UNG DUNG Id THUAT MO PHONG TRONG DAY HOC LE HUY TUNG LL/ONG THUY H A N H * Viec dng dung kl thuat mo phong (MP) trong day hpc da tao nen mpt phuong phap day hpe hien ,dai do la day ve cae khia cgnh kh[.]
UNG DUNG Id THUAT MO PHONG TRONG DAY HOC LE HUY T U N G - L L / O N G THUY H A N H * V iec dng dung kl thuat mo phong (MP) day hpc da tao nen mpt phuong phap day hpe hien ,dai - la day ve cae khia cgnh khae eua hien thuc qua viec bit chifdc hoac chep Trong hau het cac trudng hop, M P thudng "don gian hoa" thue te b§ng each bd qua hoac thay doi mot vai chi;tiet dd, sinh vien (SV) se hpc each giai quyet van d^; hieu cac khai niem, quy trinh; n^m duoc ban chat cuahi^n tuong va dieu khien chung; biet xd li cdng viee eae tinh hudng khac nhau, Phan loai MP Trong giao due (GD), M P la eong cu hfitrgdSe luc eho viee day hgc do, nhung phan "khong mong mudn" eua cac tinh hudng thuc da duoc loai bo nh^m dat ehuan dao tao Sudon gian cho phep ngudi hpc tap trung vao thong tin hoac kl nang then ehdt hgc tap (1}, rat thich hgp cho viec hoan thien hanh vi va nhan thdc Cae tae gia theo tarong pha GD kien tao (eonstmctive pedagogy) da md ta MP nhu la "kieh ban tai tao" cua cuoc song thye tren may tinh, dd SV dong vai tro chinh viee tao nhijng nhiem vu phuc tap (2) M P sephananh"t6hpp"cuathegiciithycmaSV phai hgc eae kTnang nhan thuc dmdc cao hon nhu dieu tra {kTnang dupc danh gialachuyeu cho nghien cdu khoa hoc) Cac MP tao cho nguoi hoc CO moi trudng chl dao mpt sd nhiem vu tieh hgp dequa hgc dugc cac kTnang phiJc t ^ d cac van de xae thuc hoac thdng qua cac hudng d§n.PhanmemMP5rol4'orf:y(3}lamptviduminhhga cho each tiep can Co loai M P (4): 1) MP kinh nghiem (experiencing simulations) - duge su dyng de thiet lap nhan thdc hoae giai doan hpc tap hieu qua tuong iai; 2j/WPA'/ia/dao(informing simulations)-truyen thong tint^SV(suMPnayehidathieuquakhic6sutrdgiup cua giang vien, Idp hge hoac phong thi nghiem, ); 3) MP cung cd'{reinforcing simulation) - dieu ehinh mde kien thdc cua SV va theo doi qua trinh hge tap cua SV, vo^ nhieu bai tap duge dua de eae S V thuc hien; 4) MP tieh hgp (integrating simulation) - hinh kT nang chan doan d ngudi hpc (SV hpc eae nguyen II va thong tin thue te ddi hoi, sau sddung MP delien ketvaap dung eae kien thde dd) (ki2-8/2013)- Ngoai ra, M P cOng co the dugc ehia lam loai la: 1) MP kihieu (symbolic sim ulation} - S V khong tham gia mpt each chu dgng vao moi trudng cua chuong trinh; 2J MP//7t/£7n£f/)/em{experiental simulation) (5) -cho phep SV thuc hien cac chien lugc giaiquyetvan deda chieu nhu mgt phan vai tro cua hg chuong trinh; cung cap cho ngudi hpc cae CO hgi de phat trien nhan thdc b&ng viec hgc each tochdc va quan II hoat dpng hoc tap; CO the thuc hien mgt each dgc lap hoac hgp tae theo nhom dua vao vai tro tunhien cua ngudi tham gia vacac quyet dinh cijng nhu tuong tac thuc hien bai tap 2.MPtrenmaytinh MP chia loai chinh: 1) MP chda mo hinh khainiem - chda dung cac nguyen 11, khai niem, sukien lien quan tdi he thdng dugc UP; 2} MP chda md hinh hoat dong, gom chuoi cac quy trinh hoat dpng nhan thuc va khong nhan thdc cothe ap dyng vao cac hethdng dugc M P; thudng duge sudung eho viec hgc thuc nghiem (trong hpc kham pha thudng dung MP khai niem), (6) MP tren may tlnh phan anh cac GD chi dan (instmctive pedagogy} M P chi din gom cac M P thong tin, MP cung cd, MP thuc nghiem, MP ki hieu va MP hoat dong M P kien tao cung cap cho ngudi hpc moi trudng theo each chung cothe xay rava thuc hien cac vai tro Nhuvay, MP tich hgp, MP kmh nghiem, MP khainiem cothe phan anh MP kien tao Sudung MP tren may tinh GD MP tren may tinh giup SV co co hgi dequan sat gian tiep va tuong tac the gidi thuc Tai Idp hoc, MP may tlnh dong vai trd quan trgng viee tao cae thl nghiem "ao" va cac yeu cau Dieu cho phep SV giam sat thl nghiem, kiem tra mo hinh mdi va nang eao nhan biet true giac cua hg ve cac hien tugng phuc tap; cdthesudung cae nhiem vu ddi hoi chi phi cao hoac gap nhieu nguy hiem neu lam thucte Ngoai MP tren may tlnh dong gdp vao viec thay dd1 khai niem, cung cap nhieu kinh nghiem cho SV nghien cdu khoa hpc ' Vien Sir phpm ki thu$t - Tnrifng €pi hpc Bach khoa Ha Noi Tap chi Giao due so 316 37 Cach hgp II nhat 6i thuc hien MP tren may tinh, khoa hgc GD la sd dting ehung nhu mot tai lieu bosung D l kiem tra lgi ich cua vise MP khda hpc ve hda hpe dai euong d nam dau tien, Kennepohl (2001) da nhan rSng su ket nd'i cua MP tren may tlnh vdi phdng thl nghiem da rut ng^n thdi gian ra't nhieu (nha't la tgi phdng thl nghiem), dong thdi cung giup SV cd kT n§ng thuc hanh tdt hon, Theo Mintz (1993), mgt nhdng dng dung MP eo trien vgng nhS't quy trinh nghien edu khoa hpe la su dyng MP lam phuong tien day hge dieu kien khong the thuc hien dugc bang cac phuong phap truyen thdng Cau hoi dugc dat dday la lieu viec sddyng M P cd the hieu qua hon so vdi sd dyng (hoae thay the) cae phuong phap truyen thdng hay khong? Cau tra Idi la dieu se phu thude vao khai niem hoac tinh hudng Choi & Gennaro (1987) da so sanh tlnh hieu qua cue cac kl nang co dugc MP tren may tinh vdi cac kT nang c6 dugc lam viec phdng thl nghiem cho viec day khai niem "do dich chuyen am lugng"cua hpc sinh trung hpc cflsd Hp phathien rSng cac kl nang cddugc sudyng MP eung nhu lam viee phdng thl nghiem Oieu cho thay la cothe sudung thi nghiem bang MP dnhung noi CO phdng thi nghiem viee giang day cac khai niem nhu tren va ket qua nhan duge la nhu nhau; dong thdi cd the su dyng thay the eae hoat dpng phong thi nghiem, M d h i n h MP Day la mo hinh toan hpc tlnh toan sutac dpng cua cac "dau vao" da biet trudc va cae dap ung tren "dau ra" Mo hinh kieu nhu vay cd the dugc tao b&ng ngon ngdlap trinh, qua eae "cau lenh" hoac thue hien tren bang tlnh dien tu "Dau ra" d cac mo hinh MP phy thugc vao "dau vao bat djnh", yeu eau phai lam viee vdi cac "bien bat djnh" va cae "ham bat djnh" Viec xay dung md hinh MP gdm cac budc: 1) Hinh van desedugc mo phong, gom pham vi MP, cau hinh mo hinh va he thdng MP 2) Thu thap thong tin va xay dting mo hinh khai niem ;\i\em tra cae lien ke't may tinh, thiet kecac "rang bugc" ve khung thdi gian va chi phi Suphu hgp tuyet ddi giua mo hinh va he thdng la khdng the eo 3)Kiem tra tinh hgp lecua mo hinh khainiem Quan li du an va cac chuyen gia phan tieh ean cd nhung kiem tra ban dau ve cau true cua md hinh khai niem Neu phat hien sued hoae dieu chua hgp li.can phai tie'n hanh chmh sua md hinh khai niem trude tie'n hanh lap trinh d budc tiep theo 38 Tqp chi Giao due so 316 4) Lap trinh.Wen hanh lap trinh md hinh khainiem tren phin mem MP thdffng malhoac ngdn ngd Igp trinh bidn (C, C++, ) va kiem nghiem (gd rdi debugging) ehuong trinh 5) Kiem tra tinh hop licua mo hinh i$p trinh N§'u cd he thd'ng thuc, can tien hanh "dap ling ra" eua md hinh va so sanh vdi cac gia trj thu dugc td h? thdng thyc B i l u dupfc ggi lasi/hop thdc hoa cac ket qua (results validation) Phan tich "dp nhgy" cung dugc thuc hi?n tren mo hinh lap trinh de tim cachesdmd hinh anh hudng den cac gia trj dugc Cae he s6' anh hudng ra't Idn den toan bp chat lugng mdhinh 6) Thiei ke, xay dimg va phan tich MP Vdi m oi cau hinh hequantam,viecquyetdinh kjch ban chien thu$t (nhu thdi gian chay va thdi gian khdi d6ng, ) can dugc chu y Viee phan tich cac ket qua va quyet djnh neu yeu cau cae thi nghiem bd'trg cung can duge xet de'n 7) Tai lieu va trinh diin MP Tai lieu can mo ta chi tiet ehuong trinh may tinh va cac ket qua nghien ciiu gan day Trinh dien cudi eung ddi vdi M P se bao gom nhdng doan phim hoathinh(animations)va cae thao luan cua qua trinh xay dung/kiem chdng mo hinh nh4m xac nhan tinh chinh xac cua mo hinh Cac tai lieu hudng dan sudung cua chuffng trinh md phong can dugc di kem vdi san pham MP Vdi tde xd li, bd nhd cua may tinh cang dugc nang eao va su phat trien da dang cua cac ngdn ngu su dung de lap trinh cho MP ma khdng doi hoi cao ve kT nang lap trinh cua ngudi sddung , viee sudyng MP day hoe can dugc nhan rpng Ap dung kTthuat MP se phu hop vdl xu the phat huy tlnh tich cue cua ngudi hpc, dac biet la ITnh vuc dao tao nghe (thudng ddi hdl chl phi rat cao cho trang thiet bj, phdng thi nghiem, ) hoac mpt sdnghe dac thu khong the tien hanh khao sat, thi nghiem tren ddi tugng thyc • (1) M Grabe - C Grable Integrating Technology for Meaningful Learning Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1996 , (2) B Harper - D Squires - A McDougall "Constructivist simulations in the multimedia age" Journal of Education Multimedia and Hypermedia 2000 (3) Susanne P Lajoie - Nancy C Lavigne - Claudia Guerrera Constructing knowledge in the context of (Xem tiip trang 44) -(ki2-8/2013)