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PHAT TRIEN NANG LU€ TIT HOC CHO HOC SINH TRONG DAY HDC VAT 111 TRDIING TRDNG HDC PHD THONG TS NGUYEN TH] NH j " ThS TRAN N G O C T H A N G " D inh hudng ddl mdi can ban va toan dien giao due nu6 tafro[.]
PHAT TRIEN NANG LU€ TIT HOC CHO HOC SINH TRONG DAY HDC VAT 111 TRDIING TRDNG HDC PHD THONG TS N G U Y E N TH] N H j " - ThS TRAN N G O C T H A N G " D inh hudng ddl mdi can ban va toan dien giao due nu6:tafrong giaidoan Hen \a"chuy&} manh qua tnnh gso due tdchuyeu trang bi kien thdc sang phat tnen toan dien nang luc vapham cAa'M5t/d>V)af(1) Nang luc tuhpc (NLTH) la mdt nhung nang li/c chung quan trgng can dupc hinh ttianh va phattrien cho hpc sinh (HS) thdng qua hoatdgng dayhpcdeae mdn hgc, cac cap hgc NLTH giup HScd kha nang hgc tap, tuhgc suot ddi de'cd ttie tdn tai, phat tnen frong xa hpi tri ttiuc va hgi nhap qudc te Do dd, hinh va phattrien NLTH cho HS la nhiem vu het sdc quan frgng day hgc dtrudng phd ttidng Bai viet nay, chung tdi de cap cac bien phap phat ttien NLTH cho HS frong day hgc Vat li (DHVL)dtn/dng phottidng Nang liic t u hpc cua HS Nang iuc la mpt thupc tinh tam li rieng cua mdica nhan, la diem hpitu eua nhung yeu to: tti ttidc, kTnang (KN), ttiai do, kinh nghiem, Nang luc dupc hinh ttianh va phat trien hoat dong, hoat ddng la phuong ttiuc coban dephat hien nang luc, Neu khdng tochuc hoatdpng va ngudi khdng lan xa vao hoat ddng ttiinang life khdng Uiebpc Id vaphat trien Theo bang Vu Hoat, "fuhgc la mdt hinh thdc hoatdgng nhin thdc cua ci nhan nhim nim vdng he M'ng tri thdc va KN chfnh ban Mn ngudi hgc Sin hinh a tren Idp hoac a ngoai Idp hoac khdng Mo chuang Mh vi sach giao khoa da dugc quy djnh Tuhgc cd quan he chit che tdi qui trinh day hgc, nhung cd tinh dgc iap cao va mang dim net, sic thai cua ci nhid" (2; tr i 42-143) TLT hpc la nhan to ndi iucquyetdjnhchatlugnghgetap, cdn hoatddngday la ngoai luc cd tac dung dinh hudng, kich thich, dieu khien va chi dao fruc ttep hoac gian tiep quatrinh hpc Qua frinh day hpc chi ed ket qua ngudi hgc tu nd luc, h; hpe de nam vCing nhirng fri thdc ma niian loai da tich luy dupc Trong hoc tap bao gid cung cd tu hpc, nghTa la ngudi hge tiJ mlnh lao dgng tri dc de chiem ITnh kien ttiuc Nhu vay, cd ttie hieu tu hoc la mgt bd phan cua viec hpc tap, la sund luc cua mdi ca nhan nham dat den mpt muc dich nao dd tren 42 dudng chiem finh kho tang fri ttidc eua nhan loai Su no luc dd cua ngudi bao gom ca tu duy, tri tue, dpng CO tam li, thai dp, tjnh cam Hoat dpng hi hge dien dudi nhieu hinh thdc, tu hpc trudng ttiong la h/ hpc cd hudng dan Vi vay, hoat ddng tif hpe eua HS cd nhifrig dau hieu dac tarng nhu: - HS phai tim kien thuc bang chinh hoat dpng cua minli; - HS hJ the hien minh, tu dat minh vao tinh huong, nghien ciJfu each xuli, h;trinh bay, tubao ve san pham cua minh, to rd ttiai dp cua minh trudc each ung xu cua ban, tap giao tiep, tap hpp tac vdi mpi ngudi qua trjnh tim tri thdc; - Giao vien (G V) la ngudi hudng dan HS nghien cdu tim kien tliuc va tuthe hien minh \&p hpe.GV la ngt/di to ehdc, hudng dan ldp hoatdwig, lafrpngtai, CO van, ket luan frong cac cudc tranh luan da ttiogi gida HS-HS,GV-HSdekhing djnh kien thtic doHS tutim vacung langudi kiem tra, danh gia ket quatu hpc cua HS; - HS tudanh gia, h i k i ^ ttB lai san pham ban dau sau khida trao ddl hpp tae vdi ban be va dua vao ket luan cua GV, h/sua chda, tudieu chinh, tu hoan ttiien, tunjtra kinh nghiemve each hgc,each xu li tinh huong, each giai quyetvan de cua minh NLTH la kha nang tt; minh tim tdi, dinh hucftig nhan ttidc va van dung kien ttiue vao tinh hudng mdi hoac tuong tu vdi chat lupng cao Ndi den NLTH la ndidenfrittiuccua ngucrihpc ve phuong phap tuhoc, cac KN, kinh nghiem tt; hgc va tiiai dp, y chi,tinhthan ti/hgc NLTH dupc coi la mdt nguon npi luc quy gia tiem an frong ban ttian mdi eon ngudi; la nang luc het sucquan trpng mamoi ngudi can phai cdvicdNLTH mdi cdthe tuhpc suot ddi dupc Phatttien NLTH cho HS la dudngmaGV dua HS cua minh dwi vdi chan 11 khoa hgc bing chinh hoat dgng cua hg, dong ttidi lam eho eon dudng nhan ttidc khoa hpc n g ^ lai, dehieu hon Do vay, phatfri^ NLTH cho HS ed y nghTa quan trgng viec giup hpdao sau md rpng kien ttiuc, hinh ttianh nhung pham chat dao due tot dep va phatttien toan dien 'TnrongDai boc Vinb "SdGtMITBinhPhirdc Tap chi Gido dye so 360 (ki2-6/2015) 22 Ddl vai GV 2.ThiJc trang phattrien NLTH cho HS DHVL dtrudng thong De danh gia nhan ttidc cua GV ve NLTH cua Nham xac dinh muc dp dat duoc cua viec phat HS, chung tdi chia mdc dohihgc cua HS lam muc trien NLTH cho HS DHVL dfrudng phd'ttidng, (rat tot, tot, blnhtiiucmg,yeu va kem) Ket qua khao tim nguyen nhan eua hienfrang:ddng co, hijrng ttiuh/ sat ehottiay,phan Idn GV cho ring, kha nang hi hpc hpc mdn VitH,ttidigianfrrhpc binh quan ngoai gid cua HS d mdc binh ttiudng (41,5%), so it GV clio fren Idp/hgay; danh c|ia hieu qua bien phap cua GV ring, kha nang hi hpc cua HS d mdc rat tot (9,5%) frongtochucphatttien NLTH cho HS, tim nguyen hoac kem (11%) nhan eua nhung ton tai, han che: ve nhanttiue,ve Venhin Mc cua G V ve vai trd cua tuhgc each to' chdc day hpe theo hudng phat trien NLTH viic hinh Mnh kien Mc, KN cho HS, cd tdi 58,4% n h ^ de xuat cae bien phap phat bien NLTH cho HS G V eho ring, tti hgc cd vaifrdquan trgng, ed 39,0% frong DHVL dtn/dng ttidng, bong hpc ki nam GV cho la binh thudng, 2,6% GV cho la khong hpc 2014-2015, chung tdi da tien hanh khao sat tai quan trpng mpt so frudng THPT Thanh Hda, Nghe An, Ha Venhin Side cua G V veynghJa cua Ufhgc Uong Ttnh, (bing phieu dieufrava phong van) Ket qua DHVL dbudngpho thdng, ed tdi 93,5% y kien dupe khao sat nhu sau: hdi eho ring tti hgc giup HS hieu bai sau sic hpn;ed tdi 84,0% y kien dupc hoi cho ring tu hgc giup HS 2.1 Ddl ydi HS 2.1.1 Vemdc ffiuc hien cac KN ti/hgc, chung van dung kienttidcvao giaiquyet cac nhiem vu hgc tdi chia viecttiuchien eae KN NLTH cac tap; cd 97,0% y kien cho ring tu hpe giup HS md muc dp khac nhau: mdc N^ - chua tht/c hien dupc rdng, dao sau kien thdc; ed 95,0% cho ring tu hpc KN, N,- ttit/c hien dupc KN nhung mdc dp ehua giup HS hinh tinh tich ciic, dpc lap va sang cao, Nj- ttiuc hien ttianh ttiao KN Tren co sd ttiu tao; ed tdi 78,5% y kien cho rang ti; hpe giup HS ttiapttidngttn,xu II so lieu, mot sd ket qua thu dupc hinh nep lam viec khoa hgc; CO tdi 73,0% cho nhu sau: Phan Idn HS chua thi/c hien dupc KN ring tuhgc giup HS cd kha nang tudanh gia ketqua (mdc NJ, hoac thue hien dupc KN nhung d mdc hgc tap; cd 93,0% y kien cho rang, tti hgc giup HS ttiap (mdc NJ, so it HS thi/c hien dupc KN d mdc hinh phuong phap hgc tap va NLTH Nhu ttianh thao (miJc N^) Ching han, KN tim quan he vay, phan Idn G V nhdm khao sat da xac djnh giiJa kien thdc mdi ttiu nhan vdi he thong kien thuc dung tac dung cua tuhpc viec hinh kien da cd 53,4% HS chi dat d mdc N^, chi thdc vaphat trien NLTH, cd so it 4,1% HS data mdc N^; KN lap so he Ve vi'n dephat trien NLTH cho HS qua tfldng hda kien ttidc cd tdi 55,5% chi dat d mdc N^, //7>j/?day/)pc, ketqua khao satchottiay,van cdn nhieu frong dddrridcNjChicd 3,5%; Khi so sanh giua GV quatrinh day hpc chua quan tam den viec cac KN tfiay ring, cac KN d nhdng giai doan sau phatttien NLTH cho HS, cd tdi 9,5% GV chua bao (ttieo chu trinh hpc), so HS thuc hien dupc KN d gid ren luyen cho HS KN hettiong hda kien thdc cua mdc N„, N, chiem tilecao, dmdc N^chiem ti letha'p mdtchu de,ed tdi 14,0% GV chua bao gid ren luyen Nguyen nhan la cang nhdng KN d nhiTng giai cho HS dieu chlnh each hpc, Qua gap gd, trao doi, doan sau, tinh chat khd va mdc phdc tap tang phong van tnictiepGV cho thay, da sd'GV ratquan dan, dongttidiphai cd KN dgiai doan tnj'dc mdi ttii/c tam den viee phattrien NLTH cho HS quatrinh hi§n dupc KN dgiai doan sau day hpe Sonp nhan tiidc cua GV ve NLTH va bien 2.1.2, VehdngMhgctip Vitii.soHS cdhijng thu hpc tap mdn Vitlichua nhieu, so HS chua ttiu vdi mdn Vaf//edn kha cao Nhan ttidc ve vai frd cua mdn hpe va hdng tiiu hpc tap vdi mdn hpc cd quan he chat che vdi va anh hudng khdng nhd tdi ket qua h; hgc va ren luyen KN hi hgc Neu HS nhan ttiticdungvemonhpccdtinh cam vdind,setao nen dpng co manh me, tudd cdtinhttian,y chi vupt qua nhungttdngaifronghgc tap Ngupc iai, khdng cd hungttiuhpc tap, se Ididng tapfrungsuy nghT, hqc chi tasudCH phd, hinh thdc (ki2-6/2015) phap phat trien nang luc dd cdn rat han che, hg gap nhieu khd khan viec xae dinh KN can cd de tu hpc Vat ti cung nhuviec tochdc day hpc ttieo hudng hinhttianhva phathien NLTH Vivay, G V it sudung cac bien phap phatfrienNLTH day hgc Da so GV ttiudng day ttieo kieu "ttiiet ke san" roi mang san pham deday cho HS, hoac yeu cau HS nghien cuu saeh giao khoa, tai lieuttiamkhao de dien vao cac bang/so vdi cactieuehi da cd Rait it G V day cho HS each lam san pham diiafrendac ^em cua ngi dung vayeu caufrongnhiem vu hge tap nhuday cho Tap chi Giao dye so 360 43 ho each lap bang, lap scf do, van dung kien thiic vao cac linh huong hoc tap vadcfisonj, Cac bien phap phat trien NLTH clio HS DHVL tnrdng plio thong 3.1 Taonlem tin va himg thu hoc tap clio HS DHVL Theo tam li hqc, cac phan ben thai dg hoc tap cua nguiJi hgc ia nen ^ n g quan nhat ctio viec hinh vaphat trien NLTH Chlkhi nao ngucri hoc l / y Ihiic diroc tam quan cua tu hoc, CO niem tin vao ban than Ihi viec tuhoc mdi tro sa thich, dam me, tugiac ma khong can co suthuc giuc cua yeu toben ngoai VdiHSpholh6ng,yth lie t i ; giac luhgcmciihinh nen GV la ngudibiet nhen nhom,thap sang niem tn,tao hifng Ihu va dgng cotLfhgcchoHS Deteioniem tin vahiinglhuchoHS khili/hgcGV CO the to chiic hoat dpng nhom Khi tham gia hoat dgng nhom, m6i HS comgtsdtrucfng, mptthe manh, hpsehdtrgf, hpc tap i i n GV COIheglao nhQng nhiem vy phu hop, viia siic vcfi HS Trong qua trinh day hgc iren Icfp, GV co the su dung cac chien iucfc niiu day hgc neu van de, day hgc theo goc, day hgc hgp tac Ching han, day iipc ve cac dinh iuat Niu-Ion, GV tochiic cho HS giai thich cac hien tucfng gan gui dcfi song cua hp nhungudi ngoi xe nga vephia trudc hoac phia sau khixe thay doi loc do, hoac hanh dgng ru ao cho sach bui Hay hgc ve hien lupng mao din,GV cotheyeu cau HS giai thich nhUng vigc hay lam dcfi sdng nhu vun, xdi goc chocaydegiudpam; 3.2 Huong dan HS tochuc cac hoat dpng tifhpc Cling vdi cac bien phap tao niem tin, hiing thu tu hgc thiviechudng d i n HS biet each to chiic tuhpc ia nlian 16' quan dam bao su eong cua tu hgcOetcchiie duge tuhgc thi GV can hudng dan ctio HS xay dung k§'hoaeh tuhpc Ke hoach eang eu the, chi tiet, cang khga hgc bao nhieu thi su thanti edng trgrig tuhgc eang cao Kehoach cothe lap cho ngay, luan va can xac djnh rd phan kien thiie tu hgc, phan phci thdi gian, hinh Ihiic lu hgc Viec Ihuc hien kehoach tuhgc iakhau quyet dinh ketqua tuhpc cua haOethuchien dugc kehoach lot, HS phai lao dupc nhiing thdi quen nhu: tugiac, tap tnmg tutudng khituhpccdyehi, quyet tam vugt kiid tuhgc Vjec phattrien NLTH khdng chi the hien dviec chuan bi bai d nha ma ca cae hoat dpng tu hge d Iren Idp va ea hoat dgng ngoai khda Do dd, de 44 Tap chi Gido due so 360 phattrien NLTH ddi hoi caned sullen he chatche giua viec day cua QV va viec hgc cua HS GV phai tling budc hinh thanh, ren iuyen vaphattrid'n cac KN to NLTH cho HS Chang han, gidhpc Vat iidtren Idp,GV c i n ren eho HS biet ly dieu chlnh nghe giang de nSm vUng kien thiic Cd ban; biet chpn igc kien thiie de ghi chep theo y hieu cua ban than, Hoat ddng tuhpc Vat i i d n h a cuaHS rat phong phu va da dang, cd lac dung rat idn viec cung co', hieu sau, hoan thien kien thdc, ren cac KN, kl xao hgc tap va giao due tu ludng linh cam cho HS Neu to chiic tot hoat dgng tu hge d nha cho HSse gdp phan nang cao hieu qua DHVL dtrudng thong Oe cong vlee cd ket qua eao, GV can chu y: giup HS cd thai dung d i n va y thiic dupc muc dich, nhiem vu cua viec tu hge d nha; nhiem vu giao ve nha phai tao hiing thii dd'i vdi HS, viia dam bao vdi trinh dp chung ciia ca Idp, viia phai chu y de'n nhiing HS ye'u kem hay kha gidi; tag dieu kiSn thuan igi de HS tu hgc d nha; ren iuyen cho HS thdi quen, phuong phap tu hpc ddng thdi thudng xuy§n kiem tra bai iam d nha eiia HS iS nang eao y thiie, traeh nhiem eua hg; khd'i iugng nhiem vu ma GV giao v ^ nha oho HS c i n dam bao viia du, viia siie dd'i vdi hg Ben canh hinh thiic tu hpc Iren idp, tu hpc d nha thitu hpc trpng hoat dpng ngoai khda cd vai trd quan trgngtrongviSc ren luyen NLTH eho HS Hoat dgng ngoaj khoa ed lac dung tich cycdol vdi viec giao dudn^, giag due va phat then loan dien cua HS, gdp phin quan trpng eung vdi eae bai ien idp thyc hien lotchiic nang nhiem vu cua bg mdn Thdng qua ho?t dgng ngoai khda,HS dupc ren iuyen kha nang lam viec vdi tai lieu tham khao va cae nguon kien thiie khac HS phai tudn iuyen kien thuc, dgc saeh, suu tim hinh anh, video, thi nghiem, lai lieu ehua'n bj cho ngo?i khoa, tuvan dung kien thiie, KN da hge vao hoatdgng thyc tiln HS cd dudc ed hgi duoc trinh bay nhflng hieu bietcija minh ve mptvan de nao dd, trinh bay cac bao eao khoa hpc phu hpp vdi trinh dp vayeu c l u hgc tap cua ban than _ 3.3 Hudng dan HS sudung cac phuong tl$n hgc tap PhUdng Hen hpc tap ia dieu kien khdng thlthieu hoat ddng day hpc cung nliu tu hpc cua HS^ Trong hge tap Vat ii, de viec sudung phudng Hen h i trp dat hipu qua cao, quatrinh d?y hgc GV cin hudng d i n cho HS sudung eae loai phuong tiSn hgc (kl2-6/2015) tap khac T u hpc vol saeh giao khoa, tai lieu ttiam^ khao, giup HS ti^ can vdi kien thdc khoa hpc CO ban phong phu, sau rpng.Tli hgc vdi eae phuong ttgn hl$n dai nhumayvitt'nh.phanmemvcS eae ttiietbj dien tdkhac, internet, giup HS hpc tap dat hieu qua eao hon; chung giup HS ttiu ttiap, luu tni ttidng tin, frinh dien ttidngtin GV can h u d n g d I n H S each s d dung sach glao khoa, tai lieu ttiam khao, eae ttiiet bi ttii nghiem, sudung eae phuong tien dien tu, de khai ttiac, xu li cac ttidng tin C h i n g lian, tie HS lam viec vditail^u ttiam khao, GV can gidi thieu vetai lieu hoac d[a chl tin cay de HS tiep can vdi tai lieu; can hudng danHSeachdpc,ghichep,frinhbayketquatimdpc cua mjnh Ngoai ra, ttirdc HS dgc tai lieu can neu yeu eau maHS phai dat dupe lam viec vdi tai lieu dehgcdsudinhhudng Nguygn Canh Toan Q u i trinh day hpc - tir hpc NXB Gido due n 2001 SUMMARY Self-study is the key position in the strategic importance of education - training the country's current sta^ Therefore, the formation and development of self- study ability for students is extremely important task in teaching in schools This article, we refer to these measures to develop self- study capacity for students in the process of teaching physics subject in general schools Glao due kinanysOng (Tiep Iheo trang 50) 4.6 Cdng co'baihgc 3.4 Hudng din hoat dgng tukiem tra, danh • GV eho HS giai tiiich y nghTa cua cac cau sau: gia ket qua tu hoc cua HS Ho^tdpngbikiemttB,danh gia ketquatuhpc eari "Chpn ban ma choi, chpn noi ma d"; "Ngt^ chay cd tochdc dudinhieu hinh thdc khac va can phoi bay, chim bay cd ban"; 'Ra di vda gap ban hien/Cung hpp gii}a cac hinh ttidc dp vdi Chang han, b i n g an qua dap tien fren trdi"; "Hay ndi eho tdi biet DHVL d tardng pho'thdng, sau moi bai hpc ban cua ban la ai, tdi se ndi chp ban biet ban la ngudi HS can tra ldi he ttiong cau hoiva bai tap saeh nhutiienao" - G V giao bai tap ve nha cho HS: viet bai luan ve giao khoa hoac G V giao ttiem dng vdi phan kien ttiuc tli hpe h/ong dng; hoaeyeu eau HS tai hien lai tinh ban cua em cac npi dttng kien thdc da biet bang nhieu each nhu tai hien b i n g so do, b i n g he thong bang bieu, ban Cd nhieu yd'u to tao nen cdng cua mgt bai tu Ngoai ra, qua nhieu lan thuc hien nhu giang,frong ddphai keden siivan dung linh hoat cae tti§*nay,KNtiikiemtra,danhgiacuaHS cang phucmg phap d£V hpc; sudautu, sang tao, khdng ngurig dupc eung co va phattrien damdicuaGVvasi/phuhgp,eapnhaitvdittididai.Tuy nhien.hiennayvin COI khdng HGV chua doimdi,tam Phat trien NLTH cho HS DHVL cd vi jrl huyet vdi nghe Bai viet m udn chia se vdi cac ban quan frpng ttong Uiuc hi$nmuc tieu bdmdn,gdp plian dong nghiep mgt vai kinh nghiem cua ban ttian d i H S dao tao nUQng ngiidi lao dpng nang dpng sang tao, cang yeu quy mdn GDCD U cd nang bfc tii chu Do do, qua trinh DHVL ndi rieng, dgy hoed tnidng phottidng ndi chung GV can Tai li^u tbam khao H& Nhat Thang (tdng chu bifin) Giao due cflng dan st/djnh hudng, chi dan, tao niem dam m e c h o H S giup HSttigiae, tu lap hpc ^ Tddd, viee tuhpc NXB Gido due ViitNam, 2009 Nguyfin Thanh Blnh Gido trinh chuy£n di giao mdi frd ttianh thdi quen, nhu cau cua nciudi hgc va d u e ki nang stfng NXB Dgi hgc su phgm, H 2011 gdp phin nang cao ket quahpc tap eua ban ttian; chat NguySn COng Khanh Phutrng p h a p giao due gia lupng dao tgo eua nha tn/dng • tri sd'ng, ki nSng sSTng NXB Dgi hgc su phgm (l)BanChSph^h Trung uong A'gA/9M>'^rsd'29-A'0/nv H.20]2 ngdy 14/3/2012 vi ddi mdi cdn bdn, lodn diin gido Nguygn Thj My LOc - Dinh Thj Kim Thoa "Giao dye gia tri va kT nSng sO'ng cho hpc sinh phd thOng" dfic vd ddo tgo (2) Djng VQ H041I - Hit Thj Diic Li ludn day hoc dai Tai li&u tap huin, b6i duOng giao vifin, 2010 hpc NXB Dgi hgc suphgm Hd Ndi- 2004 Tfti lifu t h a m khSo BO GD-DT v a t U 10 (nang cao) NXB Cido due H.2006 Bo GD-DT v a t li 10 (nfing cao, sSch giao vien) NXB Cido diic, U 2006 (ki2-6/2015) SUMMARY Life skills education for students is an Important part ofteaching civic education courses Through this article the author would like to share with readers some of my own experience of life skills education in teaching civic education courses Tap chi Gido due so 360 45 ... kien Mc, KN cho HS, cd tdi 58,4% n h ^ de xuat cae bien phap phat bien NLTH cho HS G V eho ring, tti hgc cd vaifrdquan trgng, ed 39,0% frong DHVL dtn/dng ttidng, bong hpc ki nam GV cho la binh... (l)BanChSph^h Trung uong A''gA/9M>''^rsd''29-A''0/nv H.20]2 ngdy 14/3/2012 vi ddi mdi cdn bdn, lodn diin gido Nguygn Thj My LOc - Dinh Thj Kim Thoa "Giao dye gia tri va kT nSng sO''ng cho hpc sinh phd... viecttiuchien eae KN NLTH cac tap; cd 97,0% y kien cho ring tu hpe giup HS md muc dp khac nhau: mdc N^ - chua tht/c hien dupc rdng, dao sau kien thdc; ed 95,0% cho ring tu hpc KN, N,- ttit/c hien dupc