U tUAN aiAO PMC • B»T H»C I DlfflNG, PHAT TRIEN TIT DUY PHAN BIEH CHO HOC TRONG QUA T R I N H DAY HOC PGS TS NGUYEN GIA C A U '''' 1 Tu duy (TD) Id glai doan cao cua qua trinh nhan thdc, cho phep phan an[.]
U tUAN aiAO PMC • B»T H»C I DlfflNG, PHAT TRIEN TIT DUY PHAN BIEH CHO HOC TRONG QUA T R I N H DAY HOC PGS T u (TD) Id glai doan cao cua qua trinh nhan thdc, cho phep phan anh duoc ban chat vd cdc quan he cua suvat khach quan ma ngudi khong nhdn biet duae bdng tri giac va cam giac true tiep hodc bdng bleu tuong Nhdng dieu ngudi khdng hinh dung duoc tdm thdc cua minh cung can dupe nhan thuc dgial doan cao bdng cdc khai niem, thudt ngu nhat dinh Tiiy theo muc dich, yeu cau, npi dung vd tinh chat cua nhung nhiem vu can giai quyet ma TD duoc phdn cac kieu khde Mdi kieu TD cd nhdng ddc trung rieng vd su tuong quan rieng gida hinh anh vdi td ngu, gida cam tinh vdl It tinh gida hien thuc vdi tudng tupng mdl ngudi, moi Ida tudi nhung hoan canh khae cd the kieu TD nhat dinh ndi trdi, phdt trien manh han kieu TD khac Ndng Il/c TD cua ngudi ndi ehung, cua hoc sinh (HS) noi rieng dupc phat trien phu thupe vao nhieu ydu td(yeu tdsinh hpe, sudi tmyen, moi trudng sdng, suphan dau, ren luyen, hpe tap cua ngudi, su tac dpng cua qua trinh gido dye) nhung, chu yeu bdng duc^g gido dye vdi su nd luc cua ban than thdng qua cac hoat dpng hpc tap, vui choi, lao ddng, trai nghiem, tim hieu, khdm pha, Phuang tien vd cdng cu quan trpng cua TD Id ngdn ngu TO cua ngudi gdn lien vdi ngdn ngu Con ngudi TD bdng ngdn ngu vd ngon ngdIaTD bae cao eua eon ngudi, NhCing nhd nghien cdu, ngudi lam khoa hpe hay HS, sinh vien qud trinh lam viec, hpc tap TD bdng thuat ngd, khai niem theo nhi/ng linh vuc, pham tni, mdn hpc nhait dinh Trong vdn hpc viet cung nhu vdn hpc dan gian, vai trd eua gido dye (trong ed gido due TD) dd'i vdi s u phat trien nhdn cdch cua eon ngudi vd su phdt trien nhan cdch tuan theo quy luat nhat dinh da duae de cap nhieu "Hien du phai ddu la tinh sdn/ Phan nhieu gido dye md nen" (Ho Chi Minh: Nhat TS N G U Y E N G I A C A U ' ki tOf Chinh gido dye se quyet dinh su hinh thdnh nhan each, ndng luc, si/phat trien TD eua ngudi Suphattrien cua TD ngudi, cua tung ngudi eung trai qua nhdng giai doan nhd't dinh, tuan theo quyluatnhatdmh (Trang den rdm trang trdn/Bamuoi chua phai Id Tet, ) Khdng tuan theo quy luat gido dye, phdt trien TD, nhdn each theo Ida tuol md ndng vdi, ddt chay giai doan, dp dat, nhdi nhet, y chi se kho cdthe cong giao dye Vdi dieu kien hien nay, ngudi hpc, du la tre d tuol mam non, tieu hpe thi qud trinh hpc tap eua hp da dupc xa hpi hoa mdt cdch tuong ddi sdu sdc Hp cd the hpe d nhieu noi, nhieu lue vdi hinh thdc rat da dang, phong phii Noi nhuvay de khdng djnh viee bdi dudng, phdttrien TD eho ngudi hpc khdng duoc may mde, xo edng Qua trinh day hpc, giao dye HS nha tn/dng chinh Id qud trinh ren luyen, bdi dudng, dinh hudng TD eho HS Giao due va phattrien TD tich cue cho HS la mdttrongcacnhiemvu quan trpng, quan trpng bdc nhd't cua quatrinh giao dye, qua trinh day hpe Chi eo TD tich cue, ngucri hpe mdi cd the cd nhu cau, ddng ca, thu, suchu dpng, sang tao hpc tap.Da Id TD tich cue thi pha'm chat quan trpng cua TD Id su mem deo, dol moi va sang tao ID tich cue se giiip cho ngudi hoc cdthetap trung caodpdenghienngdm, suy tu, khdi qudt hda va phan blen van de, phan blen thdng tin Theo each nghlthong thudng, TD tich cue la kha ndng suy nghl theo each cho phep ta cd dupc nhdn thuc mdi, ehuyen hda nhung tinh hud'ng khd khan va bien ehung thdnh nhdng dieu cd lot That ra, TD tich cue cdn cd tac dyng tdt han nda TD tich cucgliip ehung ta biet each bien ehuyen nhung tinh hudng khd khan thdnh thuan loi khong nhung eho ban than minh ma cdn cho ngudi khac TD tich * Hfi Cn giao ehu'c Vi^t Nam T a p chi G i d o due so 1 27 (ki 1-6/2013)- cue la hudng lay nhung khoanh khac tdt dep nhat d mdc dp trpn ven va sang tao, phu hpp vdl tdng thu thach, biet each ehuyen hudng chiing thdnh nhung CO hpi Nhd cd TD tich cue, HS qua trinh hpe tap, dudi sutdchdc, hudng ddn eua giao vien (G V) se cdnhieu co hpi de tieh luy duoc tri thdc tuong ddi toan dien, day du, chat che vaed he thdng Neu hpc tap noi rieng, eudc sdng ndi ehung, ngucri hpe nhin nhdng trdngai, rdc rdi theo hudng lac quan, eau thj, bdng mdt thdi dp quan tdm chan thdnh, mot tdm tri rpng mdttii ehiing se khdng la nhdng trd ngai ma se trdthanh nhdng ca hpi tuyet vdi Ren luyen bdi dudng TD tich cue cho H S la nhiem vy quan trong, thudng xuyen eua GV Tu phan bien (TDPB) la gid trj quan cua nhan each, Id mdt qua trinh TD gdm phan tich, lua chpn (sang Ipc) vd danh gia mot thdng tin, mptvan de dacd theo cdc each nhin khacnhim Idm sang to va khdng djnh lai tinh ehinh xac cua van dd Cac/in/i/V?/f/?acddmang tinh khoa hpe, c o c a sd li luan, eo sd thue t i l n , dya tren nhung lap ludn logic, dam bao tinh kha thi Phan bien se giiip cho qud trinh hoat ddng, nhan thde tranh dupe su chu quan, y chi, dp dat Co nhdng viec Idm, hoat dpng xet d gdc dp dao ddc, tinh cam thi dung va cd li nhung neu dupc phan bien, phdn tieh thi mdi vd rdng nhu the la l o i bat cap hai", vi nhu viee eho tien tieu mpt each thoai mdi eon edn nhdva chua thuc sued kha ndng, CO kinang sddung ddng tien mpt each hpp li day HS TDPB, day hpe va giao dye ngudi hpc trd NGLTCJl tri tue (Idm ngudi) TDPB khong chi don thuan Id s u t i ^ nhan va tri thdng tin thy dpng; TDPB Id qud trinh tim hieu, nghien cdu, tuhoc delam chu thdng tin, Idm chu tri thdc, biet van dyng tri thiic giai quyet bai todn ciJa thuc tiln Do eo the torn tdt la quatrinh TD tim lap ludn phan bde lai ketqua cua mpt qua trinh TD khae de xdc djnh lai tinh chinh xae ciia thdng tin Li le eua TDPB, kha ndng lap luan, trinh bay van de mang tinh phan bien ludn thuyet phuc nguoi khde bdi bao gideung dupc lam sdng td bdng nhung minh chdng sinh ddng, da dang, cy the, khong sa vao li thuyet sudng TDPB, la mpt nhdng kTnang quan trpng quyet djnh ngudi hpc cd cdng hay khdng The nhung, vdi nhieu GV.HS, day vdn la mpt khdi niem cdn xa la Neu ngudi hpc khdng tiep can dupc vdi tu tudng "hpc de biet, hpc de lam, de eung ehung sdng va de khdng dinh minh" thi khd co the dat dupc si; sang tao.bien ddi vacdTDPB qudtrinh hpc tap, ren luyen TDPB, dd Id kha ndng suy nghTmpt cdch rd rang va hop li TDPB bao gdm cac kha ndng phan xa va suy nghT doe lap, suy nghT bdng ehinh bd 6c cua minh, dien dat tmng thuc nhung suy nghT cua minh chdkhong "biet rdi, kho Idm, ndi maf ve mpt npidung nao dd (hpc vet, ghi nhd may mdc, noi lai nhdng dieu da biet theo kieu hoc thuoc Idng) Mpt ngudi cdTDPB, cd kTnang hpe tap ddc lap qud trinh dpc tai lieu, van ban,bdi vd thudng: Laplu$nphanbiinpha\c6(\r\\\ togie, mach lac, ro rang, day du bdng chdng, ti mi vd eong tam, eo li, ed tinh, phii hpp vdi dieu kien hoan canh, cdtinh kha thi TDPB la kieu TD khoa hpe, TD li luan, vi vay, qud trinh nhdn thdc phai het sdc tranh kieu tu bien, li thuyet suong, dp ddt, xa rdi thue tien, khong phu hap, khong giai quyet duoc bdi todn hodn canh cu the, nhd'tdjnh thuc tiln dat ra.VolTDPB, ngudi hpc khong thua nhdn,khong bi1huye'tphyc"mpt npi dung nao dd khikhong cd bang chdng (khdng ehung minh duoe) sdlieu thdng ke lap luan cua TDPB cung Id mpt bdng ehung • Nhan dipn, xae djnh duoc van decan giai quy^ (eung cd the hieu Id ndi dung hpe tap) vd hieu duoc mdl quan he, suket na togie giua nhdng y tudng (trong mdt van ban, mpt doan vdn ban, cdc vdn ban) Nhin nhan van de mot each khdeh quan, khdng kien Thu thdp thdng tin ve van de, bao gdm ea thdng tin hd trg vd thdng tin khdng nhu suy nghT eua minh, cb the mau thudn voi each nhin nhan cua minh Ngudi hpe can tait ca ede d u kien de thue hien mot cdch giai quyet, each xuli thdng minh, khdng thien vj Dua vdo nhung ket qua nghien cdu gan day ve tdm li hpc, giao dye hpc, li thuyet day hpc hien dai Cling vdi yeu cau cao ve myc tieu ddo tao, cdc nhd gido due da hodn todn tin tudng rdng giao dye nhd truong nen tap han vao viec gido due, bdi dudng, 28 Tap chi Gido due so 311 - Xae dinh, xay dung va ddnh gid eac lap lu?n theo mpt ehu de, mpt luan diem Uien chdt, co ban (kha ndng khdi quat hda, tdm tdt npi dung) - Phdt hien, ehi cac mau thuin vd sai lam ph6 bien lap luan, trien khai cdc y (neu ed, van ban) - Giai quyet van de mot cdch he thdng theo quan -(kil-6/2013) diem khoa hpc, hpp togto, cd tinh kha thi Xay dung gia thuyet, phac thao vd phan tich nhung gtai phdp khac cdthe Vach nhung uu khuyet diem cua mdi giaiphap.TDPB lam nd, gpi mdra nhdng yti/dng mcri (du nhd) - Nhdn sullen quan va tam quan trpng cua cdc y tudng Thay duae nhung y tudng duoc lien ket (cdu tnic) vcri theo mot trinh tu hap li ciing tap tmng Idm sang td mot chu de (ludn diem chinh) - Cd dupc du bdo ve su phat trien eua y tudng, cd duae ni^m tin vd gia trj ve nhung dieu da trinh bay, bao ve Xet ve ban chat, TDPB khdng phai la van de tich luy thong tin Mdt ngudi vdi tri nhd tdt (nhdnhanh, nhd lau) va hieu biet nhieu khdng ed nghTa la nang lue phan bi^n,TDPBtdt.Oiem manh eua ngudi cdTDPB ldcdthe'suylu?n nhung hequatdnhunggi minh biet (hpe mdt biet nhieu hon the) Hp biet each sd dyng thdng tin (cdphuang phdp hpc khoa hpc) degiai quyet vd'n d i v a tim kiem them cdc nguon tin lien quan hdu ieh Ngay nay, day hpc, tri thueve phuong phap day hpc duoc coi Id npidung hpc tap (chdkhong bi coi la kien thde "phy gia" nhu da tdng xay ra) Khong dong nhat TDPB vol tranh cai hay phi p/7a'n (can trdnh kieu phe phdn vdi ddng ca phu djnh, xiic pham ngudi khac); mac duede kinang cua TDPB cd the duoc sd dyng viec chi nhdng nguy bi^n va li luan xd'u, sai lam cua thdng tin duoc neu TDPB dong vai tni quan trong lap luan mang tinh xSy dt/ng Nd giiip ngudi hpc cd ca hdi lam phong phu them, sdu sdc them kien thde vathuc da'y nhdng tranh ludn VdiTDPB,ngudihoecdthehleu sdu, nhd lau nhiem vy hpc tap, tien trinh cong viec vanang eao vj the, sututin cua ban than hpc tap, lao dong ndi rieng vd vide glal quyet, ung xdvdi cae mdi quan he xa hpi noi ehung, Mpt sd ngudi eho rdng, TDPB it nhieu lam han chdvacan trdsusang tao, Hpcho rdng, "phan blen" cd yeu cau Id phai tudn theo nhdng nguyen tde logic vd h ( ^ li, cdn sdng tgo thi phai phd vd nguyen tdc, khong tudn Uieo mpt quy djnh cd tinh bat bien Dd la mptnhdn thdc ehua diing, Trdi lai, TDPBIamotphan thUiyeu cua si/sang tao; biet phan bien mcri cd kha ndng sang tao Nd khae xa vdi TD gido dieu, khuon mpt chieu va tien tdi each tiep can it phdbien (su sdngtao).VdiTDPB, ngudi hpc ed thedanh gia vacai thien nhdng y tuang sdng tao eua minh (di den ket qua bdng cae eon ducffig khde va biet lua ehpn ducmg tdi uu) NhdcdTDPBmangucritaxaedjnh duae Id trinh mpt each khoa hpc, cd duoc nhung dubao tuong ddi ehinh xac, bdi dua tren cac dulieu, ngudn thong tin, suphan tich, danh gia togie, bien ehung, khach quan Nhieu nam qua, nhd tnjc^g eua chiing ta, kieu day hpc thdng bdo, giang giai, tmyen thy mdt chieu, sd dyng phuong phap giao dieu, mdm kien tfidc eho HS, theo hudng tap tmng vao GV da dan dan dupe khde phyc Doi mdi phuong phap day hpc la yeu cau quan trpng nhd't cua nha tnJong hien Doi mdi phuang phdp day hpe theo hudng phat huy tinh tich cue, chu ddng, sdng tao cua ngudi hpc, day ngudi hpe biet cdch tu hpc, biet lam chu kien thdc, thdi dai bung no thdng tin, suphat trien manh me ctia khoa hpe, cdng nghe, yeu cau GV qua trinh day hpe, gido due phai bdidudng, phattrien TDPB cho HS, Day hpc, giao dye tap tmng vao ngudi hpc (hudng vdo ngudi hpc, laiy ngudi hpc lam tmng tam) chinh la dudng de nang eao chait lupng day hpc, chat lupng gido dye, Khdng lam tdt yeu cau se khong the gop phan dao tao cd hieu qua dupc Idp ngudi edsdc khoe, cdtrithdc, kTnang,thai dpdap ung tdt yeu cau cua xa hpi ludn doi mdi, cua thdi ki CNH.HDH va hpi nhap qude te • Tai lieu tham khSo Pham Minh H?c Trift Ii gido due thg gidi vk Vift Nam, NXB Chinh tn qu6c gia - Su thdt, H 2013 Helga Nowotny - Peter Scott - Michael Gibbons Tuduy l^i Ithoa hpc, tri thirc va cdng chuDg ki nguyfin bfift dinh (D^ng Xuan Lang - Le QufJc Quynh dich) NXB Tri thuc, H 2009 Tr^n Dinh Hui?u Den hifin dai tix truyen thffng (chuTjng trinh khoa hpc cOng ngh§ cSp nha nird-c KX07) SUMMARY Education thinking skills and development thinking for students, including critical thinking skills is the most Important task of school educaUon Critical thinking is an Important value ofpersonality, one of the skills has decided to succeed in school or social life The paper presents a way to understand the thinking, critical thinking, the role of critical thinking, the expression ofcritical thinking skills in learners: distinguish criUcal thinking with -controversial' or -critical" Tap chi Gido due so 311 29 (kil-6/2013)- ... nhdng trd ngai ma se trdthanh nhdng ca hpi tuyet vdi Ren luyen bdi dudng TD tich cue cho H S la nhiem vy quan trong, thudng xuyen eua GV Tu phan bien (TDPB) la gid trj quan cua nhan each, Id mdt... skills is the most Important task of school educaUon Critical thinking is an Important value ofpersonality, one of the skills has decided to succeed in school or social life The paper presents... tinh phan bien ludn thuyet phuc nguoi khde bdi bao gideung dupc lam sdng td bdng nhung minh chdng sinh ddng, da dang, cy the, khong sa vao li thuyet sudng TDPB, la mpt nhdng kTnang quan trpng quyet