NGHIEN CUU &UXG DUNG XAy Ol/NG BAN DO GIAO KHOA DUNG TIEU CHUAN NHAM NANG CAO CHAT LU0NC D^V HpC DjA LI PHO THONG PCS, TS LSm Quang Ddc Trudng Dgi hgc Suphgm Hd Ngi Ngi dung Dja If p h i m9i logi hinh[.]
NGHIEN CUU &UXG DUNG XAy Ol/NG BAN DO GIAO KHOA DUNG TIEU CHUAN NHAM NANG CAO CHAT LU0NC D^V HpC DjA LI PHO THONG PCS, TS LSm Quang Ddc Trudng Dgi hgc Suphgm Hd Ngi N gi dung Dja If p h i m9i logi hinh bdn Cd nhu tiidng dugc md td bdng the hgc sinh su dyng mdi de ngdn ngft ti^ nhien vd ddng, hpc tgp dja li mdi cd ngdn ngft nhan tgo cua nhd hipu qua Bdn gido khoa su phgm, kha ndng md td cua chi cd thl su dyng cd hipu qud tit din chung hgc tro dja thdnh h^ ngdn ngO dung ndy diidugc hcjc hinh het miy cae Khoa If Id mgt mgt hp cung khdng the cho ngudi thong thong ddi hjong, hipnlamtugng dien thong trbng nhdt dd cd hp thong cdeh day hang trdm, hang kien thuc dja If ty nhien, kinh nghin, thdm chi hdng tripu te, xS hpi Cdc nha bien sogn ndm, ndm ngoai tdm mdt quan sdch dja If dd "bien" khoa hgc sat ciia hg Do vay ngi dung dja If thdnh mdn hgc dja If phd can phai dugc the hipn thdng, sau dd cdc nha su phgm bdng ngdn ngO thu hai - ngdn "bign" tri thftc ciia mdn hgc ngft bdn do, phdn anh hien ay thdnh tai san rieng ciia mdi thUc bang phticfng thftc khai hoc sinh De cho kiln thuc qudt nghg thuat "tdng hinh" bien ciia rieng ciia moi teong cdc hien tUdng cu the, ngudi thi he thdng kiln thuc sinh ddng, dien hinh cd the dja Ii dugc trdi tren kenh cdm nhdn dUdc mgt each tnic chft vd kenh hinh va tie'p Chi cd cdc loai ngdn ngodi sdch giao khoa mgt cdeh ngu ket hgp vdi ngdn ngft he thdng, Idgic Phuang phdp viet, ngdn ngft ndi mdi Igt ta day hgc chinh Id su tong hgp het ban chat kien thftc dja li cdu tnic logic ciia h4 thong can hgc tap, ITnh hdi Sy phdi vdcdu tnic logic cda qud trinh hgp gifta ngdn ngft vidt, ngdn tiip thu nhd cdc thu thugt su ngft ndi va cac phUdng tign phgm Su tong hgp cdu true dien dgt khac cua dd boa, hdi logic ngi dung the hign d: boa ldm cho viec phdn anh 1) Bat ki ddi tugng dja If thye te dja li tryc quan sinh ndo ciing Id mgt khai nipm dgng hon, day du hon, giiip vat chat, cd the H^t vdo mpt cho viec nhdn thuc thuc te dja pham trii chung nhat djnh (Hdi li dg dang hon, sdu sdc hon Phdng Id thdnh phd cang Da Ndi mgt cdeh khac, ngi dung Rdng Id ten mgt sdng) biiu hien trin cdc logi hinh 2) Bdt ki mdt ddi tugng bdn gido khoa Id ngi dung dja If ndo eung dugc thien tao sdch gido khoa Ddy chinh Id sap x i p mdt cdeh nhdt dinh tieu chudn ngi dung chinh bieu ttong khdng gian, vi vdy nd hipn tten bdn dd vd dt Idt gido duoc dinh vj he quy khoa Ngodi ndi dung ra, cdc chigu khdng gian tren hanh phuang tipn bieu hipn nhu ki tinh chiing ta vd cd mdi quan hipu, mdu sac, chft viet, v.v he tuang tac vdi nhilu hipn cung can phai thdng nhat tren tugng khdc Ngay nhgn bai 25/9/2012; Ngay duyfl dang 25/12/2012 • TAP CHITHIETBI GIAO DUC-SO 89-01/2013 3) Bat k) mgt doi tugng dja If ndo cung Id mgt thye the dang ton tgi xuat hipn tiong qud trinh phdt triln ciia thien nhien vd xd hdi., Nhu vay, bat ki mgt doi tugng dja li ndo cung Id mpt cdu tgo: vgt chat - khdng gian - thdi gian ndo dd, dugc d$c tnmg bdi cac phuong dipn khu vyc, phgm tru, vd nguon goe phdt sinh Cd thg lipt kg chung vdo timg phuang dipn: 1) Nhihig khdi nipm rieng - ddi tugng dia If cy the va dja hinh trudc tien thugc ve phuang dipn khu vyc, ttrong ung vdi logic thugc logi dja \i - khdng gian 2) Nhihig khdi nipm chung xudt hipn hi vipc tdng quat hod nhiing hipn tugng rieng bipt, thugc ve phgm trii, bieu hipn Idgic vgt chat nhimg hipn tugng dja li 3) Nhihig khdi nipm dia chat, cd sinh v^t vd ljch six dja li frong mdi tuong quan thdi gian ciia chiing thugc ve phuang dipn phdt sinh bpc, phan dnh logic ty nhien - ljch su vd Idgic lich sft ciia nhihig hipn tugng dia If Cau tnic logic ndi dune tgo nen co sd cua nhOng moi lien hp nhan qud frong ehucmg trinh dja li Cdc thu thugt su phgm nhdm chuyen ngi dung tic sdeh gido khoa vdp ddu hgc sinh the hign d so dudi day (xem hinh 1) Xdy dung bdn gido khoa dung chudn phdi dua vdo NGHIEN c u u & UNG DUNG Hinhl Sadd day hgc dia li tdm, sinh li lua tuoi O lua tudi bfui phdi di tft hinh dnh din hgc sinh cap giao due tilu hgc, bieu tugng, tir tdng thl den he than kinh trung uang de chi tigt, tu don gian den phiic chju tac ddng cua cdc tac nhan tgp, tu cau tnic chung den dac kich thich ban so vdi ngudi diem rieng ciia tiing ldn Do tte em rat de tich phan Bieu tugng chua dyng luy nhanh va dy tru mdt sd yeu td khai quat cho nen nd la lucmg Idn hinh anh true quan bac thang chuyen tiep tir hinh Ddng thdi kha nang bam sinh anh cy the den khai niem trim cua nao la thu cam dgc diem tugng, tu cam giac va tri giac cua vat the (ddi tugng va hien den tu (^uy luat di tu hinh tugng dja li) dugc tri gidc nhu anh cu the den bieu tugng, den mdt vat the toan ven hogc tu duy, den khai niem ddi hdi nhdm cac ddi tugng cd lien ling dung thich hgp vdi timg quan Viec hudng dan cua Ilia tudi hgc sinh tft thdp Ien gido vien cd y nghTa rat Ion cao qua trinh hinh de phat trien hinh anh - bieu ndi dung dia li thdng qua cac tugng (ve ddi tugng vd hien phucmg tien bieu hien tren cac tugng dia Ii) Cac bieu tugng logi hinh ban dd giao khoa hinh tren co sd tri Do neu ban dd ^ido khoa giac, cam giac va dugc luu giO khdng he thdng thi se khdng the day hgc duqc, cang ttong ki uc hgc sinh khdng the nang cao chat Iugng Chftc nang chinh cua bieu day hgc dia li phd thdng tugng (bieu tugng dia If thdng qua phucmgtienngdn ngu ban Mat khdc, tri gidc hgc tap dd) Id tang tru thong tin, la cac dja li nhd ban Id tri gidc tin hipu hinh anh an chua lugng khdng gian, tn gidc thdi gian thdng tin Id tin hipu lya chgn vateigidc van ddng thdng tin, la dinh Iugng, djnh Tri gidc khdng gian la tti tiitii thdng tin (nhieu it, nhu giac trim tugng khdng gian, the ndo) He thdng ki hieu, he tri giac hinh dgng, dp ldn, thdng khai niem trinh bay ttgn khoi lygng, cao thap, cau tnic yd su sdp xep tuong quan (mdi quan hp dja II), vj tei dja li, sdng ^, Tri gidc khdng gian nhdm gido dye khd ndng nhin khdng gian, tu khdng gian, phdt hipn cdc ddng thai khdng gian, phdt hipn cac ddu hi$u ban chat, cdc quy lugt ciia cdc sy vgt, hien tugng dia li Tri gidc thdi gian la tri gidc^^ ddi thdi gian, tdc dg, tinh Tudn ty, sy phdt trien cua hipn tugng qua cdc thai ki, tgo nen bieu tugng ve cac qua trinh phat trien ciia ldp vd Trai Dat, bigu tugng ve qua khii, hipn tgi, tucmg lai cua cac ddi tugng dja li thong qua cac hinh vg, cac mau sac, cac sd gay nen sy hiing thii hgc tap dja li Tri giac thdi gian giiip hpc sinh tu mgi hien tugng theo mdt chu trinh bien ddi logic, su linh boat khdng Cling nhac Tri gidc van ddng la tri giac cac md hinh, cac hinh ve, tti giac kl hieu chuyen ddng bieu hign sy djch chuyen cua cac khd'i khi, gid thdi, nUdc chay dai difOng, sU di cU cua cac loai chim, sU chuydn cUtiT ndi qua ndi khac cua ngudi, cac mui tan cdng, cac mui rut lui , cac loai ki hipu ban dd nam ttong cac phuang phdp khac bilu hien su phdt trien ciia hipn tugng theo thdi gian, bigu hien bign vd cudng hien tugng, tdn suat ciia hien tugng^ sy van ddng nang len hg xudng ciia ldp vd Trai Dat Tri giac van ddng giiip hgc sinh nhin mpi sy vat vd hien tugng ludn dttangthai ddng Sy dimg yen, sy khdng bien ddi chi la tuong ddi Dap iing dugc nhftng dilu trinh bay teen day, xdy dyng ban dd phdi chu y dgc TAP CHITHIETBI GIAO DIIC-SO 89-01/2013 • 21 NGHIEN c u l l & UNG DUNG bi^t din tdm sinh li thj gidc vd khd ndng cam nhgn thdng tin tren cdc logi hlnh bdn gido khoa.^ Ban dd dja If gido khoa cung nhif cdc phftdng tipn day hgc dimg nhd trudng Id md hinh kf higu - hinh tupmg ciia thye t l dja If cd chftc ndng nhgn thuc, Id nai tdng trft tri thuc v l thye te khdeh quan md hgc sinh nh§n biet dugc nhd thi giac Khodng 83% lugng thdng tin dugc du;i vao ndo nhd thj giac (thinh gidc - 11 %; khiiu gidc - 3.5%; xdc giac 1.5%; vi gidc - 1%) Hinh anh ki hieu bdn dd vd cdc dtidng net, mau s^c tren cdc phiidng tien day hpc cd dii dg ldn vd mau sac cd dii dg tuong phdn, dp rd, cd tdi dugc mdt ngudi dgc thi ngudi dgc mdi nhin thay chiing Trong qua trinh nhgn thftc cdc ddi tugng vd hien tugng dia li, cdm gidc nhin cua ngudi ddng vai ttd quan trpng cdc hogt ddng tdm li, dd Id co sd ciia nhdn thuc Tdm lgi, ban dd gido khoa cdn rat nhieu ton lgi nhieu nguyen nhan chii quan vd khdeh quan md khudn kho bdi bdo khdn^ the dua hit dugc, phdn dau xay dyng mgt h^ thing bdn gido khoa la mdt vi$c ldm rat khd nhung rat can thilt vd vd ciing cdp bdch Bdi vl ngodi vipc ddp ftng nhieu ticu chi ciia bdn giao khoa, cdc bdn vd dt Idt dia If phdi ddp ftng vdi nhilu doi tugng gidng dgy vd hgc tip, tii cdc Idp nhd luoi (gido dye ticu hgc) din cdc chuyen gia (dgi hgc, sau dgi hgc), moi logi ddi tugng deu phdi cd day dil bdn dd va at lat dc gidng dgy va hgc tgp Do dd nd dyng chgm dgn rat nhieu vdn de ve khoa hgc giao dye, dgn mpt ngudn kinh phi khdng Id, den nhieu ngudi, nhigu co quan chftc ndng tu cap tren xudrig cap dudi, dyng cham den quygn lgi kinh te Vi vgy phdn ddu xdy dung he thdng ban dd gido khoa ma khdng cd nhd nudc diing chu tri, cdc nha khoa hgc, cdc nhd su pham giilp sue thi khdng the RENlUYENTlTDUYSAHGTAa .Nd gdp phan hinh thdnh cdc pham chat tri tup ciia ngudi ndi chung, cua HS phd thdng ndi rieng Bdi dudng tu sdng tao Id gdp phdn phdt huy tinh tich cyc ciia HS ttong hgc tap, tao cho HS cd nhiing nhan td, iibftng dieu kipn pham chat nhdn each de tham gia vdo cugc sdng vdi nhiing ygu cau cua ngudi mdi ttong n l n kinh te md cua, hgi nhap, ttong su phat triln da dgng cua ddi sdng xa hgi Tai liSu t h a m khdo 22 Phan Thj Phmmg Thao, Phdt trien tu sdng tgo cho HS trung hgc thong qua dgy hgc hinh hgc khong gian ldp 11, Lugn vdn Thac sy gido dye (2007) TVdn T h u c Trinh, Tap bdi gidng Ren luygn tu dgy hgc Todn (2003) Summary Creative thinking contiibutes to form the capacity for human • TAP CHI THIET BI GIAO DgC - 50 89 - 01/2013 Tdi li^u t h a m ithdo M.A Nikixov Thilt kl vd bien tgp bdn giao khoa kinh tl Moskva (1978) Ldm Quang Ddc Ban gido khoa NXB Dgi hpc su phgm 2009 H.B Malakhov Ck ylu to bdn hgc d trudng T H P T Moskva (1976) Cdc logi hinh ban Ah gido khoa dd xudt bdn tu 1993 den Summary There have been many mapping products published for teaching and leaming geography in Vietnam However, there has never been any research to evaluate them systematically and comprehensively The report shows the advantages and disadvantages of mapping products at schools and brings out solutions for better and more complete maps to serve the country's education in the future (Tiep trang 24) G P6lia, Sdng tgo Todn hgc, NXB Gido dye (1975) thye hipn dugc intelligence, making the human dynamic, creative and adapt to circumstances and different conditions in life, help people with ways of thiriking the right to find the optimal path problem, and with success The contents of this paper, we present some examples illustrating the ability to exercise creative thinking for students (HS) universal teaching content through the geometry of space with the help of software GeospacW " ... tgp bdn giao khoa kinh tl Moskva (1978) Ldm Quang Ddc Ban gido khoa NXB Dgi hpc su phgm 2009 H.B Malakhov Ck ylu to bdn hgc d trudng T H P T Moskva (1976) Cdc logi hinh ban Ah gido khoa dd xudt... tren co sd tri Do neu ban dd ^ido khoa giac, cam giac va dugc luu giO khdng he thdng thi se khdng the day hgc duqc, cang ttong ki uc hgc sinh khdng the nang cao chat Iugng Chftc nang chinh cua... din tdm sinh li thj gidc vd khd ndng cam nhgn thdng tin tren cdc logi hlnh bdn gido khoa. ^ Ban dd dja If gido khoa cung nhif cdc phftdng tipn day hgc dimg nhd trudng Id md hinh kf higu - hinh tupmg