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HOAN THIjN i CHl, CHINH SACH OE DDI Mill, PHAT I R I E N GIAO DDC ThS BUI NGOC H I I N '''' 1 Cosdrde hoan thien theche, chinh sach ve giao due (GD) ^Hffl/tpftapnam20/3cdnhieu ngidung dupc si}a dd''''i, bos[.]
HOAN THIjN i CHl, CHINH SACH OE DDI Mill, PHAT IRIEN GIAO DDC ThS BUI NGOC H I I N ' Cosdrde hoan thien t h e c h e , chinh sach ve giao due (GD) ^Hffl/tpftapnam20/3cdnhieu ngidung dupc si}a dd'i, bosung so vdi Hien phap nam i 992, la c d s o d e hoan thien hethdng theche, chinh sach quan li (QL) nha nudc tren cac Ifnh vuc Dd'i vdi GD, Hien phap nam2013quydjnh:"Cdngdan cdguyen va nghia vu hoc tap" (1); T h a t trien GD la qudc sach hang dau nhlm nang cao dan tri, phattrien ngudn nhan Iuc,b6i dudng nhan tai Nha nuoc uu tien dau tuva ttiu hut eae nguon dau tu khac cho GO; cham to GD mam non; bao dam GD tieu hoc la bat bugc, Nha nudc khdng thu hpc phi; tdng bude phd'cap G D tnjng hpc; phat trien GD dai hpc, GD nghe nghtgp; thuc hien ehinh sach^hgc bd'ng, hgc phi hop li Nha nudc uu tien phattrien GD dmien nui, hai dao, vung dong bao dan tdc thieu sdvavung cddieu k[en KT-XH d^e biet khd khan; uu Jen sudung, phat then nhan tai; tao dieu kien de ngudi khuye't tat va ngudi ngheo duoc hpc van hoa va hge nghe" (1) Nghj q u y ^ so 29-NQ/TW da xac djnh quan diem chidao.muc lieu tong quatmue tieu cuthevacaenhiem vu, giaiphap ddimdi can ban,toan dien de'GDphattiiai, dap dng yeu cau xay dung va phat trial dat nude nhung Ihlp k i t i ^ Iheo NghjquyelcQng xac djnh: f)ang, doan Quoc hpi i n h dao vigc sua ddl, bosung, hoan thifn, ban hanh mdi hd Ihdng phap luat ve GD-DT, cac luat, nghiquy^cda Quo; hpi,tao CO sdphapli cho viec thuc hien Nghi quyei vagiam satviec thuc hien Ban Can si/ dang Chinh phu lanh dao viec sita ddi, bdsung va ban hanh mdi van ban dudi luat; xay dung ke hoach hanh dgng Ihuc hien Nghj quyet" (2) M^sonpidung c a n ^ trung dehoan thien theche,chinh sach ddi moi, phattrien GO 2.1.Hoanthienhethongphaplu$tveGD.lKn COsaNghiquyetsd'29-NQ/rW, Hien phap nam 2013 va tinh Hnh thuc Slri, Nha nude nen xem xet, dieu ehinh, bdsung he thdng phap luat ve G D dedatn bao dieu chlnh eae quan hexa hgi phatsinh tien trinh ddi mdi, phat trien GD cila nude ta nhung nam tdi Tn/dc het, can soat, dieu chlnh, bosung mdtsd dieu ciJaLuatGD.Can quy djnh romuc teu,yaitidcua GD ddl vdi cong cupc xay dung va bao vedatnudc.cu thehda quan diem "GDva dao tao laqudc saeh hang (kl2-612015) dau,lasunghlep cua Dang,Nha nudc vacua toan dan Dau tu cho GD la dau tu phat trien, duoe uu Jen di tn/dc cac chuong trinh, ke hoach phat trien KTXH" (2).06ng thdi, can hoan thien Luat GD tren CO sd xem xet, hoan thien Luat G D dai hpc, ban hanh Lu|tt Nha giao, cac van ban quy pham phap luat khac de tranh tnjng cheo va dam bao tinh khoa hgc, he thdng, toan dien cua hethdng phap luat veGD.Xem xet, ban hanh luat iridl hay bo sung Luat GD hien hanh quy djnh GDbStbugcdethe'chehdamue teu: "Nang cao chat lupng phdcapGD.thuchienGDbitbudcSnam t)5aunam2020"(2) Ben canh dd, Qudc hpicuig can xem xet, ban hanh Luft Nha giao, lam co sdxay dung va chuan hda dpi ngu nha giao cac cap Nhung ndi dung can tap trung Luat Nhagiao la: vaitrdcuanhagiao; tieu chuan cua nha giao;_dao tao, bdi dudng nha giao va che do, chinh sach dd'vdi nhagiao Vevai tro c(janhagiao,can luathda guan diem cua Dang "giao vidn la nhan tdquy^ dinh chatlupng ciJa G D vadude xahgi tdn vinh"(3) Ve tieu chuan cua nhagiao, can cuthecactieu chuan cua nha giao ve dao due, ehuyen mdn, nghe nghiep de dam bao xay dung dupc dpi ngu nhagiao cae cap dap dng yeu eau cua cdng cupc ddi mdi GD Quy djnh chuan hda dpi ngu nha giao cac cap Chat lupng cua nha giao phg thugc rat Idn vao cdng tac dao t^o, bdi dudng dpi ngu DP dd, Luat Nha giao can quy dinh npi dung, hinh thud dao tao, bdi dudng dpi ngu nha giao eae cap Viec tuyen sinh, dao tao nha giao can dUdc quy djnh va tdchdc thuc hien lihoa hpc, dam bao xay dung dupc cac the tie nha giao tdtve pham chat dao ddc; vdng vang, uyen baevechuyen mdn;am tudng,thong thao ve kTnang va phudng phap giang day Ben canh do, LuatNhagiao cung can quy djnh che dp, chinh sach ddi vdidgi ngu nhagiao cac cap tren edsd cuthehoa quan diem:"Cdche'dpuudaidcS vdi nha giao vacan bdquan ligiao due (QLGD) Viec tuyen dijng,su dung, dai ngd, tgn vinh nha giao va can bp QLGD phai tren co so danh gia nang luc, dao due nghe nghiep va hieu quac6n|tac.Cdchedduu daivaquydinh tuanghi huu hop li d d v6( nha giao cdtinh dp eao Luong cija ' Tni8fl| l^ii bo quan ll giao dye TP Ho Chi Minti Tap chi Gido due so 360 I nhagiao dugc uu tien xep cao nhitiong hethdng thaiig bac mong hanh ehinh sunghiepvaodtiSmphuc^tJy theo tinh chat cdng viec, Iheo vung"(2).Quy dinh euthe viecxetduyet, trao tang cac danh hreu ton vinh nhagiao Ngoai ra, LuatNha giao ciiig can quy djnh ed che linh hoatdelhu hutngudnnhanlgccd chatlupng cao tham gia vao dgi ngu nha giao 2.2 Hoan thien cache QLGD 22.1 Horn thien thechedi'daymanhphan cap QLGD, phan dint) quan linha nudc (QLNN) veGD va quan tri casa giao due (CSGDj Hien nay, viec phan cap, phan djnh trdch nhiem QLNN ve GD duoc quy dinh Nghi dinh so tt5/2010/ NO-CP va Thdng tu Ben tjch sd 47/201 t/TTLTBGDOT-BNV Tuy nhien.tren thuc td, viec thuc hien hai van ban tren gap nhieu khd lihan, lung tung va khdng ddng nhat gida cac dja phuong Ben canh dd, viec phan djnh gSTa QLNN veGD va quan tri CSGD cdn chua rd rang nhan thuc cua can bp, edng chdc, vien chdc cung nhu thuc tiln QLGD Nguyen nhan cda thuc trang la hethdng van ban quy pham phap luat van ban QLNN quy dinh ve trach nhiem QLNN ve GD, trach nhiem QL CSGD chua ro rang, cu the Cung vdi dd, Ihuc tiln, viee eae coquan QLNN v e G D edn "dm ddm", lam ttiay hoat dpng QL cua eae CSGD v i n phd bien d nhieu dja phudng Do dd, Nghj quyet sd 29-NQ/TW da xac djnh mgt nhdng giai phap de nang cao hieu luc, hieu qua QLGD la: "Xac djnh rd trach nhiem ciJa cae cd quan QLNN ve GD, dao tao va trach nhidm QL theo nganh, Bnh thd cua cac bg, nganh, dja phudng Phan djnh cdng tae QLNN vdi quan trj cua CSGD va dao tao Day manh phan cap, nang cao trach nhiem, tao dpng Iuc vatinh chu dpng, sang tap cua cac CSGD, dap tao"(2) De'khic phuc thuc trang nay, Nhanudc can tlieche hda viee phan djnh cliuc nang, nhiem vu giua eae ed quan QLNN ve GD;quydinhchde nang,nhiem vu cua CSGD;quy dinh vaitro, nhiem yu, quyen han ciia ngudi ddng dau CSGD Trong the che hda cac npi dung tren, can thyc hien nguyen tie nhiem vu tuong dng vdi quydn han va dap dng yeu cau rd ranp, cu the, minh bach 22S Hoan thien cachedegiao quyen tuchucho ca'ceSGD.GIaoquyentuchucho cacCSGDtdlau da ttd detai duoe ndi de'n trdn nhieu diin dan, hdi thao Tuy nhiSn, viec thue hidn tu chO cua cac CSGD chua dupc Ihuc hien d i y dil va thd'ng nhat ca nude Thuc trang la cac van ban cua nha nude quy djnh ve dieu kien, ngi dung, phudng thuc de gao quyen tu chil cho cac CSGD ehua rd rang, cu the lam cho cac co quan QLGD d dja Tap chi Gido due so 360 phuong, cac CSGD gap nhilu Ung tung, khd khan trang viec giao va thuc hien tu chO cua eae CSGD Nhanudc can sdm hoan thidn hethdng van ban quy pham phap luat, van ban QLNN vegiao quydn t/ehu eho cac CSGD de eae CSGD phat huy tinh tuehO, nang ddng.sang tao t o n g thuc hien chdc nang, liliiSm vucuaminh, gdp phan tich cue ddlmdi lanban, toan dien GD va dao tao Trong dd, c i n qiiy ^ l i h ro dieu kien, ngi dung, phuong thuc giao quyen tu'chij eho cac CSGD doi vdi tumg cap, tdng dja phuong, tdngdieu kien nhatdjnh 2.2.3 Hoan thien ca che de thuc day canh trarth GD, Canh tranh GD c i n dupc khuyen khieh nhilu tion tren cac phuong dien: canh tranh gidangudi hpc vdi ngudi hpe;eanh tranh gida nhagl^ vdi nhagiao; canh tranh giua can bpQL vdi can bpQL; canh tranh giua CSGDvdJCSGD;canh tranh giuaOD edng lap vc^ GD ngoai cdng lap Tuy nhien, hiSn nw chijig ta van dang thuc liien phan chia dja ban dItuySi siih (tuyen sinh theo tuyai),tuySi sinh theo chitieu dupc cap tren phe duyet Nha giao, can bp QL dugc hdSlig luong theo ngach, bae vaphu cap theo tham nidn cong tac,chucvuQL.Xettrenbinhdienehung,trudngcddia lupng giang day tdt vdi budng cd chat lugng giang day thap van dupc Nha nudc quan tam, dau tu nhu Luang,phucap cija nhagiao giangday tdi,can boQLGD cd nang luc vfl nha giao jiang d?y ttung binh, can b$ QLGD nang lud chua tot dupe tra nhu 'Thut; b:^g lam cho cae CSGD chda chutgng quaritSAi den viecxay dung dgi ngu,nang cao ch£^lugngGDcija minh de canh tranh vdi cac CSGD khac; eae nhagiSb, can bd Ql! eung khdng ed nhidu dpng luc dedS 11181 nang caochltlugng giang day, cdng tae QL Dodd,Nlil nudc nen quan tam xay dung, hoan thien cdsdpliaftf de khuyen khich canh tranh GD cung vdf vj$c nang eao chat lUdng eila hoatdgng kidm djnh, daiih gia chat lupng G D v a thuc hien che dp edng khai c&a eae CSGD 2S.4 Hoan thien cachedexac dinh trach nhi^m cija ngudi dOng dau cac caquanQLGD.cac CSGD Mudn ddi mdi GD ttianh cdng khdng thexem nhevai trd cda ngudi ddng dau cac co quan QLGD, dn CSGD Luc lupng dupc xem la nhung "sTquan" chlhuy tac chien tren nhdng tran dja cu theeua "li^n danh ldn" ddl mdi GD Hp cd vai trd quan trpng, gdp phan quyet djnh thing k?icua cong cupcddi mdi GD De phat huy cung nhu xae djnh dupc vai tro, tracti nhiem eila luc ludng tren Uiuc ten, Nhanudc can the che hda vai ird, trach nhiem, quyin han ciia hg mpt each rd rang, cuthedeii tung cap,tdng nhdm dac thu Ben canh dd, can theche hda viec xay dung, QL, (ki2-6/2015) sudung va dai ngo da vdi ngudi ddng dau co quan hda va the due the thao; Nghj quyei so 40/NQ-CP QLGD CSGD cac c ^ n^09/B/20i2veban hanh Chucmgtrinh hanh ddng 2^ Horn thien the che de xac dinh vaphat cua Chinh phuttiUChien Thdng bao ket iuan cua Bp Chmhtrjvedean"Damdi CO chehoatdpng cua cac huy trach nhi$m xahpi aia cae CSGD CSGD lanhOng "tebao" song cua nen GD Neu don vj sunghiep cdng 1^, day manh xa hdi hda mdt nhin nhan nen GD ta mot thuc theswig thi bat ciite sd'bai hinh djch vu sunghiep cdng" Tuy nhien bao'nao hoat ddng yeu kem, khdng hoan chiic trien khai thuc hien cdn gap rat nhieu khd khan va nang, nhian vu cua m inh cung anh hudng den "siickhdngdatdupc hieu quatrgn thuc tien Nghjquyetso khoe" chung cua nenGD.Hon nua.GDIamdt nganh 29-NQ/fw da xac djnh nhiem vu, giai phap:'t)d1mdi dac 1hu,_khdng dupc phep dua xa hpi nhiing san chinh sach, coche tai chinh, huy dpng suttiamgia pham Tdr Do dd, trach nhiem xa hdi cua cac CSG Dddng gdp cua toan xa hpi; nang cao hieu qua dau tu khdng pha chi lasumong muon cua xa hdi, cua Nha de phat trien G D va dao tao" (2), dong thdi xac dinh nudc da VQ^GD mala yeu cau, la lido ton tai cua cac cac giaiphap cuthededay manh xa hpihoa GD.Day CSGD Nha nudc can quy dinh cu the trach nhiem chinh laco sdde hoan thien the che de huy ddng xa cua tumg bai hinh CSGD doi vdi su nghlep GD, dd'ihpi hoa GD nhCmg nam tdi vd^ xa hpi Tmdc het, can cu the hda trach nhiem cua 2.6 Hoan Oiien chinh sach phat tiiai GD a tungtoaihinh CSG D doi vdi xa hpi; trach n h i ^ cdngcac vungkhokhan Mpt nhung yeu cau khai minh bach hoat ddng iSD cua cac CSGD phattrien GD la dam bao cdng bing giira cac vung, vathuc hien cam ket ve chat h/ong dau cua minh miKi.Tuy nhien, taicacvungTay Bac,Tay Nguyen Cd CO che de phat huy trach nhi&m xa hpi cua cac va Dong bing sdng Cuu Long, cac chi so phat trien CSGD.dong thdmng hinh dich vu cong, ddcoGDdadupcDang xac Da mdi GD la tatyeu khach quan dedap ung yeu dinhtLyOailipiVlllvangaycang dupc ph^trieh, hoan cau phattrien datnudc nhihig thap ki tiep theo thien Trong giai doan hien nay, Chmh phu da ban Tren cosdHien phap nam 2013, cac quan diem cua hanh Nghiquy^so05/2005/NQ-CP 18/4/2005 v e d ^ manh xa hdi hda cac hoat dpng GD,y^', van (Xem tiep irang 14) (hi 2-6/2015) Tap chi Gido due so 360 T dat tuong doi cao, chiem 34.9% (60 tre) Muc WngbinhacacJC cung khong quachenh lech, dat 16,3%{28tre)dTC2vadeudat19,2%{33tre)dTC va3.C6n6fmucdpyet/lakhait,tuynhien,oTC2 la cao nhat, chiem 8,7% {15 tre), tiep theo Ia7,6% (13 tre) dTC va thap nhat la 4,1 % (7 tre) dTC Thehien tren bieu nhu sau: iti IO ID Ti*uth( Bi§'u dint) gia si/sin sang tioc dgc va viet cua tre 5-6 tuoi tronq l(hao sat Nhuvay.qua khao satsusansang hoc dpcvaviej cija cac t r i MN 5-6 tuoi trudng MN TP Son La d tren,cotheketluan nhusau: - SusIn sang hoc dpc va viet cua tre mau giao 5-6 tuoi 01034 tardng khong dong deu vadugc phan chia cac muc dp khac nhau: tot, kha, tiung b[nh,yeu Th6ngquabai%) danh gia cfca3TC,s6tre s i n sang hpcdpcvavi^omuctfpfi5(chiem t i l e l ^ lupt dcac TCIa41,8%;45,9%;35y4%;om(A;tfpA'ftachiain tile34,9%;29,1%;37,8%;dmifctfp/rt;ngt/h/?gan nhu tuong duong (19,2%; 16,3%; 19,2%) va vk) tredmifctfd/a/nhung so luong khong dang ke(4,1%;8,7%;7,6%) -Tinh khong dong d i u thehien dsi/khac biet giua hai gicfi tre nam va tre nQ S u s I n sang hpc dpc va viet cua cac tre nij'tot hon cac tre nam ,^cu th§': so tre nu' san sang hpc dpc va viet cao hon tre nQ, si/ s i n sang hgcdpcvavietdmLrc dp totchl§'m 88,2%,trong khid6,tilenaydtrenamchichiem64,3%;dmij'cdp khathitrenamchiem24,3%,c6ntrenflchichiemc6 9,8% mtic dp trung^binh ttii tre ni) chi chiem % , trenamchigm_7,1%.dmLrcdpyeukh6ngc6trenfl COT tre nam van chiem 4,3% - Cac tre co dieu kien tot thi se d l dang thich umg hon vdi viec chuan bjvao ldp n a chung,tl/tin vade dang thicli ung vdi hpc dpc va viet noi rieng.Qi Tiii lieu tham khio Dinh Thi Kim Thoa Giao trinh "Ddnh gii 141 Tap chi Gido due so 360 gido d u e m a m n o n " NXB Gido due Vilt Nam, H.20I2 Chikhieva E.I Pliat tri^n loi n6i trfe em dmW tufii d^n t r u d n g p h ^ 3iOng (ban djch tO- ti^ng Nga ctia Trutrng Thifin Thanh) NXB Giao dye, H 1976 Nguygn Thi Anh Tuyet- Pham Ho^ngGia Tflmli hQC tre em trmi-c tudi hpc NXB Cido d^c, H 1988 Nguygn Thj Hoa Gido d u e hpe m a m non NXB Dgi hgc suphgm, H 2009 Hoang Phe TO-di^n tieng Vifit NXB KhoahgcxH h^i.H 1988 BO GD-DT Sf5 chudn phdt Iriin tri emStuSL 2012 SUMMARY Entering 1st grade is a new start of children's early devehprhent Young children will truly enter a new social envirormient with many interestingtbin^ It depends parUy on young children's attitude ofaccepting to help school can bring useful lessons for them How to prepare the best emotional state for children at the first days of school? How to know the right time for them to be ready to learn to read and write? This article will mention the reality of the readiness to learn to read and write of children from to years old at some kindergartens m Son La city Son La province Hoan (Men the Ghi, GliinlisJicL (Tiep theo ^ng S) Dang, Nhanudccanquantam, hoan thien hethong theche, chinh sach, tao hanh lang phap li, cochSQL phu hpp dedam bao thuc hien cong cong cupc doi mdi can ban, toan dien GD vadao tao.D (1) Hi^n phap mroc COng h6a xa hOi chu nghTa Vi?l Nam nam 2013 (2) Ban Ch^p hknh Trung uong Nghi quyils629-NQ/ TW ngdy 04/11/201 i vi ddi mdi cdn bdn, todn diin gido diic vd ddo tgo (3)Ban Ch^p hknh Trung uong Nghi quyitsd02-NQ/ TW ngdy 24//2/1996 vi dpth hudng chiin luge phdt triin gido difC - ddo tgo thdi ki cdng nghiip hda, hiin dgi hda vd nhiim v(t din ndm 2000 SUMMARY Educational innovation is necessary requirement for the national development Based on the Party's standpoint, the Constitution in 2013, the State should juipmving the system of educational l^slations, educational policies, creating legal framework, congruous management mechanism for the innovating educational process /hi9 fi/9M15)