S65(211) 2013 N G O N N G i r & OOl SONG 31 NGOAI NGU VOI BAN NGO CAC YEU TO ANH HUONG TOI DONG CO HOC TIENG ANH CUA SINH VIEN NGHE THUAT FACTORS AFFECTINC ON E N d U S H LEARNINC MOTIVE OF ART STUDEN[.]
S65(211)-2013 N G O N N G i r & OOl SONG 31 NGOAI NGU VOI BAN NGO CAC YEU TO ANH H U O N G T O I DONG CO HOC TIENG ANH CUA SINH VIEN NGHE THUAT FACTORS AFFECTINC ON E N d U S H LEARNINC MOTIVE O F ART STUDENTS NGUYiN THANH tJUNG (ThS; Oai hoc Sir pham Nghe thuat Trung u-ong) Abstract: The paper reports on some theoretical issues relating to motivation in second language learning in general, in English learning in particular The issues include definition of motivation, demotivation and construct of motivation Some demotivating factors perceived by students including student 's lack of self - confidence; teacher "s teaching method; learning materials and learning environment were identified, which gave bases for giving pedagogic implications for sustaining and increasing student's motivation Keyword: motivation ; internal factors; external factors Khai niem ve Agng co' va giam dong CO- l.I Khdi niem ve dgng cff Trong day hoc noi chung day hoc tieng Anh noi rieng, dgng ca hpc tap la khai niem thuang dugc sir dung Khai niem dong ca (motivation) thuong dugc sur dung gan lien voi ket qua hpc tap Vi du voi mpt sinh vien dat ket qua hpc tap tot giao vien c6 the dua nhan xet rang nguoi sinh vien co dpng CO hpc tap dung dan Ngugc lai, vai mgt sinh vien dat ket qua hgc tap kem co the bi nhan xet la dpng ca hpc tap ctia sinh vien khong CO hoac thap Trong thuc te, nhieu cong trinh nghien cuu da chung minh dugc rang dgng co hpc tap c6 moi lien quan chat che toi ket qua hpc tap Nhin chung co nhieu each hieu ve khai niem dgng co va khai niem da dugc cac nha nghien cuu nhin nhan theo nhung khia canh khac Dornyei va Skehan (2003) cho rang "dgng co la khai niem dugc sir dung de li giai t^i mgt ngiroi lai quyet dinh lam mpt viec gi nguai san sang theo duoi cong viec khoang thai gian bao lau va nguai phai no luc nhu the nao de dat dugc viec lam mong muon" Cung theo mach tu nhu vay Pintrich va Schunk (2002) dua khai niem tong hgp ve dpng co, vi nhan manh tai kha nang nhan thuc va cac to duac xem ia trung tam cua dpng co "dpng ca la mgt qua trinh hoat dgng co muc dich luon dugc thoi thuc va tri" Pintrich va Schunk cho rang dgng co la mpt qua trinh (process) chir khong phai la mgt san pham (product) bai vi dpng CO khong quan sat dugc va dgng ca chi CO thh dugc suy luan tir cac hanh vi nhu su lua chgn cong viec, su kien tri va no luc hoan cong viec Hai khai niem neu tren ve dgng co duong nhu rat chung chung, chua co su lien he tai qua trinh day hpc D^ khai niem hoa thuat ngu dgng co day hgc noi chung Brophy (1998) da dua dinh nghia ve dgng co hpc tap ciia 32 NGON NGUT & DOI SONG sinh vien bang each lap luan rSng dgng co dugc sir dung de li giai mire dp tap chung vao mpt muc tieu cu the va no Iyc theo duoi muc tieu Gardner (1985) ciing cac cgng su dinh nghta dgng co theo huong lien h? toi qua trinh hgc ngoai ngij nhu sau "dpng co \h su ket hgp ciia su no luc va niem uoc ao mong muon dat dugc muc dich ciia viec hgc ngoai ngtj ciing voi thai tich cue ciia nguai hgc doi vai mpt ngon ngCr moi" Ellis (1994) CO ciing quan diem vai Gardner cho rang "dpng ca hpc ngoai ngtr lien quan tai no luc ciia nguoi hpc viec tiep thu ngon ngu: nham thoa man nhu cau va mong muon hpc tap ciia hp" 1.2 Khdi niem ve gidm dgng ca Giam dgng ca (demolivalion) la khai niem dugc de cap ITnh vuc day hgc ngoai ngir noi chung day hpc tieng Anh noi rieng nhirng nam gan day cac cong trinh nghien ciiu ciia cac tac gia khac Tuy nhien, so tugng cong trinh nghien cuu ve van de rat han che Xoay quanh van de giam dpng co hoc tieng Anh hien ton tai hai khai niem la: giam dpng co (demotivation) va mat dgng co (amotivation) Theo Dornyei (2005) giam dpng CO lien quan toi "cac yeu to cu the ben ngoai lam giam hoac lam mat di du dinh hoac mong muon thuc hien mgt cong viec se hoac dang dugc tien hanh" Sakai and Kikuchi (2009) khong hoan toan dong tinh voi quan diem cita Dornyei va da md rgng dinh nghTa bang each lap luan rang hien tuong giam dgng co hgc tap cita nguoi hgc khong chi lien quan den cac yeu to ben ngoai ma xuat phat tir cac yeu to ben nhu su thieu tu tin hay thai dp khong tich cue cua nguoi hgc doi voi mpt ngon ngCr moi Khai niem mat dgng co lien quan den "su vang mat ciia dgng co hpc tap ciia nguoi hpc ma S6 5(211)-2013 nguyen nhan khong phai xuat phat tir cac yeu t6 t^c dgng ben ngoai ma la nhan thuc ciia nguai hpc ve su khong can thiet cua viec hgc mgt ngoai ngir moi" Vi du, vi li gi^o vien doi xir khong cong bang voi cac sinh vien lap khien cho mpt so sinh vien khong hirng thu gio hpc tieng Anh mac dii hp van nhan thuc dugc rang tieng Anh la quan trgng va can thiet Trong trucmg hgp nay, dgng co hgc tap ciia sinh vien bi giam yeu to ben ngoai tac dpng va dugc ggi la hien tugng giam dgng co Trong trucmg hgp cac tac dgng ben ngoai toi viec hpc tap tieng Anh ciia sinh vien deu tot nhung sinh vien vln khong hirng thii hpc tap xuat phat tir nhan thuc la mon hpc khong can thiet cho nhu cau hien tai cung nhu tuong lai cua sinh vien dugc ggi la hiSn tugng mat dgng ca Nhu vay, co the thay rang giam dgng ca hay mat dgng co la hai khai niem khac ve ban chat nhung deu CO anh huong khong tich cue tdi qua trinh tiep thu ngon ngij ciia ngudi hgc Cac yeu to lien quan den dQng cff Trong nhieu thap ki qua cac nha nghien cuu ITnh vuc day hgc ngoai ngfl noi chung day hgc tieng Anh noi rieng da no luc xay dung cau true dgng ca bao gom cac to cau dpng co hpc tap ciia ngudi hgc (Gardner 1985; Domyei 1994; Williams and Burden - 1997) Trong cau true dpng co ciia Williams va Burden cac to cau dgng co hgc ngoai ngu ciia ngudi hgc dugc mieu ta cu the va ro rang hon Theo William va Burden, to cau dgng ca bao gom cac yeu to ben va cac yeu to ben ngoai Theo cac tac gia, cac yeu to co moi qifen he qua lai va tac dpng anh hudng lan Doi vdi giao vien, viec tim hieu va nam dugc cac to cau dgng ca la rat can thilt, co y nghia SO (211)-2013 NGON NGUT & OOl SONG 33 dinh hudng cho cong tac giang day nham ngudi hgc muc dich tri va tao himg thii hgc tap cho So 1: Cdu true ddng co cua William vd Burden (1997) Yeu to ben (Internal factors) Veu to ben ngo^i (External factors) - Himg thu hogt ddng ben trong: - Nhiing ngu&i cd lien quan dge hi^l: Cha m? Kheu ggi tri to m6 Giao vien Mire dp thil' thach Ban hgc - Nhgn thiic ve gid tri cua hogt dgng: - Bdn chdt cua su luang tdc: Su phil hgp ca nhan Doan trudc gia tri ciia san pham Kinh nghiem hgc tap Gia tri ciia d6ng gop c^ nhan vao Ban chat va mire phan hoi boat dgng Phin thudng Ban chat va mire khen - 1' Ihuc ve quan he nhdn qud: Sir trimg phat va thuang lugng Nguyen nhan - Mdi tru&ng hpc lap: San pham dau Su tien nghi Kha nang dat muc tieu Tai lieu hgc tap - Su ldm chii: Thdi gian hgc Cam nhan ve kha nang Bien che ldp hpc va uy tin ciia trudng Y thirc ve viec phat trien cac kT nang hgc Sir tu danh gia - Hodn cdnh khdc: - Quan niem cd nhdn: He th6ng giao due ctia dja phuang Y thirc \k diem manh va han che ciia Cac moi quan tam dan xen ca nhan ve cac kT nang yeu cau Cac chuan muc ve van hoa Dinh nghTa mang tinh ca nhan va danh Ki vgng va thai cita xa hgi gia ve su cong that bai - Thdi do: D6i vdi viec hgc ngon ngu noi chung Doi vdi ngon ngu dich Doi vdi cpng dong va nen van hoa ciia ngon ngu dich - Cdc yeu Id dnh huong khdcNiem tin Su lo ling va sg hai - Do ludi vd giai dogn phdt trien: Giong Ygu to anh hvong den dong co hoc tieng Anh cua sinh vien ngh@ thuat Xuit phat tir thuc tiln giang day, thong qua quan sat su pham va ket qua hgc tap mon tieng Anh ciia sinh vien d trudng Dai hgc Su pham Nghe thuat TW, chiing toi nhan thiy mire himg thii ciia sinh vien ddi vdi viec hgc tap tilng Anh thap Cu the 34 NGON NGU & DOI SONG gid hgc tidng Anh, phin dong sinh vien chua tich cue tham gia v^o c^c hogt dpng hpc tap Trudc thuc trang tren, chung toi da tiln hanh nghien ciru nham myc dich tim hilu nguyen nhan anh hudng tdi hijmg thii va Iam giam dgng co hgc tieng Anh ciia sinh vien Nghien cim dugc tien hanh doi vdi 160 sinh vien nam thir khoa Su pham Am nhac irudng Dai hgc Su pham Nghe thu^t TW Chiing toi sir dung bang hoi va bang phong van sau nham tim hieu nhan thuc ciia sinh vien ve cac yeu to chinh lam giam dpng co hgc lieng Anh ciia cac em Ket qua thu dugc cho thay nhflng yeu to co anh hudng ldn den hirng thii hpc tap ciia sinh vien bao gom: su thieu tu tin gid hgc tieng Anh; phuong phap giang day ciia giao vien; tai lieu hpc tap; va moi trudng hgc tap - Su thieu lu lin cua sinh vien Irong gi& hgc lieng Anh: Trong so sinh vien ma chiing toi khao sat phan dong sinh vien cam thay thieu tir tin viec hgc tieng Anh Sinh vien cho rang su trai nghiem ve that bai qua nhirng bai kiem tra khien cac em trd nen chan nan va nghT ring hpc tieng Anh la mgt viec lam rat kho khong the thuc hien dugc Tir sir mat ty tin cac em khong dam the hien minh va ngan ngai tham chi khong muon tham gia vao cac hoat dpng hpc tap tren Idp - Phuang phdp giang day cuu gido vien: Tir nhirng thong tin thu dugc qua phieu khao sat dac biet la tir nhung cupc phong van true tiep vdi sinh vien, chiing toi thay cac em chua thyc su hai long ve phucmg phap giang day cua giang vien tieng Anh Sinh vien phan nan rang mpi tiet hgc tieng Anh thudng dien giong nhau, it co su doi mdi cac hoat dgng hgc tap Trong gid hpc giao vien it co nhung hanh dgng khich le S6 5(211)-2013 ddi vdi sinh vien nhu nhOng ldi khen trudc moi qua hpc tap - Tdi li^u hgc tap: Sinh vien cho ring cac em thuc su khong himg Ihu vdi mgt so hoat dgng giao trinh bdi chung qua kho so vdi trinh thirc tl ciia cac em Ben canh sinh vien c6n cho ring mpt s6 chu de giao trinh khong phu hgp vdi sd thfch ciia cac em vi ngi dung thong tin khong co tinh cap nhat - Mdi tru&ng hgc tap: Theo y kiln phan hdi ciia sinh vien, Idp hgc dong khiin cho cac em thudng mat t£tp trung qua trinh nghe giang va thuc hien cac hoat dgng hgc tap theo yeu cau cua giao vien Dieu dan den hieu qua tiep thu bai giang ciia sinh vien bi anh hudng va ket qua hgc tap khong cao Mgt dieu thu vi la dugc hoi ve thai cua sinh vien doi vdi ngon ngu Anh va doi vdi viec hgc tieng Anh, hau het sinh vien (93%) deu cho ring cac em thich hpc tieng Anh va y thuc dugc tam quan trgng cung nhu sy can thiet ciia tieng Anh doi vdi viec hgc tap chuyen mon va cong viec sau Mgt ti ie nhd (7%) sinh vien muon hoc cac ngoai ngu: khac Dudi gdc su pham thi day la mpt thong tin dang mimg vi hau het sinh vien co y thuc tich cyc doi vdi tieng Anh Bdi vi, neu nhu ban than ngudi hgc co thai khong tich cyc doi vdi ngon ngu muc tieu - thay viec hgc tap khong co ich gi cho ban than thi se rat kho cho giao vien vi?c tac dpng tao thii va dpng co hoc tap Ggi y sa pham Tir nhung nhan thiic cua sinh vien ve nhihig yeu to anh hudng to? ddng co hpc tieng Anh ciia cac em chiing toi xin neu mpt so ggi y su pham nhim han che sir anh hudng cua nhiing ySu to so (211 )-2013 NGON NGtf &'Ddl SONG Ve phia nguai quan li, can cd sy quan tam diing miic tdi cdng tac giang day tieng Anh Cu the tang cudng dau tu trang thiet bj phong hpc tieng hien dai vdi bien che sinh vien Idp hoc tieng Anh hgp li - Ve phia ngudi giao vien can co nhflng chiin luge cu the nham tri tang va tao dpng CO hgc tap tieng Anh clio sinh vien Cu the nhu sau: + Can CO cu xir diing myc doi vdi sinh vien CO thai dp than thien gan gui quan tam tai sinh vien dac biet la nhung sinh vien yeu kem nham xoa bo mac cam ly ti ciia cac em xay dyng long tu tin vao kha nang ban than Vi chi co long ty tin vao ban than sinh vien mdi dam thir minh trai nghiem de hoan cac hoat dgng hgc tap 35 ngudi hpc ngoai ngif noi chung, tilng Anh ndi rieng Trong qua trinh day hpc tieng Anh, vi?c tim hieu cac yeu t6 anh hudng tdi dpng CO hpc tap ciia ngudi hoc can dugc quan tam Viec lam giiip giao vien co nhung can thiep kip thdi va phii hgp nhim tang himg thu hpc tap cho sinh vien T^i lieu tham khao Brophy, J (1998) Motivating siudenls lo learn: McGraw-Hill Deci, E L, & Ryan, R,M (1985) Intrinsic molivalion and self-deierminalion in human behaviour: Plenum Newyork Dornyei, Z., and Skehan P (2003), Individual differences in second language learning In C J Doughty and M H Long (Eds.), The handbook of second language (pp.589-630) Oxford: + Can CO y thirc trau doi va cap nhat kien acquisition thiic chuyen mon de co nhirng doi mdi Blaekwell phuang phap giang day theo hudng phat huy Dornyei, Z (2005) Teaching and tinh tich cyc chu dgng ciia sinh vien researching molivalion Beijing: Foreign hpc tap Dac biel d mpt trudng su pham dao Language Teaching and Research Press tao giao vien nghe thuat thi phuong phap Ellis R (1994) The study of second giang day tot ciia giao vien mot mat se co tac language acquisition Oxford University dpng tot tdi hieu qua hgc tap cua cac em, Press mat khac se co anh hudng tich cue tdi cong Gardner, R (1985/ Social psychology tac nghe ciia cac em sau and second language learning: The role of + Can nghien ciiu dieu chinh lai lieu hpc altitudes and motivation London: Edward tap cho phu hgp vdi nhu cau va sd thich ciia Arnold Pintrich P and Strunk D (2002) sinh vien De lam dugc viec giao vien can tien hanh lay y kien phan hoi ciia sinh Molivalion in educaliun: Theory, research, vien ve miic phii hgp ciia giao trinh doi and applications (2"''.ed) New Jersey: vol sd thich va nhu cau thuc tien ciia cac em Merrill Prentice Hall Tir ket qua thu dugc giao vien co the loai bo H Sakai, and K Kikuchi An analysis nhiing npi dung khong phii hgp va thay the of demolivalors in ihe EFL classroom bang nhung ngi dung phii hgp hon Trong System 2009, 37: 57-69, trudng hgp cin thilt co the thay giao trinh William, M and Burden R, (1997) khac Psychology for language teachers: A social conlruclivisl approach Cambridge: Ket luan Dpng co la mpt nhung yeu to quan Cambridge University Press {Ban Bien tap nhan bai 21-03-2013) trpng quyit dinh cong hay thit bai ciia ... chung toi da tiln hanh nghien ciru nham myc dich tim hilu nguyen nhan anh hudng tdi hijmg thii va Iam giam dgng co hgc tieng Anh ciia sinh vien Nghien cim dugc tien hanh doi vdi 160 sinh vien nam... bai giang ciia sinh vien bi anh hudng va ket qua hgc tap khong cao Mgt dieu thu vi la dugc hoi ve thai cua sinh vien doi vdi ngon ngu Anh va doi vdi viec hgc tieng Anh, hau het sinh vien (93%)... sinh vien lap khien cho mpt so sinh vien khong hirng thu gio hpc tieng Anh mac dii hp van nhan thuc dugc rang tieng Anh la quan trgng va can thiet Trong trucmg hgp nay, dgng co hgc tap ciia sinh