Idm eo sd cho suy ludn T l l n di cd the tqo thdnh h i nhieu tri thiic, sy kifn khdc nhou Mdl sy klen hay frl thirc phdn t i l n d l cOng dupe gql Id cdc tien d l ; - Kit ludn Id tri thirc duqc njt K i t ludn cung gdm nhieu tu hjdng, til thiie khdc Mdl fri thiic hay h/ tudng phln k i t ludn cd t h l col Id k i t ludn Trong SL thudng ed cdc h i chi thj t i l n d l eho bidt phdn ndo dd cua nd Id t l l n d l hofie Id h i chj thj k i t ludn cho bill phdn nhdi dinh ndo d d cua SL Id k i t tudn; TUkehi Glao due s6 (kti-n/aoia) IS LE THANH OAI - SL hgp logic, hjfin thu cdc quy tdc logic frong dd cde t i l n d l tqo thdnh co sd ddy du cho k i t l u f n Nhihig SL khdng hqp logic Id nhihig SL hofc t l l n d l khdng lifin auon d i n k i t l u f n ho$c cd lifin quon nhung ehua ddy du ea sd di riit ro k i t l u f n SL dOng Id SL hqp logic cd cdc t l l n di vd k i t l u f n diu dOng Trong DH, rfin luyen kT nfing h/ cho HS cd vol trd quon frqng, myc tifiu cuo bdl hqc dd dinh rfi myc ttfiu v l k i l n thiic, kr ndng vd hdnh vi thdt d f U dfiy ehiing tdl mudn d l cdp d i n rfin luyfn KNSL cho HS theo eon dudng Q N SLQN Id SL frong dd hi vlfic nhdn thd'y sy Ifip dl I f p Iql ciia m f t tinh ehd't ndo dd mdt sd ddl h/png thufc m f t Idp nhdt djnh ngudi to rut ro k i t luqn chung rdng todn b f ede Idp ddl h/qng thufc Idp dd d i u cd tinh chd't dd neu Trong SLQN ngudi ta di hi nhliu cdl rling d i n cdl ehung dieu ndy frong thyc ttln giup eon ngudi cd t h l khdl qudt cdc frudng hqp rifing re quan sdt dupc thdnh cde quy ludt ehung, nghTa Id phdt hlfin ro cde quy luqt khdch quan sou quan sdt t h ^ nhilu hlen hjpng cy t h l Clio ehung SLQN vd dien djch khdng loql frii nhou md chung E^d sung cho Vol frd Clio SLQN dfic bifit quon frqng ede khoa hqe thye nghiSm: Sinh hoc; Vdt ll, Hod hqc, Ngudi cd h/ SL cd t h l hdi nhilu cdu hdl phCi hqp, thu thqp thdng ttn lien quon, qua phdn loqi m f t cdch hlfiu qud vd sdng tqo nhi/ng thdng tin ndy, rdl tii SL cd logic de di dfi'n nhirng kfi't ludn ddng tin cdy v l the gidi md frong dd glOp eho ngudi sdng vd Idm vlfe dupc thdnh edng Tu SL thyc sy Id Idi suy nghT d miic d f coo hon, phdl trdi qua eong viec hqc t f p vd rfin luyfin mdl cd dupc, Cdeh h/ SL ed the dupe mieu td nhu phuong phdp khoa hqe dupc dp dyng frong qud trinh DH; trd Idi efiu hdi, dien gldl rfi rdng gid thuylt, tim klem vd tdp hqp co sd d a llfu ' T9P cbi Giio itfc thich hqp, ddnh gid vd thii nghlfm gid thuylt mft hi pha sdng, CO, sfi bj khu thdnh cdc sdn phdm cdch logic, vd rOt hi kit qud nhCtng k^t lufn hOu CO (so gldm lupc ciJa chu frinh C3) ddng tin cfy Tu SL Id sy suy ngnT cd tinh Nhu vfy, tiln d l co bdn HS dfi cd, thdng qua khoo hqe, nd cDng Id sy tim hllu cfn kfi, vl vfy cdu hdl; Vlit phuang trinh tdng qudt QH vd cho nhihtg ngudi cd ldi h/ nhu vfy thudng xuyfin blit QH Id gl; HS cd thl d l ddng frd Idi vd khdi llm hllu vdn d l , dft nhC^ng cdu hdl, duo ro qudt dupc so dd qud trinh QH nhCfrig cdu frd ldi mdl phdn bifn tql tinh trqng Vdi efiu hdl: Phdn tich val td cua QH, gido hifn thdi, khdm phd thdngttnmdi md cd thl dupe N3ng kJifig Sr^ sing Sli dyng frong tn/dng hqp tdt hoy xdu, ihOc mdc COi + 12 HjO • (Vi.A + 6O2 + 6H,0 ede hpe thuyll vd nhiing sy thiia nhfn truyin H^skti thd'ng, thdch thi/c ede hqc thuylt cOng nhu gido vifin cho HS thdo lufn theo nhdm frd ldl efiu hdl dllu dupe thua nhfn, vd thudng ehdm diit vdkhdiqudtthdnh sodd,frfincasddyavdoklln Uid ndng xii tlfrongxd hfl ldn hon nhihig sd ihiic dd dupc hqc Irong chuong frinh SH vd cuo ehiing Kindngtu SLdd Id nhiing/cTndng SH 10 cdc nhdm dl sdu phdn tich vol frdcy thl, gldl quyit vdn di d l ddn h£rl tdm hiiu bilt ddng khdi qudt kiln thiic cd hi Idp dudi thdnh dqng so ttn cfy, thyc hifn xi> Ii thfing tin chlnh xdc cd thl dd vd qua dd phdn tieh d l hllu sfiu vdn d l : bdng cdch dd s3 dfintarinhiing kit tuf n ddng tin J/Tpoc/id'^/iiTvccr Thycvftvd mftsdvislnh cfy vd logic vft quong hpp VI dy mlnh hoq rfin luyfn KNSL frong Id cdc sinh vft DH Bdi - Quong hpp (SH 11 ndng cao) Cdc auang ty ttln d l v l Quangliqp (QH) dd dupc hinh thdnh dudng vd cho HS h> chuong frinh Sinh hgc d (SH 6) din chung lufin Sinh hgc 10 (SH 10) Chdng hqn chuong di/ng ddu frinh SH d: Bdl 21 - Quang hgp, HS dd ndm chudi thiic dn dupe khdi nlfm QH Id qud frinh Id efiy nhd ed cdc hf sinh thdi Nhu vfy, cufc sdng eua ehdt dif p lye, sii dyng nude, ccicbonic vd ndng ngudi vd sinh v f lfrfinfrdiddl phy thufc hodn lupng dnh sdng mdt frdi ehl tqo ttnh bf t vd todn vdo qud frinh quong hqp; 2} Tich lu^ ndng nhd oxi Tinh bf t cling vdl muoi khodng hod It/gng: Hdu hit cdc dqng nfing lupng sii dyng tan Id cdy edn ehl tqo duqe ede chfi't hihj co cho qud frinh sdng eiia cdc sinh vft frfin frdi dd't khdc cdn thilt eho efiy HS tdm tdl dupc qud frinh (nfing lupng hod hqc: ATP) diu dupe blln ddi Kr QHthe jdd: ndng lupng dnh sdng m f l trdi nhd qud frinh Q H ; 3) Glif sgch bdu Mhsing tUOc (Ri hot ti/i^t) + Klilcactnnic (15 liy in ktOng khi) ChitdiSpli^ TWiW +KW£U4 q u y ^ Q H hdp thy COj (TmnQH) (TtAmngoHrndtrano) y^ gj^j, p ^ ^ n g Q J vdo Cde chfi't hi/u eo vd khf oxy Q H cua cdy xanh tqo cdn cho sy sd'ng eua hdu h i t sinh v f l frfin frdi ddt k l cd ngudi Trong ehuong frinh SH 10: Bdl 17 - Quang hgp HS dfi ndm dupc; Q H Id qud frinh sii dyng nfing tupng dnh sdng d l ldng hgp ehd't hihj eo h> ede nguyfin l l f u vd eo Trong sinh g l d l , Q H chi cd d thyc vdt, tdo vd m f l sdvi khudn vd khdl qudt thdnh so d d qud trinh Q H : frong CO, + HjO + Nflng kumg Onh sang ^> (CO) + 0, Q u d frinh Q H ehio thdnh pho: Fha sdng: thdng qua pha sdng ndng tupng dnh sdng dupc chuyin thdnh ndng lupng frong ATP vd NADPH, oxi dupe gldl phdng h i nude frong pha sdng; Pha tdl vdl sy thom gio cuo ATP vd NADPH dupc Ipo p> q u y i n nhd d d ndng d f O j vd C O j epjyin tudn gii? vihig ( C O j : 0,03%; O : 21%), ddm bdo sy sdng binh thudng frfin frdi dd'l N h u v f y , Q H cd vai frd rd't quan frqng tqo ngudn chd't hdu co chu y i u cho sy sdng frfin frdi ddt b l l n ddi ndng tupng v f l ti (nfing lupng dnh sdng) thdnh nfing lupng hod hqc dyIrO frong cde hpp chdt hi/u co, giir vihig ndng d f O j V d CO, q u y i n Cd t h l ndl, d y a vdo cdc phuong frinh long qudt, so dd don gldn md HS khdi qudt, nhihig kidn thiic thu dupc cd h^c dyng khdc sdu, nhd tdu, vdl hr suy l u f n HS luon phdi dqng ndo sii (Xem tlip trang 3d} Tap chi Glao due so (ki i • n/aoiai mdl nhdm mdl n d y duqc tqo b d l cdc thdnh vifin (vdi mdl mdu khde nhou) ti> cdc nhdm ban d d u (4) Cdch thik tidn hdnh: Budc /.-GV chlo Idp thdnh cdc nhdm nhd, m5l nhdm duqc ddt cho mdt mdu rifing - d d , vdng, xanh, tfm ) Budc 2: Td chiic eho cdc nhdm (nhdm Xonh, V d n g , Tfm, Dd,, ) thdo ludn mdt nhl§m vy md G V g l a o eho Bude 3: Yfiu cdu HS fr?o thdnh nhdm mdl - nhdm Cdu vdng (mdl nhdm cd thdnh vifin vdl mdl mdu khdc ti> cdc nhdm ban ddu) Birdc : HS chia sfi k i l n ihiie tJm duqe hi nhdm ban ddu vdl cdc thdnh vifin frong nhdm mdl Vi dt/ minh hga: D l d q y hqc Bdi t0p ^ o d n - t.a2) Budc 1, GV chlo Idp thdnh nhdm, ddt Ifin cho cdc nhdm Id Xanh, V d n g , D6, Tfm Budc 2, td chiic cho cdc nhdm thdo ludn ndl dung bdl tdp: «T(nh gid trj cuo b l l u thiic": Nhdm Xanh (421 - 200) x ; 421 - 0 x ; Nhdm Vdng 48 X : ; 48 X (4 : 2); Nhdm Dd: 67 (27 + 10); 67-27+ 10; Nhdm Tim: + : 9; (90 + ) : Budc 3, yfiu cdu ede HS Iqo thdnh nhdm mdl (mdl nhdm cd thdnh vlfin vdl bdn mdu khdc nhau: xanh, d d , vdng, tim) d l chlo sfi k i t qud cOa nhdm mlnh Thdng qua cdu tnjc ndy, cudi cung, mql HS frong k ^ d i u hodn thdnh Bdl tdp m^c du chf phdi ddm nhifim mql y cOa bdl tdp TO d d , HS duqc Cling c d v l quy tdc tfnh gid frj b l l u thiie Cdc cd'u frijc Bd cd, Vdng trdn xoay, Cdu vSng, Hdn tuyet, Ldp ghip d i u Id nhiJng hlnh thtic khdc nhou eOa d q y hqc theo nhdm, duqc t h i l t ldp hi cdc cdp ddl vd phO hqp vdl ddc d l l m tdm sinh If liia hjdl HS H l u hqc D l vdn dyng riidnh cdng cdc cdu true td chiic nhdm ndy, G V cdn ndm vung cdch thiic thyc hi§n, ed ndng lyc Iqp k l hoqch v d td ehO'c tdt, b i l t phdl hqp llnh hoql giOo cdc hlnh thO'c ndl trfin vdl cdc hlnh thiic td chiic d q y hqc khdc frong qud frinh d q y hqc Bfin cqnh d d , bdn thdn HS tham gia vdo qud trinh hqc top theo nhdm cOng cdn cd h l l u iDlIt, duqc luy^n tdp, tham gla tfch cyc, t l l n tcrt thdng thqo v l cdc cdch thiic te ehiie nhdm de hi d d ndng cao hl^u qud vd ehdl lut?ng d q y vd hqe • (1) NguySn VSn CirbTig MOt stf vtfn dfi chung vfi d l l mdl phmmg phdp d^y hpc d trudng trung hpc p h i thdng Dy kn giSo dpc trung hpc phd thOng, 2010 (2) Lfi Thi Thu Huang Dgy ft