KHAI THAC DAC OIEM OAC THO COA BAI TOAN Kl THUAT N H k PHAT TRIM TU DW KI THUAT CHO NGUOI HOC PGS TS NGUYEN TRONG KHANH Baitoan kTthuat (BTKT) vol nhQng dae diem dae thu cua ndia mdt phuang tien phat[.]
KHAI THAC DAC OIEM OAC THO COA BAI TOAN Kl THUAT N H k PHAT TRIM TU DW KI THUAT CHO NGUOI HOC PGS TS N G U Y E N T R O N G KHANH B aitoan kTthuat (BTKT) vol nhQng dae diem dae thu cua ndia mdt phuang tien phat tnen tuduy kTthuat (TDKT) cho ngudi hpc cd hieu qua eao Oe khai thac cac uu the cua BTKT nhlm phat trien tu cho ngudi hpc, giao vien (GV) can nam ehlc eaefoaiBTKT va die diem die thu cua chiing de lua chpn hplc xay dung eae bai toan phu hpp Oong thdi, khlsddung day hpc (DH), GV can biet khai thac tdi da cac dae diem d i e thu cua ehung nham phat tnen TDKT eho ngucri hpc Vdi myc tieu cua nganh giao due vadao tao la dao tao ngudi lao ddng tieh cue, ehu ddng vasang tao nen phat trien TDKT cho ngucri hpc dupc coi la mot nhung mye tieu quan eua quatrinh DH kT thuat Trong DH kT thult, BTKT dupc coi la bai toan nhan thuc, cd vai trddae biet viee giup ngudi hpc nim vi/ng kien thuc, hinh va ren luyen kT nang v l n dung kien thuc, phat trien TDKT Sd dT cae nha nghien cdu vetam li hpc TDKT njt nhan djnh nhu vay vi: BTKT cdnhung dae diem die thu ma qua dd nd giup ngudi giai phat trien TDKT kha hieu qua Vi vay, nghien euu de khai thac cac d i e diem dae thu cua BTKT la mdt nhung bien phap dephat trien TDKT cho ngudi hpe I.Dacdiem cua BTKT vacach khaith ac DH BTKT la mdt bai toan, mpt van de hay mdt tinh hudng thude ftnh vuc kTthuat, ddi hoi giai quyet bang phuong phap khoa hpc, dua tren su van dyng td'ng hc^eaekienthue, kTnang va kTxao Ngoai eae die diem cua baitoan ndiehung, BTKT cdn cd nhimg dae diem die thu, rieng biet can dupc khai thac triet de quatrinh DH sau d i y : 1) Cic BTKT thudng khong du dukien, tham chi thieu hoin toan cac du kien hoic du kien khong rdrang Dukien cua BTKT cdthedupc hieu la dieu kien, phuang tien va phuPng phap de'giai quyet Thdng thudng mudn giai mdt bai toan toan hpe, ngudi giai can duae cung cap day du dd kien bdi neu thieu 26 Tap chi Gido due so 308 thi khdng the giaiquyet dupc Nhung vdi BTKT thi Uiieu hole khdng cd du kien lai v i n ed the giai quyet duae VdinhungBTKTnhuvly.ngudigiai phal tutim kiem, xay dung, lya chpn ddkien degiai quyet Ching ban lam the nao de thao dai d'c kich thude mieng cd le Idn han kich thude dai de; hoae lam the nao de thay banh xe d td khdng cd kich v.v 2) Cac B TKT thudng cd nhieu cich giai, nhieu ket qui khic Viec cd nhieu each giai khac vdi cac bai toan la dieu binh thudng, nhung vdi BTKT thudng khdng chicd nhieu each giai macdn cd nhieu ket qua khae va vdi mdi each giai khac thudng lai mang lai ket qua khae Sukhae phu thupc vao trinh dp cua ngudi glai bai toan, each giai va dieu kien phuang tien de giai bal toan Vi dy, viec sua chda hong hde hole xuli sued kTthuat nao ddthi ket qua giai quyet phu thuoc vao trinh dp tay nghe cua ngudi tha, vac chl't luong cua phu tiing thay the, vao dieu kien, phupng tien nghe de sua ehira, v.v 3) BTKT cd the xuai hien tuc thdi vi doi hoi phaigiiiquyei nhanh ch6ng.Qac6'\emnay\h\jdr\ij cd d eac bai toan dieu khien, bai toan xu li su eo kl thuat, Cae su ed, tinh hud'ng xay bat ngd ddi hoi ngucri van hanh, dieu khien phai nhanh chdng co phUPng an giai quyet mpt each hieu qua Vi du, dang gia cdng tren may tien thi md-ta may tien b\ chap mach, boc chay, ngudi tha can xuli the nao, cit dien d d a u , dap lua thenao, v.v 4) Qui trinh giai bii toan thudng co them khau dinh gii, lua chgn ketqua Do cd nhieu each giai va nhieu ket qua nen giai bai toan can lua chpn each giai va ket qua ta uu hole hop li nhat Viec danh gia, lya chpn khdng chf can cuvao ehl't lupng cua ket qua ma cdn tinh den cac yeu tdkhac nhu: each giai, tinh Idnh te, tinh kha thi, v.v Vi du, xupap va de xupap bj chay * Khoa Stf pban ki thuat, Tnniitg Bai boc sir pban Ha N^i -(ki2-4/2023) rd, ddng khdng kin thi dung phuong an mai hay phuong an thay the can phai luu y tdi cac van de nhu: kha n l n g kinh phi, trinh dp tay nghe ngudi tha, dieu kien phuang tien, dyng cu sua ehua v.v Cd the thl'y ehinh nhd nhung d i e diem d i e thu ma BTKT cdtac dung rl't Idn viec phattrien TDKT, phat trien nang luc tu sang tao, nang luc giai quyet van de eho ngudi hpc Lira chpn bai toan kTthuat TrongDH,GVnenxlydung hole lua chpn nhiing baitoan cd nhieu d i e diem d i e thu de khien ngudi hpc phaitutim dukien vaphuong an giaiquyet Nhddd vd'n kien thuc, kTnang cua ngudi hpc dupe huy ddng va TDKT eua ngudi hpc dupc phat trien Oe khai thac cac uu the cua BTKT viec phat trien tu eho ngudi hpe, G V can nam c h i c cac loai BTKT va dae diem d i e thii eua ehung de lua chpn h o l e x i y dung cac baitoan phu hc^ day, su phu hpp ciia bai toan duae hieu la phu hop vdi ndi dung mdn hpc, mue tieu bai day, dieu kien DH, trinh dp eua ngudi hpc va cd nhieu d i e diem dae thu nhu neu tren Ngpai tieu ehi dam bao s u phii hap, nen chpn cac BTKT loai djnh tinh Bdi vi theo d i e diem va phuang phap nghien cdu van de thi BTKT duoe chia loai: bai toin dinh tinh va bai loan dinh tuang, dd bai toan dinh tinh cd uu the viee phat trien TDKT han Phan Idn eae bai toan sang lao la cac bai toan djnh tinh, nghTa la cae bai toan h o l e cac van de S.Viduminhhpa Oeminh hpa chc liluan tren, ehung tdi trinh bay vi dy v l sudung mot BTKT ed nhieu each giai, nhieu ket qua va giai cdn can phai danh gia de lua chpn ket qua Od la bai toan xac djnh phuang an dan ddng xupap d dpng CO ki ddpngcaddttrongk)ai4ki,caeau phan phoi cd nhiem vu ddng, m d cac cua nap thai dung thdi diem dedpngca thuc hien qua trinh thay ddi Viec ddng mdcac cda xupap dam nhiem, cdn viee dan dpng xupap eae earn va mpt sdehi tiet tnjng gian thuc hien Tnjc cam lai dupc d i n dgng td tmc khuyu thdng qua cap banh r i n g hoae xich cam, hole dai tniyen loai ed rang Neu G V giang binh thudng thi ehi c i n trinh bay du ca ba loai tren la dii Oe giup ngudi hpe hieu sau kien thdc ve cau tao cua eo c l u phan ptidi va phat trien TDKT, GV cd the neu van de dudi dang bai toan dinh tinh sau: Vi khdng dung dai tnjyen thdng thudng dedan dpng tnjc cam cua co (ki2-4/2023)- cau p h l n phdi Bai toan se ed hai Idi giai, mdi ldi giai se cho ket qua khac nhau: Ldi giai T Chi cd mpt e l u tra Idi ngin: Khdng dung dai truyen thdng thudng 6itac vi dai tmyen bi trual nen thdi die'm ddng mdxupapse khdng dung Ldi giai 2: Ldi giai dupc trinh bay day du vdi eae lap luan logic, cd eo sdkhoa hpc Cdthe tudng tupng giaiquyet, ngudi hpc phai sudyng cac thao tac tri lue (duae ghi ngole) sau' - Theo nguyen t i e hoat ddng cua dpng eo ki (Taihien) cac xu-pap phai ddng mddiing thdi die'm; - Theo c l u tao ciia CP cau p h l n phd'i khi, xu-pap dupc d i n ddng l u tnjc cam, true cam dupe dan ddng tu true khuyu (Tii hien) De xu-pap ddng md dung thdi diem thi quan he ddng hoe giua true khuyu - tnjc cam - xu-pap phai dung {Khii quit hoa) Cd nghTa quan he ddng hpc giua true khuyu - true cam eung phai dung (Suy luan); - Thdng Ihudng true cam dupe dan ddng td Iryc khuyu qua hethd'ng banh rang{Taihien) hole xich cam (t/en/t/tWffvdi thuc te').Cau tao nhuvay se dam bao quan he ddng hpc dung giQa tme khuyu - tme cam va tat nhien se dam bao quan he ddng hpc dung giua true khuyu - xu-pap (Suy luan); - Dan dpng b i n g dai tmyen thdng thudng (Tiihien kien thuc ve tmyen ddng ea khi) cd the se dan tdi {Phan doan) quan he ddng hpe giua hai tmc khdng diing vi dai tmyen thdng thudng d e b j trupt (St/y/oan);Nhuvay, rd rang la khdng the diing dai truyen thdng thudng de dan ddng true cam cua ca cau phan phdi (Tdng hap, So sinh vi Suy luin ) So sanh hai Idi giai tren cdthe thay rd ldi giai thdhai duoc trinh bay day du vdi cac lap luan logic, cd cP sd khoa hpc hon Thdng qua Idl giai nay, ngudi hpc budc phai huy ddng vd'n kien thdc dacd, huy ddng cac thao tac va hinh thuc cua tu Rd rang Icri giai da thuc hien dupc muc dieh phattrien TDKT tot han Khi ngudi hpc trinh bay dupc Idi giai (ket qua cua bai tcan) nhu tren thi da the hien dupc s u n l m vdng kien thuc, trinh dp tu duy, kha n l n g lap luan logic va kha nang dien dat van de Trong qua trinh DH, G V ddng vai trd d i n dat, goiy.dinh hudng dengudi hpc giaiquyet baitoan Nhu the, die diem d i e thu eua BTKT da dupc khai thac triet de va ket qua dem lai khdng chi d kien thdc ma cdn la su phat trien TD KT Trcng DH kTthuat,cdnhieu npidung,van deed (Xem dep bang 25} Tap chi Gido dye so 308 27 ... Nhddd vd''n kien thuc, kTnang cua ngudi hpc dupe huy ddng va TDKT eua ngudi hpc dupc phat trien Oe khai thac cac uu the cua BTKT viec phat trien tu eho ngudi hpe, G V can nam c h i c cac loai BTKT... dpng tnjc cam cua co (ki2-4/2023)- cau p h l n phdi Bai toan se ed hai Idi giai, mdi ldi giai se cho ket qua khac nhau: Ldi giai T Chi cd mpt e l u tra Idi ngin: Khdng dung dai truyen thdng thudng... giai (ket qua cua bai tcan) nhu tren thi da the hien dupc s u n l m vdng kien thuc, trinh dp tu duy, kha n l n g lap luan logic va kha nang dien dat van de Trong qua trinh DH, G V ddng vai trd