CAC YEU TO A N H HUONG TOI VIEC HOAN THIEN Kl THUAT DAY HOC CUA GIAO VIEN TtiS, HA MINH PHl /ONG'''' Bat kenghe nao trong xa hdi deu ddi hdiphai cd nhi/ng ki thuat nhat djnh de dam bao chat lupng, hieu q[.]
CAC YEU TO A N H HUONG TOI VIEC HOAN THIEN Kl THUAT DAY HOC CUA GIAO VIEN TtiS, HA MINH P H l / O N G ' B at kenghe nao xa hdi deu ddi hdiphai cd nhi/ng ki thuat nhat djnh de dam bao chat lupng, hieu qua cua nghe Day hpc (DH) la nghe dac biet, cung cd nhiing kl thuat rieng biet Vi vay, giao vien (GV) mudn hoan nhiem vu DH vdi chat lupng va hieu qua cao nhat ddi hdi phai nam vasi?dungthanh thao cac ki thuat day hpc (KTOH) Tuy nhien, quan niem ve KTDH van chua dupe thdng nhat, viec phan biet giira KTDH vdi phuong phap day hpc (PPDH) va kinang day hpc (KNDH] can dupc iamrdhon Ngoai ra, nhieu nghien cuu mdi ehl dung laidviee dua mot sd KTDH CO ban, chua iam ro cac nhan tdchuyeu anh hudng ten KTDH cua G V Vi vay, liep bjc nghien cuu li luan ve KTDH la can thiet dephat trien li luan DH va nang cao chat lupng, hieu qua hoat ddng DH cua GV Nhuvay, KTDH khdng ddng nhat vdi PPDH, mpt phuong phap cd nhieu KTDH, ngupc lai, mot KTDH cothedupe sudung nhieu phuang phap khac Trong bai viet nay, chting tdi ehi ban den KTDH cila GV qua trinh DH DH la hoat ddng dac thii eua GV, dupe lien hanh nha trudng qua cac gid hpc tren Idp va ngoai Idp Thyc chal eiJa hoat dpng DH la GV to ctiuc, dieu khien qua trinh nhan thdc cua HS nham thyc hien tdt nhat eae nhiem vuDHdaxacdinh.De lien hanh hoat dong DH cdhieu qua, doi hdi GV tren casd nam chac muc dich, npidung DH, dac diem cua HS, phai biet van dung linh hoat cac phuang phap va hinh thuc tochuc DH, Tren cosd nghien cuu thuat ngi/ki thuat va each tiep can KTDH dudi gdc dp ban chat ciJa quatrinh DH, theo chung tdi, Hien nay, cd rat nhieu each tiep can va quan khainiem ATDWcdthehieu nhusau: "KTDH la tohg niem khac ve KTDH Theo Tii dien Giao dye hap cac thao tac, hanh dang cu the duac GV su hoc, KTDH\a 'long the phuong phap su pham cua dung mot each kheo leo vao qua trinh DH nham to chuc va dieu khich cd hieu qua hoat dong nhan thuc nha giao due dung detmySn thu nhung kien thdc (thong cua ngudi hgc" KTDH khong phai la cac thao lac, tin) va giup cho phat trien nhan each hoc sinh (HS)"{ 1) hanh ddng rieng le, cung khong phai la spcdng lai Cac tac gia Nguyen Hihi Chau, Vu Qud'c Chung, Nguyen Thj San dua quan niem: "KTDH la each mptcach don gian cac thao tac, hanh dpng cua GV, G V xi/ii cac khia canh hoac to chdc cac budc khac ma la tong hpp cac thao tac, hanh dpng eua GV phuang phap hoac qua trinh hudng dan qua Irinh DH, Detao KTDH ddi hoi eae cua minh"[2) day, cac quan diem deu cho rang thao tac, hanh ddng eua GV phai nam mpt KTDH la ki thuat tien hanh boat dpng DH cua GV, hay chinh the, Ihdng nhat, cd mdi quan he chat che, hd chu the cua KTDH la GV, Trong dd, tac gia Tran trpva bdsung cho cOng hudng vao viec tien Ngpc Lar cho rang: "KTDHia nhung thao tac hanh hanh cac hoal ddng DH mpt each c6 hieu qua dong cu the cua GVvaHS cac tinh hudng van KTDH khdng phaila KNDH, dusy phan biet giua dung PPDH nhdm dai dugc muc dich DH"{3) Theo KTDH va KNDH chi mang tinh chat tuong ddi Theo quar niem nay, KTDH la klthuat tien hanh hoat ddng GS Tran Ba Hoanh: "KNDH ndi tdi kha nang thuc daycuaGVvaklthuat lien hanh heat ddng hpc ciia hien cd ket qua mot so thao tac hay mgtioat thao tac HS Tuy chua ddng nhat ve quan niem, nhung cac cua mot hanh dong giang day bang each lua chon nha nghien cdu deu cho ring chu the ciJa KTDH gdm van dung nhdng ththiic, nhung each thdc va quy trinh ca GV va HS (day la quan niem phu hop, bdi xua't hgpli"{3}.Q\eru gidng giua KTDH va KNDH la phattdmdiquan he tuong tac giife ngudi day va ngudi ciing noi den eae thao tac, hanh ddng eua GV si) hpc qua trinh DH); KTDi^ la tdng the nhirng dung qua trinh DH va deu hudng vao thyc hien thao tac, hanh ddng cua GV hoac GVvaHS van cdhieu qua hoat ddng DH, Tuy nhien, chiing khac dung cac PPDH vao qua trinh DH nh&m dat dupc muc dichDHda xac djnh ' Hoc vien Chinh trj, B6 Quoc phong (ki • 9/2013) Tap ehi Gido due so 317 29 dchd, KTDH la eae thao tac, hanh ddng cu thd" GV phai cd y chi, kien tri, ben bi mditharih cong| eua GVsudunglrong quatrinh DH,cdn KNDH la kha Mud'n lam dupe dieu dd, mdi GV phaicd thai dp, nang van dijng cac tri thdc, kinh nghiem supham cQa dpng ca diing d i n va linh yeu vdi nghd su pham, GV vao qua trinh DH dupc the hien qua cac Ihao tac, ludn cd i(hal vpng vuon len de tu hoan thien minh hanh dpng, KTDH la CO sdde hinh KNDH, ddng vemoimat KTDH la he thdng cac thao tac, hanh dpng cu thdi KNDH phat then lai la CO sddeGV thyc hi^ned the cua GV sii'dung qua Irinh DH; la quatrinh hieuquacacKTDH 3, KTDH cdvaitrdra'tquan trpng, quyet djnh chat G V phat huy vd'n tri thuc, kinh nghiem da cd de thi/c lupng DH cua GV Delhyc hien doi mdi GD-OT theo hien hieu qua hoat ddng DH mpi hoan canh tinh than cua Nghj quyetdai hdi Dang toan qud'c Ian khac VI vay, GV phai ed vd'n Ui thuc, kinang, Ihi} XI: "Del mdi can ban, loan dien nen giao due Viet klxao vakinh nghiem nhat djnh vehoatddrg DH Nam theo hudng chuan hda, hien dai hda xa hgihoa,Nghia la, GV phai nim dupe trithi/evechuyp£i nganh, dan chii hoa va hoi nhap qudc fe''(4), G V phai khdng li luan DH, cac dieu Iden delien hanh hoat ddng DH; ngdng phat then, hoan thien cac KTDH cua minh ddng thdi cd kha nang van dung kien thuc cung nhu Quatrinh dd ludn chju sutae ddng cua nhung yeu to kinh nghiem cua minh vao qua trinh DH nhanh chdng Ket qua hoan thien KTDH phu thupc rat Idn chu yeu sau: 1) Muc tieu dao tao cua nha trudng Bay la vao ke hoach ren luyen KTDH va kha nang thyc yeu id ddng vai trd quan trpng, quyet djnh d§n hien ke hoach dd nhu the' nao ciia GV Viec xay kel qua hoan thien KTDH cua GV; ludn quy dinh dyng ke hoach hop ii, khoa hpc, phu hop vdi kha ndi dung DH, PPDH, che udc cac hoat dpng DH nang cua GV, dieu kien etja nha trudng, yet cau cua GV va HS Xuat phat tu muc tieu dao tao, ndi cua thuc tien va quyet tam Ihuc hien Iheo kehoach dung va PPDH cac nhatrudng hien rat vdi quy trinh chat che, hop li se giup GV hoan thlln phong phu, da dang ddi hdi ca GV va HS phaind KTDH thuan Ipi lye rat Idn veiri Iuc va the lye mdi dap ung dupc, 3) Mdi trudng su pham cua nha truong.Qua Oe to chuc va dieu khien tdt qua trinh nhan Ihuc trinh hoan thien KTDH eua GV ludn dien cua H S, G V phai cd cac KTDH tuang dng vdi tung cac nha trudng Do dac Ihii cua tung trudng khac npidung va PPDH (hay GV phaicd mpt he Ihdng ve mdhinh dao tao, dieu kien cosd vat chat KTDH phong phii va da dang) Vi vay, GV phai nen qua trinh DH d mdi trudng ciing ed nhung dac nd Iuc, cd gang cao dp quatrinh hoan thien diem rieng ehi phdi, anh hudng den qua Irinh hoan KTDH de dap ung vdi yeu cau GD-OT linh thien KTDH cua GV, Mdi trudng giao due !a mot hinh mdi nhii'ng yeu td anh hudng tdi qua trinh hinh 2) Pham chai va nang li/c ciia GV La chu the thanh, phat trien pham chat nhan each, nang lUC lien hanh hoal dpng hoan thien KTDH, nen pham eua mdi ngudi, Vi vay, qua trinh GV hoan thien chatva nang lUc cua GVanh hudng rat Idn den chat KTDH, ndu xay dung dupc mdi trudng supham thuan lupng, hieu qua ren luyen KTDH Neu GV cdpham Ipi se gdp phan Ihiic day qua trinh hoan thien KTDH chatva nang lye tdt thi qua trinh hoan thien KTDH se ciia GV thuan Ipi hon Od la, mdi tn/dng supham ma thuan ipi va ngupc lal.Oe hoan thien KTDH, GV can cac can bp, GV dupc tao dieu kien thuan Ipi ve thdi nhan thuc diing dan ve vai trd cua KTDH vasycan gian, tai lieu, casd vat chat: la moi trudng ma dpi ngu thiet phai hoan thien KTDH.Dieu se giup GVcd can bp, GV cd chat lupng cao, cd nhifng chuyen gia ylhtJc ren luyen vatyren luyen viec chiem linh gidi, dau nganh; cd co sd vat chat, phuong tien ki tri thuc, kixao, kinh nghiem supham ndi chung va Ihu^t phat Irien KTDH ndi rieng d mpi liie, mpi noi (day la yeu to quan trpng, vi tri thuc, kinh nghiem cung nhu KTDH KTDH la mdt Irong nhiing bpphan quan trpng cau khdng phai ty nhien ma ed, nd dupc hinh va tai nghe su pham ciia GV Ngay nay, dephat phat trien quatrinh hpc tap, ren luyen ctia mdi trien vanangcao chat iupng GD-OT, ratcannhutigGV chii the) SythuSn thuc KTDH tile thuan vdiylhuc Vila ed tam, vda cd tai Tardc nhiem vy dd, tat ca GV ren luyen vatyren luyen cua mdi GV Neu nhan thuc phai khdng ngung ren luyen, hoan thien minh vd moi khdng tdt, GV se khdng the vupt qua khd khan, gian mat, dd cd KTDH Vi vay, viec nhan thdc dung;, khd, khdng kien tri hoan thien KTDH cda minh (hoan Ir^' thien KTDH la qua IrinH lau dai, khd khan ddi hdi (Xem Sep trang 5v- 30 Tap chi Gido due so 317 '(ki 1-9/201^