JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OF HNUE Educational Sci , 2009, Vol 54, No 8, pp 146 152 P H U d N G THLfC S O A N GIAO A N B A I D A Y THL/C H A N H N H A M N A N G CAO C H A T L U O N G D A Y H O C P h a m K h u[.]
JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OF HNUE Educational Sci., 2009, Vol 54, No 8, pp 146-152 P H U d N G THLfC S O A N GIAO A N B A I D A Y THL/C H A N H N H A M N A N G CAO CHAT L U O N G D A Y H O C P h a m Khuynh Diep Trudng Dai hoc Su pham Hd Npi Md dau Trong eac chuong trinh dao tao cQ nhan Dai hpc SQ pham ki thudt va cQ nhdn Cao ddng Thiit bi trQdng hpc (TBTH), cac mdn hpc thQc hanh ludn dupe cdc cP sd dao tao quan tam ddc biet Vi vdy day hpc thQc hdnh cho sinh vien ede he dae tao cin phii dQpc quan niem gin tupng dupng vdi day hpc nghi nhdm dao tao kl nang KI nang dupe cac nha nghien cQu [1, 2, 6] dinh nghia la k h i nang thQe hien mpt cdng viec mpt cdeh ed chit iQCng, ed hieu q u i theo mue dich, ygu ciu eho trude nhQng dieu kien n h i t dinh dQa tren cd sd cdc tri thQe, ki nang va kl xao da ed Mdt ki nang thndng ed eae tigu chf ddc trUng sau day: cd tfnh cu t h i , cd t h i quan sdt dupc (neu la kl ndng boat dpng cP b i p ) , cd t h i thue hien dupe mpt khoing thdi gian cjui dinh, ed kit q u i cudi cung Cdc cdeh thQc soan giao an day hpc thuc hanh (DHTH) tai cac cP sd dao tao eho din edn nhiiu b i t cap, tham chf cd noi giao an cdn nhiiu npi dung khd gin vdi giao an day hpc If thuyit Cung nhu day hpc ndi chung, giao an DHTH dinh hudng npi dung, phupng phap, kl nang, cho qud trinh day hpc [1,2] Nhung viec soan giao an eho DHTH khae nhiiu so vdi viec soan gido an eho day hpc II thuyit d chd: muc tieu quan trpng n h i t vd ddc trung n h i t cua bai day thQc hanh la phai hinh va phat triin ki ndng eho sinh vign, ngn muc tigu cin phai la eO sd de scan t h i o npi dung giao an Nham gdp p h i n ddi mdi phuong phap DHTH, npi dung bai viit d i x u i t viec thue hien ddi mdi each thQe soan giao an DHTH eho dao tao cQ nhan Sir pham kl thuat va TBTH nham dinh hudng thuan lpi cho qua trinh hinh va phat triin ki nang cho sinh vien DHTH Noi dung nghien ciJu Noi dung nghien cQu d day la ddi mdi each thQc soan giao an bai day thQc hanh Giao vien cin thuc hien viec scan giao an theo cdc budc eua tiin trinh soan giao an bai day thue hdnh nhu sau [6,7]: 146 Phuang thUc soan gido dn, bdi day thuc hdnh nhdm ndng cao chdt luang day hoc - Bifdc 1: ChuSh bi soan noi dung giao an Mpt bdi day thQC hanh thQdng day kl ndng mdi cho sinh vign vd kit hpp luyen tap lap lai eae ki ndng da hpc d eac bai trudc Vi vay d budc nay, giao vien cin thuc hien eac npi dung sau: -I- An dinh ki ndng cin day: Mpt ki ndng phii dupc biiu thi bdng met cum tQ, bat diu bdng mpt dpng tQ chi hanh dpng va sau dd la ddi tupng eua hdnh ddng Vl du: tien dupc true bde; giua dupe cdc mat phdng vudng goc vdi nhau, -I- Tap hpp tdi Iigu lign quan din cdc kl nang cin day: Gde tai lieu (gido trinh li thuyit, giao trinh thQe hdnh, sd tay nghi, tdi lieu phat tay, cdc gide an eua cac bai DHTH trudc dd, ) TQ dd cin scan cdc thdng tin ein thiit nhit va cd tfnh bit budc ddi vdi sinh vign de hpc dupc cdc kl ndng da i n dinh -I- Sean t h i o bin md ta vi ki ndng: Mue dfeh cua viec ndy la tap hpp cac thong tin vi ki ndng met each cd he thdng, d i ed t h i nhin nhdn kl ndng mot each ddy du, todn dign; Viit ten cae kl ndng ein day vdo gido an; Sean thao phiiu "Giao nhiem vu thQc hanh", phiiu ndy dQpc phdt trude eho sinh vign di hp hiiu nhigm vu dupc giao, trude hpc thUc hdnh Chung tdi d i x u i t mpt miu phiiu "Giao nhiem vu thuc hanh" nhu sau [3,4,5]: Bdng Phieu giao nhiem vu thi/c hdnh ki ndng tien true trdn - Xudng thue hanh tien - Mdy tien T14L Diiu kien thuc hien - Mui khoan tdm; dao khda mat; dao tien ngodi; dao cat dQt - Sin xuit loat vQa Cach thQc menh lenh Tin hieu den bde ChQc danh vd nhiem vu Thp tign CO k h i ndng Npi dung cdng viec Tien mpt true trPn 35x350 bdng thep C45 Thdi gian thue hien 30 phut/chi tiit - Dp nhdm b i mat: R22,5 - Dung sai dudng kinh ngoai: ± 0,08 Cac tigu ehi ddnh gia - Thdi gian thQc hien - An todn eho ngQdi, thiit bi, dung eu - Tae phong, y thQe Ndi dung phiiu "Giao nhiem vu thUc hdnh" gdm: - Diiu kien thQc hien: d i diiu kien d i sinh vign thQe hien edng viec, cin cu thi va sat vdi thQc tiin cua cd sd dao tad - Cach thQc menh lenh diiu khiin thuc hdnh: menh lenh dupe qui dinh cd thi la menh lenh mieng cua gido vien (hoac eua ngudi gidm sdt); menh lenh thdng T A7 Pham Khuynh Diep qua tin hieu dupe phdt tQ den bao, chudng bdo, trdng, - ChQc danh va nhiem vu cua ngudi thQe hien Vf du: Ngudi thp tien se co k h i nang Ngudi thp ngudi se ed kha ndng Giao vien ein chu y khdng dupe ghi la: sinh vien se cd kha ndng - Noi dung cOng viec: ein t h i hien npi dung cOng viec bdng mOt dpng tQ ehi hanh dOng va bd ngQ eua dOng tQ dd Chu y ring, nOi dung cOng viec n h i t thiit phii phu hpp vdi tgn ki ndng da i n dinh - Thdi gian thue hien: de thdi lupng cho phep d i thuc hien cOng viec Day phai la dinh mQc thdi gian trung binh kinh t i - Cae tieu ehf ddnh gid kit qui: de nhQng tieu ehf thuc hien quan trpng n h i t se dupc danh gia, d i cho sinh vign biit kl ndng p h i i dupc thuc hien tdt din mQe ndo - Bvfdfc 2: S o a n giang li t h u y e t t h i i c h a n h Li thuyit thuc hanh thudng gdm nhQng nOi dung kiin thQe lign quan din bai thuc hanh nhU: cd sd If thuyet chuygn mdn; qui dinh vi an toan; vat lieu, may, dung e u ; each thQe van hdnh thiit bi, dung cu; cdc tU t h i , tac phong b i t buOc; each thQe thuc hien cdc cQ dOng, cdc dOng tac/thao tae cu t h i , ; each thQc nhdn biit va xu ll cae tinh hudng xiy ra; cdc sai sdt thudng gap vd each khde phuc; phuong phap ddnh gid kit qua thue hanh; cae edng viec eho ehuin bi va kit thue bdi thQc hanh; each thQc phdi hpp eac vien nhdm hoc thirc hanh, Khi day hpc eae nOi dung tren day, nen phoi hpp dung nhiiu phupng phap day hpc II thuyit: day hpc dung phupng tien true quan, day hpc neu va giai quyit cdc vin di, day hpc giai quyet tinh hudng (thuc tiin), - Brfdc 3: S o a n p h i e u "Hufdng d a n c o n g viec thi^c h a n h " D i ed dupe cae kl ndng, sinh vien phii cd kha ndng lam dupe edng viec cu thi qua thQC hanh, nghia la sinh vign phii lam thee mOt tien trinh thQc hien cong viec Trude vao mOt bai thQc hanh, sinh vign phai dupc nhan mpt phiiu "Hudng din edng viec thuc hanh" va ciu true eua mOt phieu "Hudng d i n cdng viec thQc hanh" gdm eae nOi dung sau day: -I- Chi rd kl nang/bdi day cin thQe hien: Kl ndng phai dupc ehi rd rang d phia tren eua ban hudng din -H Ngu ro diiu kien kiim tra: Cho phep hpc vien dupe biet thu tuc va each thQc kiim tra -h Lap tien trinh thQc hien edng viec: P h i n tien trinh phai d i m b i o eac yeu ciu: gdm t i t ea ede budc cin thiet; mO t i npi dung cac budc; eae ehi d i n ddc biet; ed eac qui dinh vi an todn; bd tri theo dung trinh tu thuc hien -I- Mo ta ehi tiit nOi dung cdc budc: md t i tQng bQdc rieng met each ddn gian, rd rang va sQ dung nhQng thuat ngu chuygn men kit hpp vdi nhung thuat ngQ ma 148 Phuang thUc soan gido dn bdi day thUc hdnh nhdm ndng cao chdt luang day hoc thQC hien cc t h i quan sat dupc -I- Chi d i n nhQng diim quan trpng, kho, di sai sdt -I- Chi cae bude nguy hiim, lien quan din an toan -h Dinh mQc thdi gian thQc hien: nen qui bode mQe theo thdi gian thQc hanh, giam d i n dinh mQe xudng dinh mQe ehuin cua ngudi thp d phin ddnh gid cudi eung + Cd thang diim ddnh gid: ngn dung thang 100 diim, vd an dinh diim tdi thiiu cho phep dat ygu ciu (vf du: 50/100; 60/100; ) Dudi day la vf du ve mOt dang miu phiiu "Hudng d i n edng vige thQe hdnh" ma chung tdi sQ dung [3,4,5]: A Ngudi thuc hien, thdi gian vd dia diim thuc hdnh Hp vd tgn hpc vien: Trin Vdn A Ngdy kiim tra: 15/9/2009 Dia diim thQe hdnh: xudng thuc hanh tien B Ten kl ndng/bdi thuc hdnh: TIEN TRUC TRON + Dieu kien de vd kiim tra: Khi lam xong thi bae d i kiim tra; Kiim tra tai vi trf nguygn cdng -I- Dung cu do: thude cap, pan-me, bO miu kiim dO nhdm b i mat -I- Diim tdi thiiu cin dat: 60/100 -I- Budc cd yiu td nguy hiim: dupc ddnh diu (*) tren sd TT C Tiin trinh cdng viec Bdng Tien trinh cdng viec TT Ten buofc cong viec Chuin bi N Don d?p M t a noi d u n g bi^dc - Kiem tra m&y - Kiim tra chung loai dung cu cat: mfli khoan tam, dao l Lam m i u / T r i n h diin ThQC hanh tQng bQdc Rd rang Dung -— Luyen tap cd hudng d i n > An toan Luyen tap dOc lap > Thanh thao Luyen tap lap lai - dinh ki Hoat dOng sin x u i t - thuc tiin > Thuin thuc, tU tin Thuc hien sd dd trgn: Trudc thuc hdnh, giao vien phat eho sinh vien hai phieu "Giao nhiem vu thuc hdnh" vd "Hudng d i n cdng viec thQe hdnh" Sinh vien sau nghign cQu npi dung cua hai phieu ngn da hinh dung cu t h i nhQng ndi dung phai thuc hien, cc tam t h i hQng thu va sdn sang vdi cdng viec - Lam m i u / t r i n h diin: Giao vien lam m i u / t r i n h diin phai chuin xac, rd rang Sinh vign tap trung quan sat va ddi chieu qua trinh lam m i u cua t h i y vdi nOi dung phiiu "Hudng d i n cOng viec thuc hdnh" Khi cin, phai lap lai viec lam m i u / t r i n h diin eho din t i t c i sinh vign diu hiiu rd tiin trinh - ThQC hanh tQng bQdc: Cho sinh vign lap lai tQng bude cho that dung Mudn vay, sinh vign ein thudng xuyen tQ IQC ddi chieu di lam theo phieu "Hudng d i n cOng 150 Phuang thUc soan gido dn bdi day thUc hdnh nhdm ndng cao chdt luang day hoc viec thuc hdnh" vd tham khao y kiin cua thiy Ddi vdi mdi budc, gido vign phii kiim tra xem t i t c i da thuc hien dung ehua rdi mdi eho tiip tue bude sau Viec thuc hdnh tQng budc keo dai cho din sinh vign thuc hien dung tiin trinh ma chi cin sU dung bin hudng din thuc hanh - Luyen tap ed hudng din: Sinh vien ldm viec dOe lap dudi su giam sat chat che cua gido vign cho din hp cd thi thuc hien edng viec mdt each an toan (che sin phdm, eho eon ngUdi vd cho thiit bi, dung cu), ma khdng cin su giam sat lign tuc eua thiy - Luyen tap dOe lap: Sinh vign lam viec dudi su giam sat cua giao vien, nhung mQe giam sat giim din eho din hp cd thi thue hien dQpc cdng vige mOt cdeh thao - Luyen tap lap lai - dinh ki: Sau hpc xong mOt kl ndng, gido vign cin cho sinh vign lap lai ki nang dd bing nhiiu each, thuan lpi n h i t la chpn cdc ddi tupng (sin phim) cho bdi thQe hdnh sau cho sinh vign cin pliai dung din ede kl ndng da hpc tQ cdc bai trQdc Thue hanh lap lai - dinh ki giup cho sinh vign thirc hien cong viec cang thuin thuc vd tQ tin, vd co thgm cdc kl xio - Hoat dOng sin xuit - thQe tiin: Sau hpc xong mOt nhdm ki ndng, gidd vign eiii che sinh vign tham,gia ede heat dOng sin x u i t hoac giii quyit vin di thQe tiin NhQng boat dOng ndy can dirpe chuin bi che edng sat vdi cdng viec thuc ti cang tdt vi chung eung ed ki ndng thuin thuc, kl xio vd dem lai sQ tu tin cao cho sinh vign Ket luan Treng day hoe thuc hanh che sinh vign, viec ddi mdi each thQc soan giao dn bai day thuc hdnh nhdm tang higu q u i cua qua trinh hinh thdnh - phat triin ki ndng, kl xio cua sinh vign Cdeh thQe soan gido an DHTH ma ehung tdi di xuit thuc hign nhdm: + Dinh hudng eho gide vign tap trung chu yiu vae viec hd trp, hudng din, din dat sinh vien tdng tfnh chu ddng heat dOng thue hdnh, thdng qua cdc phiiu giao nhiem vu va phiiu hudng din, thdng qua ki hoach boat dOng thQe hanh qua cac giai doan -I- Ddc biet la dinh hudng che sinh vign dupe nhdn trudc cdc phiiu "Giao nhiem vu thQe hanh" vd phiiu "Hudng din edng viec thuc hdnh" Sinh vign nghign cQu nOi dung eac phieu trudc hpc, se nhanh chdng cd dupe dOng hinh van dpng sau thQc hanh tQng bQdc Sinh vien cung chu dOng hpn nhiiu luygn tap thee phiiu hudng din, c i khdng ed giao vign bgn canh di nhanh chdng 151 Pham Khuynh Diep hinh va phat triin kl ndng cua b i n than -F Thuc hien bdi day thQc hanh theo ke hoach gido an se khoa hpc hPn, rut ngdn thdi gian dat dupe kl nang ein thiet che sinh vien DHTH theo each thQe soan giao an mdi dat dQpc hieu q u i su pham cao hon, qua dd ndng cao chit lupng day hpc thue hanh TAI LIEU T H A M K H A O [1] Trin Sinh Thanh (chu bien), 1999 Phuang phdp day hoc ki thudt cdng nghiep Nxb Gido due Ha nOi [2] Nguygn Van Khdi, 2006 Li ludn day hoc thuc hdnh ki thudt, Tai lieu giing day chuyen d i cho hpc vien Cao hpc, khea Su pham ki thuat Dai hpc Su pham Ha NOi [3] Luu Quang Huy, Nguyin Viit Tiep, 2000 Thuc hdnh ca - Gia cdng cat got Nxb Gido due Ha nOi [4] Luu Quang Huy, 2006 Thuc hdnh ca khi, tap bai giang eho sinh vien chinh qui khdi Su pham ki thudt Dai hpc Su pham Ha NOi[5] Pham Khuynh Diep, Dupng Hoang Oanh, 2008 Thuc Iidnh ca khi, tap bdi giing eho sinh vien dao tao tQ xa khdi SQ pham ki thuat Dai hpc Su pham Ha NOi[6] John Collum, 2007 Methodology for Technical Education Training TITI Newsletter, No.l2, pp 23-28 and Vocational [7] Dhruba Prasad Dhungel, Inaz Rieser, 2007 A New Paradigm in Training Methodology TITI Newsletter, No.16, pp 15- 19 ABSTRACT T h e m e t h o d for c o m p o s i n g a teaching plan for practice lessons in order t o increase t h e efficiency of practice e d u c a t i o n The paper presents new opinions on the need to change the method for composing practice lesson plans in order to increase the efficiency of practice education The Author presents the advanced method for composing practice lesson plans so that it orients both teachers and students during practice lessons by following "guide forms" and careful practice plans te gain higher skills for students efficiently 152 ... thiet che sinh vien DHTH theo each thQe soan giao an mdi dat dQpc hieu q u i su pham cao hon, qua dd ndng cao chit lupng day hpc thue hanh TAI LIEU T H A M K H A O [1] Trin Sinh Thanh (chu bien),... chuygn men kit hpp vdi nhung thuat ngQ ma 148 Phuang thUc soan gido dn bdi day thUc hdnh nhdm ndng cao chdt luang day hoc thQC hien cc t h i quan sat dupc -I- Chi d i n nhQng diim quan trpng, kho,... chieu di lam theo phieu "Hudng d i n cOng 150 Phuang thUc soan gido dn bdi day thUc hdnh nhdm ndng cao chdt luang day hoc viec thuc hdnh" vd tham khao y kiin cua thiy Ddi vdi mdi budc, gido vign