NGHIEN CUU & UNG DUNG TIT VAN HUONG NGHIEP HOC D U S N G THUD TRANG VA GlAl PHAP PGS IS BA Tbi Bfch Loan l^n Khoa hgc gido due Vipt Nam SUMMARY Vocational education in secondary schools have achieved[.]
NGHIEN CUU & UNG DUNG TIT VAN HUONG NGHIEP HOC D U S N G THUD TRANG VA GlAl PHAP PGS IS BA Tbi Bfch Loan l^n Khoa hgc gido due Vipt Nam SUMMARY Vocational education in secondary schools have achieved certain results But still not really help give students the right direction when choosing careers, causing huge waste for the family and society The article focuses on analyzing clarify concepts school career counseling and its role in helping students understand the career system in the society, the development direction ofthe naliorml economy in general and of local, said with reference to the development, abilities, aptitudes, psychological tmd physical state of health ofadjusting itselfto the selection engine croft Based on the situation analysis vocational counseling in secondary schools has now proposed a number of measures to enhance career counseling to help schools give students the right direction and initiative in selected occupations, have the ability to decide the path of his future career Keywords: Academic Counselling, Career, Career Advice School Ng^ nhpn bdi: 19/10/2015; Ngay duypt bdi: 20/10/2015 Hifn nay, nhilu hpc sinh (HS) cdn phfin vfin vifc chpn nghi, chpn trudng phu hyp sau tit nghifp THPT Dieu ndy dan den vifc sl lupng Idn sinh vidn cdm thay ehdn ndn, bd hpc gitta chCmg ho$e tnidng khdng tim dupc vifc Ifim thich hyp, dl roi vdo tlnh trgng bi quan, suy syp tinh than vd hon hit Ifi gfiy Idng phi Idn eho gia dinh vd x3 hOi- Theo khdo sfit cfia Bdo Ngudi Lao dOng, cd tdi hon 60% HS thfia nh$n rfing minh khdng duye hudng nghifp chpn ngfinh nghi dfing I^ dy thi dgi hpe' Vi v$y, cin thyc hifn hifu c^ufi gifio dye hudng nghifp (GDHN) trudng phd thdng vdi mOt nOi dung quan trpng lfi tu vin hudng nghifp (TVHN) hpc dudng nhdm gifip cho HS cd djnh hudng dfing va ehu dOng lya chpn nghe, cd khd nfing ty quyet dinh dupe dudng nghfi nghifp tucmg lai cfia minh hogt dOng tu vin Ifim ly (counseling) Id trpng tam cfia tu van hpc dudng Nhu v$y, tu vin hpc dudng Id tfin gpirifingcfia mOl hogt dOng chuyfin nghifp cd chfic nfing chfi ylu duye djnh nghTa, ml td rd rang chlnh nhttng ngudi lifin phong Irong nghifp vy xfiy dyng tung budc tgo nfin nhthig d$c dilm pham chit, tinh nhan vdn vd dja vj khoa hpe dng dyng ddi song Cd nhilu quan nifm khfic vl tu vdn lam ly, hifn tu van tam ly dupc hilu thing nhit "Id mgt tien trinh ngdn hgn, liin nhdn cdch, dya vdo hgc thuyit, giup da nguai khdc md ngudi caban d trgng Ihdi Idm ly ldnh mgnh di gidi quyit nhirng vdn de lien quan din syphat triin nhdn cdch, dinh vi, djnh hudng cupc sdng " (Gladding, 1996, trg 8) va bao ham cd hudng nghifp 1.2 Tu vin hudng ngkiPp hgc dudng Tv vdn hudng nghifp hpc dudng la mpt qud yinh gii^ dd HS, cdc vj phy huynh ho§c thay cd giao, ty tim hilu minh, bifit dupc nhttng d$c dilm tinh cfich, nhttng nfing lyc liem an vfi nhttng hdnh vi cfia hp dd dnh hudng den nhttng ngydi khde nhu Ihfi ndo Ding thdi cung cfip thdng lin hay dua ldi khuyfin gifip hp chpn cfich gidi quyll v ^ dk loi uu ehiln luyc djnh hudng phfit triln nghi nghifp cfia nhttng ngudi niy cd nhu cfiu Vai trd cua tu vao hudng nghifp hpc dudng Trudc ddy, tu vdn vifin cfie chuong Irinh tu van hpc dudng dupc gpi lfi Ifi nhfi tu van hudng din, tu vdn gido dye, khdi dgo, phy dgo (guidance counselor, educational counselor), nhung • thing nhdt gpi Id tu van vifin hpc dudng (School Ngudi Lao E)9ng online Tr£n 64% ngudi tim vifc kbdng xic counselor) Td so khai ngudi Ifim tu vdn hpe dudng Id tu vfin hudng din (giudance counselor) ho$c tu dinb mvc tieu agh£ i«hifp (18.08 2003) MOt so khdi nifm co bin /./ Tu vin hgc dudng Tu vdn hpe dudng td Ifiu dfi khdng cdn xa Ig vdi hf thong gido dye nudc ta TXiy nhifin hifn d Vift Nam via ehua thing nhit -^ nghTa vfi tfin gpi (tham vin hay tu van tdm ly, tu vin tdm ly hoc dudng, tu vin hudng nghifp ) Cd nhieu cdch hieu khde theo ede trudng phdi hpe thuyet khde Td dau the kJ 20, tu vdn hpc dudng chl Ifi tu van hudng nghifp, n$ng vl tu van thdng tin (consultant) su dyng ket qud ehdn dodn TVHN, linh edeh ngudi vdnghe nghifp, vfi nhOng thdng tin ve thj trudng Iao dOng, dy bdo nhu clu nhfin lyc dupc dua vdo trudng hpc (Gladding, 2000) Din nhttng ndm 1950, I960, chdc nfing cfia TAP CHf THlfTBIGlAO DMC-50123-11/2015 • 41 NGHIEN CUU & UNG DUNG J dip thu sfic minh hodn canh ihyc tien tir van gido dye (education counselor), nhung ngfiy let luan ve sy phu hpp nghe nghifp cua ban than, tu vfin vien hpc dudng cdn thudng Idm nhttng v l ^ jhai lam cho moi HS co dupc tinh chfi dpng ed lifin quan din vifc bifn hO, bfinh vyc, giup dd tit cd HS td vifc hpc tdp, den djnh hudng nghe nghifp,' [ta chpn nghe, co kha ndng tu quyet djnh dupc judng nghe nghifp tuong lai cua minh, nhttng thfinh dgt cd y nghTa cfi nhdn va xd hdi Thyc trang T V H N nhd Irudng cdc Irudng hpc td tifiu hpc dfin trung hpc (ASCA, 2005) Giao due hudng nghifp la mpt bp phgn ciia giao Cong vifc cfia ngucri tu van hpe dudng Id tham lyc toan difn giup moi HS co sy hieu biel ve tinh ch^t gia lieh cyc vdo vifc ho trp gido dye, dao tgo HS, | Lia nganh nghe ma minh hudng tdi, biet phan lich hogt dfng bdo vf, bifn hO, phdng ngfia eac hdnh vi • trudng hogt dpng v a j h a o gd virdng mdc ho?ic ren bgo hdnh, gifip HS djnh hudng, xfiy dyng ke hogeh lyf n ban than lu do, moi HS ty xac djnh dupc dau la nghe nghifp, vd vd sd edng vifc khde Idm thay ngudi i ;he nghifp phCi hpp hode ichdng phii hpp vdi minh lfim cdng tdc gido dye vd cdng tdc y te xfi hOl [rong nhtrng ndm qua, mSc dii cong tac GDHN dirijc nhfi trudng Tu vdn vifin hpc dudng Id mft nha gifio i lyc hifn nha trudng phd thong, hifu qua khong dye quan trpng dOi ngu gido vifin (GV) cfia nhfi , 10, dan den tinh irang phan ludng hudng nghifp cho trudng Gifip dd tat cfi HS lfinh vyc chdm Io kit | IS sau THCS, T H P T bj han che Nhieu HS va ^ia qud hpc t$p, h3 try phfit triln, efi nhfin, xfi hOi, phfit i inh khong Iugng dupc sfic hpc cua ban than va dieu triln nghe nghifp, ddm bdo ngudi hpe trd ngfiy ifn kinh te gia dinh de tim dudng hpc nghe lir sS lfi ngudl ldn trudng thdnh httu fch, bill ty dilu ^ jjm, dpng c a tham gia cdc Idp hpc nghe ciia HS bj chinh, Idm chfi chinh minh Irong tuong lai Bfit kl Id l ^ h Ige Trong dd, Ihdng tin vfi thj Irudng Iao dfng tu vdn vifin hpe dudng edp tilu hpc, cap THCS, hay d nudc ta edn ngheo ndn, thilu vifc Idm Dang chuy phi thdng trung hpc dfiu Id ngudi gitt nhifm vy vd ed sy yeu kem cua cong tac giao dye hudng nghiap ehdc ndng quan dOi ngu lfinh dgo gido dye HS long nha trudng phd thdng, ma nguyen nhan chii yen Hp la ngudi trp gifip, nfing dd HS hogt dOng j thieu dpi ngu can bp GV tu van am hieu lam hpc tgp vd ren luyfn nhfin cdch, phdng ngda cdc tf hpc nghe nghifp, ciing nhu nhu cau lao dpng cac ngn mpt nhd trudng cy the My, trung binh j ^anh nghe Nhieu Irudng chua quan lam chal lugng cfi 250 HS cd mOt tu van vifin chfim sdc gido dye ing tac tu van hudng nghi|p, thieu su phoi hpp voi vd ho try gidi quylt cdc vdn dl Ifim 1;^ xfi hOi ed Ufin , ianh nghifp tren dja ban de day manh tu van hucmg quan Tuy nhifin d mSi quic gia cd mOl cdch nhin ;hif p, nen chua giup HS cd nhimg hieu biel ve nghe nh§n vai trd chdc nfing vfi cdch l l chfic hf thdng tu ' ;hif p de dinh hucimg phat trien, lya chpn nganh nghe van vifin hpc dudng khdc Nhin chung, tu vdn ' lfi hpp sd thich ca nhan cung nhu ndng lyc ban than vifin hpc dudng vua id nhd tu vdn tdm l^ (Iham vdn nhu cau xa hpi Vi vay, phan Idn i-lS lot nghi?p vien) vfia lfi nhd gifio dye Ifim vifc tron^ trudng hpe jHPT thudng du thi dai hpc, cao ddng; khdng mai dem den sy dOng vien eho tdt cd HS sfin ldng Irong j hpc t|ip, hpc nghe chuyfin nghifp; Idm tfing ndng lyc ! iuyen sang hpc TCCN hofic hpc nghe So cdn l^i M le d nha dn tap va chd nSm sau thi tilp ho$c iim kiem ed nhfin vd xfi hOi, thdng qua sy h i trp tlnh thfin, sy I chi dSn, thay dli tinh trgng cd linh hf thing, vd efing ' ife lam khac._ Dan den tinh trang thilu vifc Iam doi di sinh vien tot nghifp dai hpc Theo thong ks cua B? tham gia nhu Id mOt thfinh vifin ciia nhdm lam vife hyp tdc vdi cfic hogt dOng Im ich khfic cfia nhd trudng ' lao dpng - Thuang binh va Xa hpi, den thang 7/2014 nudc cd han 160.000 ngudi cd trinh dp DH trd len ehuang trlnh phdt trien todn difn trudng hpc < Trong TVHN hpe dudng, qua tdc dOng cfia lu ' lat nghifp Ng9ai ra, G D H N Irudng THPT thieu vdn vifin HS hilu dupc hf thdng nghi nghifp xd hpi, phuong hudng phdt trifin nin kinh te quoe ' ien che, thieu chuyen mon, thieu chuyen Irach, il rang tac va khong hieu ve thj trudng lao dpng HS ddn ndi ehung va eua dia phuong ndi rifing nhdm xdc long dugc trdi nghifm, «nSng» sach vd, hinh thuc; djnh eho bdn than trdeh nhifm, nghTa vy sfin sang I ly huynh chua tham gia hode khdng biel dan den tham gia vfio lao dOng sdn xuat Tren c o sd cfia s y j I V day mpt ddng, bo m? khuyen bao mpt kieu» hilu biet nghe nghifp vd nin kinh t l quic dfin, cfia i khac, so gid cua hoat dgng hudng nghi?p bj dja phuang, nhttng ddi hdi khfich quan cfia hodn ednh, biet dli chieu vdi s y phdt triln, nfing lyc, sd '' iam, ket hgp vao npi dung cua mon hpc khac nen IS khong thich hudng nghifp Trong do, xu the trudng, tlnh trgng tdm sinh ly stre khde cua ban thfin • lung cua nha tuyen dyng hifn nay_ thien v6 kJ nang dk dieu chinh dOng c o lya chpn nghi Tgo nhttng I dilu kifn cdn thilt vfi c o s o vgt ehat, v l cdc mli quan I lyc tfi, khong qua de cao bdng cdp- Hon nfia, lit hf x3 hOi vd y thdc eau tifin bO cua HS dl cde em tieh cyc tham gia cdc hinh thfic lao dpng ky thugt nhd i I Tran Anh Tuan - Pho Giam dfic Trung tam dy bao nhu cau nhin Irudng t l chfic, ndng cao J thfic vd thai dO lao dOng, i • c va thj Iruong lao dgng TP HCM, 4S • TAP CHf THlfreilUAODgC-Sd - 1 / NGHIEN CLTU & UNG DUNG van tron^ mOt s6 trudng phd thdng cung khdng cd co cau tu van nghi nghifp Tu vdn khdng bfii bdn, chua dfing quy trinh vd vifc eung cdp thdng tin thi trudng lao ddng khdng ehfnh thing, thilu Ihudng xuyen Mpt so giai phfip tfing cudng TVHN hpc dudng 4.1 Tdng cudng tuyen truyin vi hudng nghipp Trong xfi hpi lau van tin tgl cdch nghT, chi vdo dgi hpc mdi ed danh tilng, dSn din ngn "bdng cdp" tuyln dyng d cac co quan, doanli nghifp; Irpng Idii nhu eau ngudn nhan lye khdng chi cdn den "thay" ma cfin cfi "thp" M^t khac cfie ca sd ddo tgo "thy" cung chua dupc ddu lu dung mfic cd vl sl luyng vd ehdt luyng, khiln bai todn dao tao nguin nhdn lyc, nhdt Id phan lulng sau trung hpc ca sd (THCS) vd trun^ hpe phi thdng (THPT) g^p nhieu khd khfin, dch tfic Vdn dl Id cdn cd nhttng gidi phdp ding bO Id nhilu phia Tdng cudng tuyfin truyln vl hudng nghifp, tu vdn nghi, can hlnh thfinh mOt chuong Irinh ting hpp dl khdng chi nhttng ngudl Idm cdng tdc gifio dye, md tofin xfi hOi tham gia cdng tdc hudng nghifp Rfi sodt lgi chuang trinh hudng nghifp cho phfi hyp d$c dilm chung ettng nhu vdi d$c Ihfi rieng tfing dja phuong Can thyc hifn dfio tgo, bli dudng dpi ngu GV lu vdn hudng nghifp Irong trudng Ihdng Iheo hudng chuin hda 4.2 Thtfc hipn ddng chdc ndng vd nhipm vy tu vin nghi Cdng tdc hudng nghifp, phfin lulng HS edn phdi ed sy tham gia cfia gia dinh vd todn x3 hOi va duye thye hifn d cfic cdp tfi: Irung uong den dja phuong (xulng cfi cap xd) D$c bift can khuyin nghj dl HS liilu duye rfing chinh cdc em Ifi ngudi quylt djnh vl nghi nghifp tuang Iai cfia minh B I mp, thdy cd Id ngufri ehi cho cde em thay dupc khfi nfing thyc sy, quan tfim cfia bdn thfin, hi try cfic em hifn Ihyc hda duye lya chyn cfia minh Hogt dpng gido dye hudng nghifp khdng thl Ifim nfia vdi, md phdi ldm dpc lgp vd lich hpp r5 rfing Tu vdn nghe Id mOt nOi dung quan trpng cfia cdng tdc hudng nghifp trudng phi thdng nhfim thyc hifin chfic nfing: Chfic nfing thdng tin, chdc ndng uon nfin vd dilu chinh, chite ndng xd hOl vdi nhifm vy chinh Id: Nghifin cfiu todn difn nhfin cdch HS (hdng thfi, Ihien hudng, ndng lyc, tinh each, cdc phdm chfit tam sinh IJ, tlnh trgng sfic khde ); Dli chilu mfic dO sfin sdng vl tfim 1;^ vfi thyc tl ddi vdi yfiu cdu cua nghi djnh chpn: Chi cho HS eon dudng "bl sung" nhttng phdm chat nhfin cfich quan trpng cdn thilu de cd the thdnh edng nghi nghifp sau nfiy; DOng vien HS ty gifio dye, ty tu dudng vd ty danh gid bfing cdch kilm tra djnh kJ vd ed hf thing cdc hogt dOng cfia cfie em nhfim dgt mye dieh dk Kfit qua ldy J kien cfia 219 HS THPT cua tru^g Luang Ngpc Quyln (Thfii Nguyfin) ve sy cdn thilt cfia Phdng Tu van nghfi trudng thdng cho thdy cd 72,6% HS trfi ldi Id rfit can thilt vfi 19,6 cdn thiet vfi chi cd 8% HS cho lfi khdng edn thiet (Nguyin Th| Thanh Huyen, 2009) Dieu khfing dinh nhu cau ve lu vdn nghe cua HS Id rdt Idn 4.3 Thdnh Igp trung tam TVHN, gifip dd HS ed nhftng khd khdn hpc t§p, gidi quylt nhttng vudng mfic dy djnh nghe nghifp tuong lai Vi vgy, can phdi cd bien che dpi ngu GV TVHN, duge dao tao bdi bfin, cgp nhgt thdng tin iifin lyc Hogt dOng tu vdn nghi cd lifin quan tdi hifu trudng, ban hudne nghifp, GV ehu nhifm, GV bO mdn, thu vifn, y te, Trong dd, hifu trudng Id ngudi phy trdch chung ve cde hogt dOng hudng nghifp nhd trudng, dd cd hogt dOng tu van 4.4 Trdch nhipm cua Hipu trudng vd GVchu nhipm qudn ly ti chuc tu vin nghi Hifu trudng ed trach nhifm thdng qua vd ky cde quyll dinh vl ke hogch tiln hdnh cde hogt dOng tu vdn Irong vd ngodi trudng Ban hudng nghifp chju trdeh nhifm thu lh|.p xix Jy nhttng thdng tin cdc bO ph^n eung cdp, dua nhttng nh$n djnh, danh gid so bO ve xu hudng nghi cfia HS Nhftng thdng tin sau xfi ly ban hudng nghifp thyc hifn se la nhftng tdi lifu bd ich cho cdn bp Idm cdng tdc tu vdn tiln hdnh hogt dOng ndy, lfim cho nOi dung tu vdn cd tinh sdt thye, ddpfingdfing nhu eau djnh hudng nghi cfia doi tupng tu vdn Ban hudng nghifp cdn ehju trdch nhifm tham muu cho hifu trudng de xufit kl hogch vd t l chdc cfic hogt dOng tu vdn ve nhfin lye, co sd v§t chdt, phfi h ^ ke hogeh ndm hpe cfia nhfi trudng trfin tfing loai doi tupng cy thl GV bO mdn Ihu lh|p vd eung cdp nhttng thdng tin c6 lien quan thdi dO, nfing lue hpe t$p cua tfing HS dli vdi nhftng mdn hpc cy the GV chfi nhifm cung cap nhftng thdng tin phfin dnh trinh dO nh§n thfic xa hOi, phdm chdl dao ddc, kJ nfing hoa nhap vdi cOng dong cfia moi HS minh phy trdch Moi GV chfi nhifm cdn cd trfich nhifm tdp h(jrp nhftng thdng tin nhttng bO phgn khac cung cfip de thiet l|p cdc philu danh gid vl xu hudng nghe ddi vdi tiJmg HS ldp Idm co sd cho hogt dOng tu vdn Dodn Thanh nifin thu t h ^ vfi cung cap nhttng thdng tin vfi nfing lyc hogt dOng xa hOi, t§p thl, ve y thfic, Ihdi dp, ldi song cfia mli thdnh vien td chue Ddng chfi y, HS Id doi tupng cfia hoat dOng tu vfin ddng thdi Id chu thfi cua qud trinh tifip nh$n thdng tin nghe hogt dpng tu van mang Igl, viiy HS khdng chl ed nhifm vy tifip Ihu thdng tin chu the tu van eung cdp md cfing vdi nd Id qud trinh lya ehpn nhthig thdng tin httu ieh phu hyp vdi ndng lyc, sd trudng, linh Irgng sdc khde vfi nhu cau lya chpn nghe nghifp cfia bdn than (Xem tiip trdng 80) TAP CHf THlh^BIGlAO DMC-sd 123-11/2015 • W