NGHIEN CUU IRAO fl^l P H A T TRifiN LOAI HINH TRUdNG CAO DANG CONG DONG HIEN THIJC HOA P H A N TANG GlAO DUC DAI HOC Sau ! 2 ndm, kc tif ndm 2000 BO Gido due Ddo tao (GD DT) quyC''''t djnb Ihanh Idp 6 tr[.]
NGHIEN CUU IRAO fl^l TRifiN LOAI HINH TRUdNG CAO D A N G CONG DONG HIEN THIJC HOA P H A N TANG GlAO DUC DAI HOC PHAT S au ! ndm, kc tif ndm 2000 BO Gido due - Ddo tao (GD-DT) quyC't djnb Ihanh Idp trUdng Cao ddng c(mg dong (CBCB) thi diem d§'n cd nUdc da cd 15 trUdng, dU^c xem Id mfi hinh mdi m^ d nUdc ta Mdc dii c6n qud non trd, song k€'t qu^ bUdc djiu phdn dnh loai hinh trUdng khong nhUng phD hdp vdi xu the'phdt tridn cua gido due dai hoc (GDDH) ma cd y nghla nhdn vdn sdu s^c - Id loai hinh ddo tao cua cdng dong, cpng ddng, vl cpng ddng va hudng din cdng ddng; vd mdi day Luat GDDH viTa dUdc Qudc hOi Kbda XIII thdng qua tai ky hpp thU thdng nam 2012, GDDH nUdc ta se dUdc phan tang NhU vay, can cii' vao ban cha't, sU mang cua loai hinh trUdng CDCD d nUdc ta hi$n nay, chiing tdi nghl r^ng vi$c phat trien loai hinh trUdng CDCD tai nhieu dia phUdng nhUng ndm s^p tdi, se la gidi phdp tich cifc gdp phin hi^n thUc hda phan tang cd sd GDDH Viet Nam Xu hifdng phat tri^n giao dye d^i hpc tr&n thg'gidi Thanh tUu khoa hpc va cdng nghe da tdc ddng sau sac den cdc ITnh vUc ddi song xa hOi, nd dat nhifng thdch thUc vd yeu cau mdi ddi vdi sU nghiep gido due cdc nUdc, nhU nhSn thUc ve triet 1^ vd sU mang, cdi ti6'n phUdng thlJc, quy trinh ddo tao va npi dung, phUdng phdp, phUdng tien, thi^t bi TU do, nhieu ngUdi nhat tri xu hudng phdt trien GDDH tren the gidi dang dien nhu sau: • Xu hie&ng di tU dao t^o tinh hoa sang dao mmJlitiKIJOAHOCSCONCffillE PHAM H Q U N G A I To bQ mon Ly lu$n chinh tri tgo dg.i chung Gido due dai hpc th^ gidi hdn 30 ndm qua, da xdy mOt hi^n tUdng "bDng nd sT so", tai nhilu nUdc phdt trien, cd* 100 nien d tudi 18 - 22 thi cd 50 ngUdi dang "ngdi trSn ghe" IrUdng DH, dan tdi tCfng bUdc hinh mot he thong GDDH vdi nhieu loai tnTdngDHddang phan Idp: - Phdn Idp thii nhd'l, theo kieu ddo tao tinh hoa d cdc trUdng DH truyen thong, dinh hUdng nghien cihi, thudng chi chi^m 10-12% tdng so sinh vien; - Phdn Idp thii hai tSp trung dao tao nghe nghiep, chUdng trinh phd bi^n Id nam, chi^m khodng 30-35% tdng so' sinh vien; - Phan Idp thiiba, cdc trUdng DH cdn lai, dao tao nghl nghi?p theo nhu cau dia phUdng vS chUdng trinh chu y€'u Id ndm Su phan Idp tren day wiii phdt tiJf nhu clu cua ngUdi hpc, nh&m ddp iJng da dang ve ngdnh nghe vd phdn ting v l trinh dO- Nhilu nUdc dang cdi cdch GDDH theo xu hUdng ndy, khdi mhm "dai chung hda GDDH" ddi tif dd • Xu hUotng di tUdao t^o han tdm sang dao t(tophyc v^ nhu cau xd hgi CDng khodng thdi gian nhU tr6n, nhdn loai chiJng kien sU hinh thdnh n i n kinh td' mdi - nin NGHIEN COl • IRAO fiOl kinh te tri thiJc, va dien hien tifdng toan cau hda Tif dd ddi hdi GDDH the gidi: ThUnhd't: GDDH bdm sdt nhu clu ddo tao nhan lUc phuc vu phdt trien cOng dong, cua dia phUdng; va nhu clu dao tao dpi ngu chuyen gia dap iJng thi trUdng lao ddng hdi nbSip kinh t6' th6' gidi Tha hai: GDDH chii trpng hdn nffa dao tao lUc lUdng lao ddng theo hudng Ung dung - ngh^ nghiep phuc vu hiJu hieu yeu cau cua ddi song tai cdng ddng Thii ba: GDDH cd phUdng thtfc ddo tao bet siJc mem deo, linh boat nh^m ddp iJug nhu cau ngUdi hpc Tif ba npi dung nay, nen GDDH phdi chuyen tCt ddo tao hdn lam sang ddo lao phuc vu nhu cdu xd hdi • Xu hudng dm cd sd GDDH ve dia phiAfng, ddt tai cong dong Ky nguyen biing nd thdng tin, tri thUc nhan loai tang theo ham sd' mii, de ddp iJug nhu cau tiep can ciaa mpi ngudi, cdc nha lanh dao giao due tren the gidi k^u gpi sU can thiet cdi cdch he thdng giao due, nhanh chdng thUc thi ddi mdi phUdng thiJc dao tao cho thiet thUc hdn; tao moi trUdng hpc tap thuan Idi, md rdng cd hpi cho mpi ngudi; cbiTdng trinh ddo tao vdi nhieu cap, tnnh dd di hpc tap, dao tao sud't ddi Theo dd he thd^ng GDDH can dUdc md rdng mang lUdi, quy md dao tao, nhieu cd sd ddo tao khong nha't thiet dat tai phd' trung t§m chinh tri, kinh te, van hod md cdn Ian tod v l cdc dia phUdng, den tan cdng dong Hudng iftig Idi kSu gpi, nhieu qudc gia da cho ddi loai hinh trUdng DH nam gan vdi dia phUdng, nd da ddng gdp lich cue cho chiS'n lUdc phat tri^n kinh te - xa hdi va la tUu GDDH the gidi th^' ky XX • Xu hudng xdy diJtng xd hgi hgc t^p, xd hpi ngfie nghifp gan vdi vifc hpc tap suoit ddi Quan diem xdy dUng mot xa hpi hpc tdp, xa hpi nghl nghiep da trd thdnh trilt ly gido due the ky XXI Muc dich xdy difng xa hOi hpc tap khdng chi hudng vdo "phdt trien ngUdi", "phdt tri^n ngudn nhdn lUc", ma cdn "hinh thdnh nhffng ndng life cd hdn mh thdi dai ddi hdi", nhU: ndng lUc thick ling vdi nhdng thay doi, ndng lUc sang tao, ndng luc thUc hien vd gidi quyi't vd'n de, ndng li^c ti^hpc thudng xuyin, sud't ddi vd ndng lUc tuddnh gid, ndng luc tutgo vi^c lam Nhd trUdng bdm trd thdnh bd phan gdn bd ciia cdng ddng, sU mang nhd trUdng ph^i nham muc tieu phat trien cpng dong ben vffng, mpi boat dpng phdi ddm bdo nguy6n t^c cua cpng dong, cpng dong vd vi cpng dong; cho nen dfi'i vdi GDDH, phUdng thUc ddo tao da dang; trinh dp dao tao da cd'p, da nganh nghl; mdi trUdng dao tao gan vdi cdng ding xa hpi; to chUc qudn 1^ - boat dpng gan vdi thiet che cdng dong; nha trUdng nhu vdy se Id dpng lUc cho mdt "xd hpi hpc tg.p, xd hpi ngh^e nghiep gan vdi viec hpc tap sud't d^ cho mpi ngU&i" Thanh lap lo^i hinh trUdng dap itng kip thdi nhu c4u dao tao nhSn lUc cho phat tri^n kinh t^*- xa hpi cua dia phiAAig Muc tieu cd ban va Idu ddi cua sU nghiep GD-DT d nude ta "Nang cao dan tri, ddo tao nhan Itfc va bdi dudng nhdn tdi", ddo tao, phdt tridn ngudn nhan life d l phuc vu yeu cau phat tri^n kinh te - xa hdi va day manh cdng nghiep hda, hidn dai hda ttog bUdc xay dUng nen kinh td' tri thiJc Id muc tieu GDDH, nhi$m vu cifc ky quan trpng, nd'u vi mdt ly ndo ket qud va hi$u qua khdng dat thi se khong ddp iJng dupe nhu cau ve so lUdng, v l cd cd'u lao ddng (ve trinh dp, nganh nghl, vGng mien), va nhffng nhu ciu khac cua tUng dia phUdng, cd nUdc; tat nhien se dnh hUdng rat Idn tdi kha ndng va tdc dd phdt trien dat nUdc Do vdy, van d l dat ra: vdi loai hinh dao t?o ndo ddp i?ng kip thdi Tlionj tin HHOAHKfi core NCHE C NGHIEN C U U * TRAO eOl nhu cau ddo tao nhSn lUc, md irudc hS't phuc vu cdng nghiep hda, hipn dai hda ndng nghipp, phdt tri^n ndng thdn NhiJng ndm gdn ddy mang lUdi cdc trUdng CD, DH phdt triln nhanh chdng - nam 2011 cd 446 trUdng CD vd DH h^u hd't tdp trung thdnh pho' trUc thuOc trung Udng, cdn cac dia phUdng phd bicn cd trUdng DH vd 2-3 irUdng CD Day Id thdnh tUu to Idn the hien sU nd lUc cua cd h$ thdng chinh tri dieu kicn ddft nUdc cdn nhilu khd khdn, GDDH ddp d"ng dUdc nhu cdu ddo tao nhdn li/c cho phdt tri^n kinh td' xa hdi khoa hpc cdng ngh0, cung cd' qudc phdng vd an ninh; song dc ddng nhdn ban che', cd the khdi qudl: H§ thd'ng GDDH thidn v l kinh dien, ndng ly thuyet, dd nhu cau tai nhieu dia phUdng rat cdn life lUdng lao dpng tbifen vl thUc hdnh hdn Nhdn thd-c xu hUdng phdt trien GDDH the gidi nhu neu tren vd sU bd't cdp cua he thd'ng GDDH nUdc ta, rd't nhilu nhd khoa hpc va qudn 1^ gido due tam huyet da khuyen cdo su c i n thiet xdy difng vd phdt trien mdi loai hinh gido due mdi - loai hinh trUdng vifa phu hdp xu hUdng phdt trien tren the gidi, vijfa ddp ijng kip thdi nhu cau ddo tao nhan life phuc vu cho phdt trien kinh te - xa hpi tai dia phUdng Ket qud Bp GDDT quyet dinh thdnh lap loai hinh trUdng CDCD tai mdt so dja phUdng De nhdn biet v l loai hinh trUdng ndy, Bd GDDT da neu khdi niem trUdng CDCD tai Dieu Quy che tam thdi'", nhien khdi niem chua dien dat day dQ triet ly, sU mang vd ddc diem cua trUdng; vdi chiing tdi "TrUdng CDCD Viet Nam Id loai hinh trUdng dia phUdng, dia phUdng de nghi thdnh lap, dau tu xdy dung, to chUc diSu hdnh vd qudn ly, du^c i$p nhdm ddp Ung nhu cdu ihi^'l ih^c vi ddo tqto nghk cua c$ng dong tgi dia phUdng Ddy Id lopi trudng da cdp, da ngdnh, ddo tgo theo nhiiu chUdng trinh khdc nhau, lUdpy nghi ngdn hgn din ddo tpo ddi hgn, ddo tgo chUdng cao dSng 2-3 ndm TrUdng CDCD cdn ddo tgo cdc chUtJng trinh chuyen tiip, lien thdng vdo hpc tgi cdc trUdng hodc vi^n DH bdo trd- S^cdn Igi \i' dUdc ddo tgo thim kien thiic nghi nghiep dildy chdng chi nghi hodc vdn bdng CU nhdn cao ding" *^' Ddc diem de ddng thS^y rd d^i vdi trUdng CDCD nhU tinh cOng ddng, tinh thiet thUc, tinh til^l ki^m, tinh Imb hoat, dUdc coi nhu Id nbffng UU th^ so vdi cdc phifdng thiJc ddo tao khdc Phdt tri^n lo^i hinh tn/dng Cao d ^ g c^ng d6ng - hi^n thi/c hod phdn ting giao dye d^ hpc d nifdc ta TrUdc ly gidi viec phdt trien loai hinh trUdng CDCD, mdt gidi phdp gdp phan hien th^c hda phdn tang cd sd GDDH Vi^t Nam, chung tdi hieu phan tang cd sd GDDH nhU sau: Nbifng qud'c gia cd nin GDDH lau ddi, thudt ngu" phan tang GDDH su" dung khd phd bien, khdi qudt phdn ting hieu Id sU phan chia he didng GDDH nhieu loai trUdng, nhdm trUdng dinh hudng nghien cd'u khoa hpc, ddo tao hdn Idm hay nhdm trUdng dinh hUdng nghl nghi$p vdi sif da dang v l chUdng trinh, trinh d6, npi dung, thdi gian va khdng gian ddo tao Theo ^ ki^'n cdc chuyen gia gido due, ching han dd'i vdi nen GDDH Hoa K>' chia nhdm: nhdm DH cao nha't chuyen nghien cihi, nh6m trUdng DH toan bang vd nhdm cdc trUdng CDCD'^'; vdi nhieu qud'c gia khdc he thd'ng GDDH chia thdnh tang: t^ng thtf nhat gdm cdc