CACH TIEP CAN MOl VE DAY M M Sff DIA PHIfONG 6 TRUONG PHO THONG ThS TRAN V A N ANN* Chuong trinh Lich su{lS) dtmdng phd''''thdng hien nay gom phan LS the gia Itch sudin tdc (LSDT)vam^s6\i^hgcve Lich sudi[.]
CACH TIEP CAN MOl VE DAY M M Sff DIA PHIfONG TRUONG PHO THONG ThS TRAN V A N A N N * C huong trinh Lich su{lS) dtmdng phd'thdng hien gom phan LS the gia Itch sudin tdc (LSDT)vam^s6\i^hgcve Lich sudia phuong (LSDP) Thue te, vdi nhung eau hdl nhu; Lang (khu phd'} minh dang sd'ng cd tu bao gid?; LS phat trien eua que huong minh nhu the nao?; Phong tuc tap quan cua ngutin dan que minh sao, cd gi dae biet?; Ten goi que minh xuat xuliidau, ed y nghTa thenao?; Dinh lang minh thdai, vj ay cd cdng trang gi? la kien thiie LS rat gan gui vdl mdl ngudi, nhung it dugc nhic de'n mdn LS a Irudng thdng Va cd Chang, nhung cau hdi ehi dugc de cap mdt vai tiel {tuy thude vao cae tmdng, giao vien (GV) va dia phuong khac nhau) ma thdi, VI vay, bai vie't de xuat mpt each tiep c^n mdi Irong day hpc (DH) LSDP gdp phan nang eao hieu qua DH ,Ddi net vetinh hinh DH LSDP d t r u d n g thong hien LSDP la mdlbp phan huu cdcua LSDT, edquan he vdl LSDT, LS the gitiri nhu mdi quan he giua eai rieng va cai ehung, cai dae thu va cal bien DH LSDP cd tac dyng bo sung kien thuc cho phan ndi dung LSDT; gdp phan giao dye Idng yeu que huong, dait nude, boi dudng tinh cam, y thtic trach nhiem vdi que huong,Toquoc; ren cac kTnang tuduy, boi dudng niem say me hgc lap, nghien cuu, ren luyen ki nang thue hanh; van dung kien thue LS vao cupc song Li luan va Ihuc tidn DHLS da chi rd ring, DH LSDP edy nghTa giao dudng, giao dye va phat trien nhan each hpe sinh, giiJp thuc hien myc tieu giao dye cua mdn tSotrndng phothong NhQng nam gan day, tinh hinh blen soan va DH LSDP cd nhieu chuyen bien tieh cue Dudi su chi dao cua Bd GD-OT, cac SdGD-OT da quan tam va chu trpng nhieu hon tdi edng tac DH LSDP, nhieu cdng trinh nghien eiiu ve bien soan va DH LSDP dugccacSdGD-OTtreneanudclhuchien.HaNdi la dja phuong tieu bieu thu dugc nhieu cdng edng tac bien soan va DH LSOP.Ti/nam hpc 2001-2002, Sd G D - o t Ha Npi da bien soan giao trinh LSDP Ha A/d/mpt each cd he thd'ng de DH d 42 Tap chi Gido dye so 305 cac tmdng trung hoc eo sd va trung hgc phd thdng; viee DH bai LSOP cdn dugc dua vao to chdc thi GV day gidi hang nam Cac dja phuong khac tren ca nudc tQ Ha Giang, Hung Yen, Hue, Binh Djnh, Dong Thap, Ca Mau cung da chu trpng dua LSOP vao tmdng hpc Nhieu nha giao due LS da va dang nghien ct/u nhQng bat cap va de xua't cac giai phap nang cao hieu qua DH LSOP d Irudng thdng Cae phuong tien truyen thdng da dua tin, bal phan anh ve van de DH LSOP cang nhieu, nhu: 'Tien Giang: LSDP vao tnfdng /?gc"(Tien Giang online, 28/10/2009); 'Giang day mdn LSDP eie trucmgphdthdngdHung Yen: l^qtyeu eau can thier{Bao Hung Yen); "LSDP vin d/xem/a fre//7gcc/]i^c/ja/"(BaoOakiak online 1/9/ 2011) Tinh hinh tren cho thay, DH LSDP da va dang duge ehu y va lien hanh d khip noi vdi nhieu hinh thde khac Tuy nhien, DH LSOP v l n cdn nhieu han che; mpt bd phan GV van ehua eoi trgng bal hgc LSOP nen tien hanh qua toa ehieu le, tham ehi khdng day LSDP; npi dung bai LSDP ngheo nan ve npidung khd khan ve hinh thuc; tham ehi, cdn edhlen tugng GV sudung tiet hpc LSDP de dn tap, hoae hpc bai khac ehuong trinh Cd nhieu nguyen nhan d i n den tinh Irang nay, nhu: tam li eoi thudng LSDP; LSDP khdng cd npi dung dn thi hel Idp, het cap; viec tim tai lieu khd khan; viec toehiic gid hpc khd hieu qua, khdng gay thu dd'i vdi hpc sinh (HS) De khic phue, ehung tdi de xuat each tiep can mdi trcng DH LSDP nham nang cao hieu qua DH LSDP, khdng lam nang ne mdn hgc, gay hOng thu va phat huy tinh tich cue cua HS hgc LSDP Cach tiep can mdi veDH LSDP trudng pho' thdng 1) Muc tieu DH LSDP Viec DH LSOP gdp phan thuc hien myc tieu ctia bd mdn, vi vay, can dam bao toan dien ve isa mat giao dudng, giao dye va phal trien doivdi HS DH LSDP giup HS hieu bielnhimgnetco ' KhoaXahpi-TnfongCaodaflSsi'phaEnKaNdi -(kil-3/2013) ban vecae quatrinh phal tnen cua dia phuong; nhimg su kien chinh, nhung dae die'm nd'i bat, dae s i c , ve ngudi, phong tyc, tap quan, l l hdl Kien thuc dd gdp phan giao due Idng yeu que huong, dat nude, hinh Ihanh y thuc trach nhiem xaydung, bao ve que huong, gin giuva phat huy cac dl san ddia phuong DH LSDP edn phattrien kTnang tuhpc; lusuu tam va khai thae thdng tin; kT nang thue hanh bd mdn; van dyng kien thuc da hpc vao thuc tlin G V ludn phai chii y, myc lieu hpc LSOP khdng chidiJmg lai dviec HS hieu biet LS eua dja phuong minh (giao dye dinh hudng npi dung) ma quan trpng hon la hinh cac pham chat, nhan each cd'lldi va phat trien cac nang luc can thiet eho HS (giao due djnh hudng nang lue) DH LSDP cdthe manh viec phat trien nang luc hpc tap va thuc hanh bd mdn LScho HS nhu: lUsuu tam va khai thac tu lieu; gap gd nhan chihig, tiep can hien vat LS; van dyng kien Ihuc LS de li glai eac van de KT-XH cua dja phuong; dmh hudng lua chpn nghe nghl?p; tham gia va gin giQ phong tye, tap quan eua dja phuong; cd thai dp va hanh ddng dung d i n dol vdl cac dl san; ythdc bao ve, cai tao mditrudng cua dia phuong., Day phal la diem nha'n muc tieu DH LSDP 2) Ngidun^ DH LSDP Chisang imh LS khong quy djnh cy the ndi dung DH LSDP, sach giao khoa LS cung khdng cd bai LSDP, vi the, viec lua ehpn ndi dung DH LSOP viia la mot khd khan, dong thai cung la thuan lgi dephat huy nhung ngi dung mang linh dae thtJ, the hien cai rieng cua mdl dia phuong Can xual phat tli muc lieu DH bp mdn ndi ehung va DH LSDP ndi rieng, md'i quan he giua LSDP va LSDT de lua chpn npidung DH LSOP phii hgp GV cdthe DH LSOP theo nhung npidung sau: • Thdng si/ve LSDP n h l m giiJp HS cd cai ntiin khai quat ve qua trinh hinh eae thdi ki LS, liem nang phaltriwi KT-XH cija dja phuong HS dang song Ngoai pham vidja phuong (lang, xa, khu pho, huyen, tinh) can cd nhung nghien ciiu he thd'ng ve LS vung, hen tmh, mien, khu vuc Nhung ngi dung ve thdng su LSOP nen day long ghep vdi LSDT, khdng nhat thie't phai tach cac tiet hoc LSDP rieng - Ndi dung ve nhung net dae s i c cua dia phuong, nhu: cae di san (ca dl san thien nhien va dl san van hda); cac s u kign LS tieu bleu cua dja phuong cd y nghTa quan trpng cd lien quan de'n LSDT; cac phong tye, tap quan, l l hpi, lang nghe Vdl nhung npi dung nay, cdlhexay dung nhimg chijde LSOP, tien hanh DH trdn ldp hoae DH lai bao tang dia phuong, nha tmyen thd'ng, thuc dja - Ngoai ra, GV ed the lien he cae tai lieu LSOP, nhQng nhan vat, nhan ehiing, sukien, dia danh cua dia phuong qua trinh DH 3) Phuongphap va hinh thuc toehue DH L SDP a) Ve phuang phap Xuatphatlumuc tieu bpmdn, G V can nhanh chdng chuyai tiiPPDH chu yaj tmyen thu kien thiie mot ehieu thay -trd sang DH lay HS lam tmng tam, phat huy tinh tich cue, ehu ddng sar)g tao cua HS hoc LSOP; hudng tdi hinh cac pham chat, nhan each cdt Idl; phal trien cac kTnang va nang luc nham thich ung vdi thuc lien cupc sd'ng cho HS Trong dd: Cai lien manh me cac PPDH tmyen thdng Viee doi mdi PPDH LS khdng cdnghTa la Ioal bd, phiJ nhan sach Iron cac PPDH tmyen Ihd'ng, cai lien cac phuong phap dd cho dat hieu qua hon Nhung uu the cua cac phuong phap thuye'l trinh, nhu tudng thuat, mieu la, glai thich ; phuong phap true quan ludn phu hgp vdi DHLS, can dupc phalhuy theo hucmg tieh cue Oe thuc hien tot cac phuong phap nay, ngoai hoat ddng cua GV va HS, can si/ehung tay cua cac nha nghien cihi ve dja phUdng de cd nguon tu lieu phong phu, he thd'ng ban do, tranh anh, luge phii hop cho viee DH LSOP Luu y, de lua chon npidung LSDP day long ghep, can blen soan va stidung phu hpp nhlm giup HS thay duoe md'i quan he giua LSOP vcri LSDT DH LSDP tai bio tang, thuc dia.De\angh\e\j qua cua bal hgc LSOP, ngoai dia diem ldp hpc hang ngay, can tang cudng DH d bao tang, nha tmyen Ihd'ng va thuc dia Khi lien hanh DH LSOP ngoai ldp hpc, GV phai xac dmh dung mue tieu giao dye loan dien eua bai hgc npi khda, khdng dong nhat viec DH vffl tham quan don Ihuan TQdd, xac djnh ndi dung, phUdng phap va hinh thtic to'ehu'c gid hpe ndi khda LSDP dat hieu qua Ap dung cic PPDH tich cue vio DH LSDP n h i m hoat dpng hda, lieh cue hda hoat ddng nhan thuc cua HS, GV giu vai trd to' ehuc, chf dao, dieu khien cae hoatdpng nhan thtic DH LSDP ed uu the deap dyng eac PPDH hpe tieh cue, cd tinh chat nghien ciiu de HS thuc su dugc phal trien nang luc hgc tap LS theo each thue, phudng phap cua cac nha su hge Tiiy thuge vao dd'i tugng HS, dieu kien co sdvat chat, thdi gian , G V cd the lua chpn va ap dung cac PPDH tieh cue dcae muc dp khac nhau, chang han, van dung phuong phap trao ddi, dam thoai, DH giai quyel van de mi/c dp hoat ddng tich cue hon, GV cd theap dung DH hgp dong, DH duan, td'chiic lam viec theo nhdm de hudng dan HS glai quyet mdt van de ciJa dia phuong duoc dat Viec ap dung Tap chi Gido dye so 305 (ki 1-3/2013)- 43 cae PPDH tich cue vao DH LSDf^ khdng ehi gitip HS chu ddng tim kiem kien thirc ve dja phuong ma cdn nang cao nang lue tu hpe, tu nghien cdu, kT nang hgp lac glal quyel cdng viec; dong thdi the hien rd phuong cham "hoc diddlvdihanlf van dyng kien thtic LSOP vao glal quyet cac van de thuc l e ; q u a d d , HS c d e o hdi the hien thaidd, cam xiic cua minh qua hanh dgng cy the DH LSDP qua giio due trainghiem disan Theo quan niem mdi cua eae nha khoa hpc ve di san: di san d xung quanh ehiing ta, dii d noi xa xdi, heo lanh nhat, noi nao cd cdng dong dan cu thi noi dd cd dl san Dd la ngdi nha eua cac em, thda rudng, vat dung canh lac, phong tuc, tap quan, trang phuc truyen Ihd'ng, tri thtic a'm thuc Giao due trai nghiem dl san chinh la phuong thire giao dye truyen th dng tQ thucte dja phuong, gdp phan gin giirva phal huy nhQng gia Iri tot dep cua dl san thien nhien va van hda Detien hanh giao due trai nghiem dl san can xay dung mpt quy trinh,trong do, xac djnh va lua chpn npi dung LSDP theo chu de, ap dyng eae PPDH tich cue; lien hanh hpc tap lai di lich, thue dja; khuyen khich cac hoat ddng trai nghiem euaHS nhu tham gia lao dpng san xual, le hdl, thue hanh cac nghl le, phong t y c cua dja phuong Day la hudng tiep can mdi giao due tmyen thd'ng qua thuc tedja phuong Vi vay, giao due trai nghiem dl san la mot phuong phap cd uu thetrong DH LSOP b) Vehinh thuc Hien nay, viec DH LSDP dugc lien hanh theo hinh thii'c bai ndi khda va cac hoat ddng ngoai khda LSOP Vdi bai nqi khda can kethgp da dang cac PPDH va cac dang to' ehu'c hoat dpng nhan thtic: hoat ddng ca Idp, hoai dpng nhdm, ca nhan mpt each hgp li; dong thdi tang cudng to' chi/e DH LSOP d bao tang, thuc dja, dl tich Cie hoat dqng ngoai khda cd the la to' chuc Iham quan, da ngoai, trai nghiem thuc te theo mot chu de cu the; hay tiep xiic phdng van nhan ehung LS; Id' chQc hgi thao gidi thieu eac san pha'm nghien ciiii, cac ketqua tim kiem tu lieu cija HS Ben eanh dd, nha trudng ed the phd'i hgp eae bd mdn, doan the tmcflig to' cht/c ngoai khda phuc vy eho n h i ^ g l l Idn cua ca nudc, cua dja phuong hoae phd'i hgp vdi eac hoat dpng giao dye, kinlem khae nha tmdng {cd the long ghep ndi dung LSO P nhu: da hdi LS, trd chol LS, trd chdi dan gian,cac cugc thi tim hieu kien th lie LS ), 4^K/lmfra,£fan/ifif/a.VIecddlmdl PPDH LSOP ddi hdi phal lien hanh dong bp, dd cd glal phap doimfflkiem tra,danh gia: -Candua ngidung LSDP vao kiem tra, danh gia kel qua hpc tap mdn LS eua 44 Tap chi Gido dye so 305 HSnhunra dung b i t budc;-Cai tien phuong phap va hinh thuc kiem tra, danh gia de cd the danh gia dugc kien thdc, kTnang va thaidd eila HS DH LSDP Chuy danh gia thai dp vanang luc thue hanh qua eac bieu hien va hanh vi cu the cua HS thuc teeupc sd'ng ddia phuong DH LSDP cdvai trd, y nghTa to ldn viec thuc hien mye lieu giao due eua bp mdn LS d tmdng phd' thdng Du cd nhieu ehuyen bien tich cue, song viec DH LSOP dcaeimcffig phd'thdng hien ndiehung van edn nhung han che Vi vay, each tiep can mdi segdp phan dd'i mdi DH LSOP tQsunhan thtic dting vai trd tdi nhung giai phap dong bp cac khau cua cdng tae DH LSDP dtmdng phd'thdng Tai lieu tham khao BO GD-DT - HOi Khoa hpc Ljch sir Ki yeu H^i thio qudc gia ve day hpc Lich su'o' truio'ng ph6 thAng Viet Nam NXB Gido due ViSi Nam, H 2012 Hpi GiSo due Ljch sii "Nghifin cihj, bifin soan vii giang day Ljch sii dia phuong" Ki y^u Hpi thao khoa hoc toan quO'c Trudng Dgi hpc Vinh 2002 HoSng Thanh Hai "Y nghia gi^o dye qua vifc six diing dl lich day hoc Lich su a truong ph6 thflng" Tgp chi Gido due, s6 287 612012 Phan Ngpe LiOn - Trinh Dinh Tiing - Nguyfin Thj Coi Phinmg phap day hoc Ljch sii-, tap 1,2 NXB Dgi hpc su pham, H 2009 Bo GD-DT Ddi mdi phmmg ph^p day hpc, Id^m tra ddnh giA hoc tflp Lich svi vk giang day L|ch sdr dia phinmg & tnrong phd thfing NXB Gido due, H 2008 BO GD-DT - Du an Vi^t - Bi Day v^ hoc tich cm: M6t s6 phuwng phap va lu thuSt day hoc NXB Dgi hpc su pham, H 2010, NguySn IVIinh Nguyfit "Giao due trai nghifim di san a nha trucmg phd thflng - hirdng ti^p can mdi giao duc truySn thfl'ng Tap chi Gido due, stf 297, 11/2012 SUMMARY Teaching local history is an important part In realizing mission of history In school However, teaching local history in chool has limited today So need to renovate teaching local history to new approach: to move from education of transmitting knowledge to educaUon of developing the students competency: to renovate contents: to reform method and form of teaching local history, apply active teaching methods and techniques: experience real life: to change assessment method Implementing that, the effect of teaching local history will be enhanced -(kll-3/2013)