Li LUAN 6IAQ BMC BAY HQC MOT SO NGUYEN TAC TO CHUC DAY HOC THEO QUAN DIEM Sit PHAM TUONG TAC TS VO LE H O A '''' T htic tiln day hpc (DH) hien nay cho thay tinh chat tac dong trong DH cliu yeu mang tinh[.]
Li LUAN 6IAQ BMC BAY HQC MOT SO NGUYEN TAC TO CHUC DAY HOC THEO QUAN DIEM Sit PHAM TUONG TAC TS VO LE H O A ' T htic tiln day hpc (DH) hien cho thay: tinh chat tac dong DH cliu yeu mang tinh xuoi chilu (tc) ngi/oi day d i n ngi/oi hpc), tinh thu dong, l Ihijc hien tot cac nhiem vu DH Ngudi hpc SPTT dUdc xac dinh la thp chinh cua viec hoc - ngudi ti; Id'chiic hoat dpng hpc, quyel dinh si/lhay del nhan thiic va nhan each cua chinh minh Ngudi day vdi vai trd chu dao - to chuc, hudng d i n cac tuong tac DH qua hoat dpng supham: tli thietke mon hpc, bai hpc tdi thuc hien Ip chiic cac hpat dpng DH Do vay, tinh chat, cudng dp cua cac luong lac cung nhu hieu qua DH phu thupc nhieu vao kT nang (KN) td'chuc, hudng d i n tUdng lac (KNDH) cua ngua day Ngudi day co y nghla quyel dinh tao nen moi In/dng hpc tap va miic dp tham gia ciia ngudi hpc vao qua trinh DH Vi vay, tren quan diem SPTT, DH chi dat hieu qua dam bao cac nguyen tac sau: Sam bao tinh chu d o n g , tich cue cua cac chd thetham gia vao DH Trong DH, tinh chij dpng, tich cue cua chu the se nang cap kha nang hoat dpng ciia hp tham gia vao cac tuong lac Viec lich cue, chu dpng cija cac chu Ihe Iham gia vao cac md'i quan he luong tac DH phy thupc vao s u y thuc ve vai trd, chiic nang nang dap ling cua cac chu the trudc cac yeu cau cua ddi tac Vi vay, de ngudi hpc thuc su chu dpng, lich cue tham gia vap qua Irinh OH thi ngua day phai: Thuorig xuyen nang cao y Ihuc, trach nhiem hpc tap cua ngua hoc; Tudng minh ke hoach hpc tap cua ngudi hpc; Oat nhung yeu cau phii hpp vdi thai dp tin tudng d ngudi hoc; Tao dieu kipn cho ngudi hpc cd su chuan bi mpi mat: tam the, kiln thiic, phuong tien hpc; Thuc hien kiem tra, danh gia thudng xuyen; Khuyen khich ngua hpc n l luc tham gia cac hpat dpng hpc lap ngoai Idp (cac du an nhcm, bai luan, bap cao, suu lam, nghien ciiu dilu Ira ) Bam bao tinh he thong, dong bp Irong to chuc cac tac dong s u pham _ DH Iamptchudicactacdpng,tinhhu6ngsuphani ke tiep tao nen nhiing van dpng, phat trien khong ngung nhiim Ihuc hien tot nhiem vu DH Vol vai trd to chiic, hudng dan cac hoat dong, tuong tac DH l i i phia ngudi day (du la lac dpng nhp nhat) deu la tac nhan gay luong lac kep Iheo phan ling day chuyen tdi hang loat cac tuong tac khac DH Vi vay DH, thilt k l cac hoat dpng dpi hoi phai dupc sap xep Iheo trinh tu hop li, phii hpp v^ quy luat va hudng vao muc tieu DH Khito chile cac hoat dpng DH, ngudi day phai nang cao kha nang kiem soat, dieu chinh linh hpat cac lac dpng supham cua minh lam lang cudng nhirng lac dpng lich cue, thuc day DH van dpng phal Irien khdng ngung d l Ihuc hien lot nhiem vu DH Dam bao tinh finh hoat, nang dong va hop tac cija cac chu thetrong DH DH ia noi diln su tuong tac giua cac yeu to: ngudi day, ngudi hpc, mdi trudng Cac chu the DH ludn CO su da dang, khac biet ve nhieu phuong dien (dae diem lam sinh li, vdn kmh nghi?m, trinh dp phat triin tri lue, dieu kien ), song tai ca cung Iham gia vao mpt mdl irudng DH (dilu kien day va hpc, chudng cua hp Irong DH; cung vdi nhung chua'n bi ve mpi phuong dien cua hp tham gia vao DH va kha 14 Tap chl Gido due so 304 *KINHTamil CinodicTmniSailrpcsirpliaiiillilKi -(ki2-2/2013) trinh mon hoc ) vol ciing muc tieu vi su phat trien cua nguoi hpc, dap Ung yeu eau DH mon hoe Vi vay, de hpp tac hieu qua, thuc hien cac nhiem vu DH va hoan chuc nang doi hoi cac ehu the DH phai hpc each thoa thuan thich ung chap nhan doi tae {phai linh hoat, nang dong va hqp tac) Vol vai tro chu dao cua minh, nguoi day luon phai nhay cam chan doan nhu cau nhan thuc tu cac 'dot /a'c'dedieu chinh sang tao thuc hien ehuong trlnh Bong thdi, de tri thii nhan thirc cua ngucfi hpc, truyen cam cho ngucfi hpe, nguoi day luon phai lam mau, sang tao, linh hoat chien lupc van dyng cac phuong phap, hinh thiic to chirc DH nh^m thu hiit ngudi hpe ehu dpng tham gia Dae biet, mpt so tinh huong, nguoi day phai the hien su thuyet phuc, giai quyet eac mau thuin lop hpc that hoan hao Vi vay, viec xuat hien diing liic ngu6i hpe can, dua nhung quyet dinh thong minh va bpc 16 cam xiic phii hpp la nhiing doi hoi rat quan trpng vdi ngydi day to chi/e DH Do do, de dam duong tot vai tro ehu dao eua minh, ngudi day phai dat den trinh dp supham lanh nghe vdi Idng yeu nghe chay bong Dam bao md'iquan he ton trpng, bJnh dang ve chuc nang giua cac chu the DH DH luon xay cac moi quan he tuong tae da ehieu Xuat phat tu vai tro, ehu'c nang rieng cua chu the day va ehu the hpe eho thay: vi the cua chu the day luon cao hon chu the hpc xet tren nhieu phuong dien (sinh li, tri thu'c, kinh nghiem, y chl, s u t | p trung ehu y, kien nhin.,.) nen, tinh chat xudl ehieu DH rat d l xay va thue tiln da chuTig minh dieu Khac phyc su mat can b^ng b ^ g each tang cudng tae dpng tir phia ngudi hpc tdi moi trudng hpc, nhkm thuc day tinh tich cue hoc tap cua ngucri hoc Chu the day chu dpng thay doi vj the, lam cho vj the chu the hoc duoc noi len qua moi quan he ung xu su pham kheo leo: biet ling nghe, tdn trpng va lam 'hai long' ngucri hoc (moi quan he binh dang hai chieu dupc thiet lap) Trong moi quan he do, ngudi hpc se tutin, dam thehien minh nhieu hon, eung ngudi day se trp giup, hd trp ngudi hpc tot hon va ea hai cung thue hien tot chuc nang cua minh DH Vi vay, DH phal tao dieu kien cho ngucri hpe ed co hpitham gia hoatdpng nhieu hon, dam baosutucmg tac binh dSng de khong ngCmg thuc hien tot cac nhiem v y D H 5.Dam bao m d i t r u d n g DH than thien Hoat dpng cua ngudi day va ngudi hpc luon dien nhiJng khdng gian va thdi gian xac dinh, vdi (ki 2-2/2013)- anh hudng eua rat nhieu yeu td'ben trong, ben ngoai Oochinh la moi trudng DH MOI tn/ong DH dupc hieu theo nhieu goc dp khae nhau: moi tn/dng rpng, mdi trudng hep, moi trudng ben ngoai va mdi tnidng ben trong, mdi trudng vat chat va mdi tn/ong tinh than, mdi ta/dng day va mdl tardng hpc Tu lau mdi trudng DH dupc xac dinh la yeu to cau nen qua trinh DH, cd md'i quan he tuong tac vdi cac yeu to khae eua qua trinh DH.Tuy nhien, yeu tdmdi trudngOH tir trudc tdi it dupc quan tam, nhung vd^ quan diem SPTT lai xem xet kl ludng anh hudng cua mdi tnrdng tdi yeu to ngucri day, ngudi hoc, hieu qua DH Mditrudng (trong quan diem SPTT) la mdi truong Idp hpc dupc tao bdi su hdi nhap cua cac yeu td ben ngoai (phuong tien, dieu kien day va hpc, phuong thirc hoat ddng, thai dp, hanh vi giao tiep iing xu, ngdn ngir }, yeu to ben (sue khoe, tam li, tri tue, cac gia tri, vd'n kinh nghiem }, yeu to vat chat, yeu td'tinh than, cac tinh hud'ng DH, cae md'i quan he xa hdl DH eiia ngudi day va ngudi hpc Tat ca tao nen mpt mdi trudng phdc tap va ludn d trang thai van ddng (do su tuong tae cua cac yeu to' cau tao nen) Ngudi day va ngudi hpc bj anh hudng bdi cac ye'u td'cua mdi trudng, luy nhien, ho khong thu ddng trudc nhifng anh hudng dd ma ludn phan iing bang each tim eai Ipi td nhimg anh hudng cua mdi tnidng; dieu chinh hay bien doi nhung anh hudng bat Ipi; hay chap nhan, thich nghi trudc nhiing anh hudng Vdi vai trd ngudi hudng dan, tao t^eu kien, di cung ngudihpc, ngudiday cdthe chu dpng to chiic mdi trudng hpc tap tich cue mang lai su edng nhieu nhat cho ngudi hpc Chang han: kiem tra dieu kien, thiet bi phuong tien phdng hpc; dieu hanh chupng trinh hoc phu hpp vdi ngudi hpc; lua chpn eac phuong phap, phuong tien, hinh thde td'chdc DH thich hpp; dieu chinh md'i quan he vdi ngudi hpc tren c o s d t d n trpng, e d i m d than thien, hdtrp, cdng tac, dan chu a Tai lieu Itiam khao ! Nguyen HCru Chau NhOng vSin deco-ban ve chinmg trinh va qua trinh day hoc NXB Gido due H 2005 VQ Le Hoa "Van dung quan di^m su pham tucmg tac irong ddi moi phuong phap day hoc mOn Giao due hgcdUutrngdai hpcsu-ph^m" Tgp ehi Gido due, stf 15.1 1/2007 X D3ng Thanh Himg Tmmg tac thSy - tro tr«n Idp hoc NXB Gidn due H 2005 (Xem ti^ trang 27) Tap chi Giao due so 304 | 15 djnli muc tieu va yeu cau giao due: thong qua HD Iham quan bao tang giup HS hieu thenn ve tniyen thong ijeh st; dung nudc va giu nuoc cua nhan dan ta Li lua chqn: md rpng va cung cokieh Ihiic ' / V u * Bai VietthdlLy Tran' Bao lang co rat nhieu nqi dung phong phu va hap dan cho viec hoe Ljch s i i va 5; dat ten: *W£) tham quan hoc tap tim hieu tnjyen thong giunudc thdlLy, Tran' lap ke hoach chi tiet cho cuqc tham quan; ki hop dong vol hudng d i n vien lam cac cong viec theo yeu cau de tac vat c h i l cd tinh Injc quan (quan sat, do, udc luong, lat, gid cac hien vai ) ket hop vdi cac Ihao lac tinh than (phan loai so sanh, ddi chieu, phan tich, khai qua! hoa, cu the hoa, md hinh hoa ) de hinh kien thiic ve lich sii danh giae cua thdi Ly Tran Cac HD cd the la: - HB Tim hie'u to chuc, bien che quan ddi thdi Ly, Tran: GV gidi thieu so bg, xen ke minh hoa bSng mo hinh hoae sd to' chde, bien ehe cua quan dpi thdi Li, Tran HS quan sat, ghi chep va Ira Idi cac cau hdi GV dat Budc2 Phan giai npi dung HO tham quan ra; - W£) Xem va lim hie'u luge dd tran danh tren cau tmetogk:tudng minh: Tien hanh tham quan giup sdng ehd'ng quan Tong lan 2, luge Iran chien HS md rpng va cung cd kien thuc ve truyen Ihdng tren sdng Bach D i n g (Ihuc hien cac hanh dong; Q\0 nudc Ihdi Ly, Tran, G V phai tim hieu ve cau tnJc, nghe gidi thieu va xem tn;c liep luge do; chu y nhan npi dung tn/ng bay cua bao tang de g i n y giao manh vj tri dia li eua nude ta xua cd ten due Iheo muc tieu giao due djnh san Xae dinh ngi Dai Viet; xem va ghi nhd cac tuyen phdng thu noi dung nao can nhan manh; khu nao phan anh H0 dong quan; thuc hien cac thao tac' ghi chep sd lieu, quan sucho thdi ki lich su; hien vat nao la minh ehung su kien, so sanh ludng tudng khai quat hoa, cu eho eae siJ kien lich sii tCf do, thiel ke cae Hfi luong the hoa ): - HB Tim hie'u vu danh giae: GV Ihieh vdl mue tieu GD hudng d i n , giai thieh, minh hoa cho HS xem cac BUCK Phan bae HBGDNGLL cac Hfi nhdm hien vat vu (dao, kiem, cac loai eung ten phan: Tren eo sd eau tnjc trung bay va npi HD quan su Nhan manh epc chong tii dung giao due eua bao tang, phan chia HD Iham sdng Bach D i n g duoc sii dung trong cupc quan kJn (bae 1) Ihanh eae HD phan Chang chien chdng quan Nguyen - lan thd3 •HB4:Tm han, td HD ehung tim hieu ve each danh giae thdi hie'u so luge each danh giae thdng qua diln bien mpt vai Iran danh die'n hinh HS nghe Ihuyel Irinh, Ly, Iran, ch'H Ihanh cac Hfi nhd hon (bae 2) Butk Thiet ke eae HD tUdng thich vdi xem md hinh: luge dd tran danh Iren song chdng ngi dung HD: Toan bp HD Idn (Iham quan hpc lap quan Tdng lan 2; Iran Bach D i n g vdi cgc chdng lai bao lang) ehia Ihanh eac HD phan nhu: Id sdng Bach filng ehd'ng quan Nguyen - lan Ihii •HB Tim hieu (so luoc) ve to chdc va bien ehe 3, cae mui lien cdng cua djeh va hudng phan edng quan dpi lhcô Ly, Tran; ã HB Xem va tim hieu luoc cua ta giup HS Ihay each danh Ihong minh, sang Iran danh Iren sdng chdng quan Tdng lan 2, luoc tao qua viee Igi dung Ihuy trieu de dat epc chdng tran chien tren song Bach OJng; - HB Tim hieu ket hgp vdi hoa edng, choc Ihung thuyen chien cua vu danh giac thdi Ly, Tran; • HB 4: Tim hieu so giac; Igi dung dia hinh, dja vat mai phuc, dung luce each danh giac Ihong qua diln bien mpt vai Iran vu de lieu hao luc lugng dich) Sau nghe va danh dien hinh; - HB 5; Tim hieu ve eon ngudi, su tim hie'u, HS tu ghi chep, neu eae y kien ca nhan; nghep cua ngudi chi huy lieu bieu: Ly Thudng Kiet, - HB 5;Tim hie'u ve ccn ngucn, su nghiep cua ngudi Tran Hung Dao; • HB 6:Tdng ket, chdt lai kien Ihuc ehi huy tieu bieu (Ly Thudng Kiel, qua cac hien vai va l u lieu lai bao tang); • HB 6: Td'ng ket, chdt 2) Giai doan td'chuc HB lai kien thiic Budc Hudng dich, ggi dpng cd Hfi eho HS: GV (ngudi id chiie) neu mue dich cua bud'i tham Budc Kiem Ira, danh gia, dieu chinh cac HD quan (can linh hpi nhung kien thdc nao), ddng thdi, cho dung muc dich, yeu cau; GV (ngudi Id'chifc) Iheo neu yeu eau cua HDGDNGLL; HS tiep nhan cac ddi, kiem tra, danh gia theo tdng Hfi phan nhu yeu cau, dieu kien phai Ihue hien va chuan bi tam thietke dtren the budc vao HD 3) Giai doan td'chuc tong ket danh gia, nil Bux Hudng d i n HS Ihue hien eae hanh dgng va thao tac nhu da thiet ke: GV (hudng d i n vien) neu van de, ggi md hudng d i n HS lam eac Ihao 26 Tap chi Gide due so 304 kinh nghiem Buac 8.-Vet thu hoach, Ihao luan, phan tich, danh gia ket qua HD: GV neu Idm tit cac HD Iham quan, -Cki 2-2/2013) ... hoc duoc noi len qua moi quan he ung xu su pham kheo leo: biet ling nghe, tdn trpng va lam ''hai long'' ngucri hoc (moi quan he binh dang hai chieu dupc thiet lap) Trong moi quan he do, ngudi hpc... to cau nen qua trinh DH, cd md''i quan he tuong tac vdi cac yeu to khae eua qua trinh DH.Tuy nhien, yeu tdmdi trudngOH tir trudc tdi it dupc quan tam, nhung vd^ quan diem SPTT lai xem xet kl ludng... 5; dat ten: *W£) tham quan hoc tap tim hieu tnjyen thong giunudc thdlLy, Tran'' lap ke hoach chi tiet cho cuqc tham quan; ki hop dong vol hudng d i n vien lam cac cong viec theo yeu cau de tac vat