Trao ddi hpc thu^t & Thdng tin Khoa hpc Cdng ngh^ TIM HIEU TU TUONG H 6 CHJ MINH VE GIAO D\}C ThS N G 6 THI LOAN B{i mdn Du&ng l6i CM ciia DCSVN Khoa Ly lu$n Chinh Irf Trirdng Dpi hgc Giao thdng V^n I[.]
Trao ddi hpc thu^t & Thdng tin Khoa hpc Cdng ngh^ TIM HIEU TU TUONG H CHJ MINH VE GIAO D\}C ThS N G THI LOAN B{i mdn Du&ng l6i CM ciia DCSVN Khoa Ly lu$n Chinh Irf Trirdng Dpi hgc Giao thdng V^n Idi Tdm lit: Tu ttrang Hd Chi Mmh Id di sdn vd gid ctia ddn Igc I'li'i Nam Irong tu ttrang cua Ngudi ve gido diic Id nhirng "khuon vdng thudc nggc" cua nen gido due Viet Nam Bdt bdo "Tim hiiu tu tudng Ho Chi Minh v^ gido dye" nhdm Idm rd han gid trj ly lupn vd tiitfc tien ciia tu tuang ndy Summary: Ho Chi Minh's ideology is an invaluable heritage of Vietnamese people, including his thoughts on education as the "golden rule" of Vietnamese education The article "Understanding Ho Chi Minh's ideology on education" is to clarify' the theoretical and practical value of this thought I DAT VAN DE Hd Chi Minh Id ngudi sinh nen gido dgc cdch mang Viet Nam, Ngudi khdng chi Id nhd giao each mang vT dgi Id bieu tugng sang cho truyin thdng giao dye ma cdn Id nhd td chirc, nhd ly lugn vl giao dgc thien tai cua nen giao dye Vipt Nam Tu tudng giao dgc CLia Ngudi tieu bieu cho tu tudng gido dgc tiln bg ciia thdi dgi, cua ddt nude, phdn dnh tinh quy lugt khach quan ciia qua trinh xay dyng vd phat trien nen gido dye ciia cae nude dang phdt trien, dong thdi cdn phdn dnh gid trj truyen thdng quy bdu ciia dng cha ta; ndi len udc nguypn chan chinh va sdu sdc ciia qudng dgi qudn chiing nhan dan lao dgng vl quyen Igi va hgnh phiic dugc hpc tgp Di san tu tudng Ho Chi Minh vl giao dgc 72 ddo tgo, ve ren iuypn ngudi rat phong phu Tu tudng ciia Ngudi da chi nhirng phuang hudng co ban cua chien luge ngudi, chien luge phdt trien gido dgc d nude ta mdy chgc nam qua va ca tuong lai Vi vgy, vipc nghien cuu tu tudng ve giao dye cua Ho Chi Minh giii' vj tri d^c biet quan trgng xay d\mg chien luge giao dgc cho dat nude, sudt thdi ky qua dp di len xay dyng chii nghia xa hgi d nude ta Vdi tinh than dd, bai bao tdc gia xin tap trung tim hieu va he thdng mpt sd ngi dung co bdn di sdn dd so ve giao dye ciia Hd Chi Minh: Tdc dgng va nhipm vu cua giao due; doi tupmg gido dgc; tinh chat ciia nen giao due xa hpi chu nghTa (XHCN) vd phuong hudng phat trien nIn gido due xa hdi Tap chi KHOA H Q C G I A O T H O N G V ^ N TAI So 37 - 03/2012 Trao doi hpc thugt & Thong tin Khoa hpc Cong ngh^ n NOI DUNG Tac dung va nhiem vu ciia giao due Trong bai tho "nira dein" viet: "Hiln dii phdi dau Id tinh sdn Phdn nhieu gido due md nen" Hd Chi Minh da khang dinh tac dung cua gido dgc Mgt mat ngudi da uon nan quan niem cu cho rang "cha mp sinh trdi sinh tinh", nhung mat klmc ngudi cung khdng cdng nhgn gido due Id vgn ndng, md chi cho rdng gido dgc gdp phan vdo vipc ren luyen ngudi Tin tudng d tac dyng cua gido dye, nen sudt cugc ddi hoat dgng each mgng ciia minh, Ngudi ludn ludn chdm lo din van de gido dye vd dao tao ngudi Dac bipt quan tdm den cdng tdc giao due vi Ngudi thay rd gido dye rdt can thiet cho each mang: "Khdng cd gido dgc, khdng cd cdn bd thi ciing khdng ndi gi den kinh te, van hod" vd "xa hdi cdng di tdi, cdng viec cang nhieu may mdc cang tinh xdo Minh ma khdng chiu hgc thi lac hau, md lac hau la bj dao thai, ty minh ddo thai minh" [4,554] nhiem vg gido dgc ciia ngdnh dgi hpc , trung hpc, tilu phd thdng chdc chdn thilt thyc, thich hgp vdi nhu cau vd tien dd xay dyng nude nhd, bd nhdng phdn nao khdng can thilt cho ddi song thyc tl Tieu hgc chi can gido dgc cdc ehdu thieu nhi: "Veu Td qudc, yeu nhdn dan, yeu lao dgng, trgng ciia cdng " [3,81 ] Doi lm,)ng giao due Ho Chi Minh rat quan tam den giao dye cho tdt cd nhdn ddn, nhung theo Ngudi mdi ddi tugng, mdi nganh Igi cd nhirng yeu cau khac Doi tirgng ma Hd Chi Minh quan tam nhieu nhat Id cdc chdu thieu nhi, nhiing "tieu chii nhan cua mgt nude dgc lap vd Ngudi mong mdi chdu Id mpt anh hiing thilu nhi" Nhan khai trudng ddu tien ciia nude Vipt Nam dan chu cdng hda (9/1945) Ngudi da viet thu cho cac chdu: "Chimg ta phdi xdy dung lai co dd md td tien de Igi cho chiing ta, 1dm cho chimg ta theo kjp cdc nude khdc tren hodn cdu Trong cdng cugc kiln thilt dd, nude nhd trdng mong chd dgi d Rdt tin tudng vdo tac dyng ciia gido due cdc chdu rdt nhieu" [1,33] va Bac ludn ludn md Ngudi da ty khdng djnh "Vi Igi ich tram mong mudn cdc chau thilu nhi dugc hudng nam thi phdi trdng ngudi" [4,222] va "Mgt mgt nIn giao dye nd se dao tao cdc chdu nen dan tdc ddt la mgt dan tgc ylu" Do dd, ngudi cdng dan cd ich cho nude Vipt Nam, sau lap nude Viet Nam dan chii mgt nIn gido due lam phdt trien hodn todn cdng hod, Ngudi da chi thj "Mgt nhiing nhiing ndng lyc san cd cua cac chau cdng vipc phai thyc hien cdp tdc liic phuong phdp gido dye thieu nhi theo la nang cao ddn tri nhdm myc dich ddo tao ^jgu^j |a mgt khoa hgc Ngudi vi viec dgy tre nhii'ng cdng dan va cdn bp tdt nhu-ng ngudi ^^y^ j|.5^g (-ay non "Trdng cay non dugc tdt chii tuong lai tdt cua nude nhd" [3,80] j^i sau ndy cay len tdt" Tre em nhu tdm Vi tri cua nSn giao due d6i vdi cadi girong, cai t6t dl tiSp tliu, cai xju cung dl tiSp mang nir*c ta dirac xac djnli boi vai tro va tac tliu, clio nen tilSy, co giao, clia me diu pliai dung ciia giao due H6 Clli Mini, da vaci, gtrong mlu tir loi noi din viec lara Nguoi Tap chi KHOA HOC GIAO THONG VAN TAI So 37-03/2012 73 Trao doi hpc thugt & Thong tin Khoa hpc Cong ngh4 nhan mgnh rdng luc hgc can phdi lam Id cdn bg Ddng vien va tri thii:c Trong vipc cho chiing vui, liic vui can lam cho gido dye dgo disc each mgng cho cdn bp chiing hgc Ngudi khdng dinlr dgo dire each mgng khdng Vdi nien \\h Chi Minh cung quan phdi tren trdi sa xudng ma dau tranh ren tam rat nhieu Ngudi ddnh gia cao vai trd ciia luypn bin bi hang ngdy md phdt trien vd ciing nien sy nghipp xdy dyng dat nude CO, cung nhu nggc cdng mdi cdng sdng vdng Trong thu gui cdc hgn nien (17/8/1947) cdng luypn cang Ngudi viet: "Nude nhd thjiih hay suy, yeu hay Phg nil' cung Id mgt nhiing ddi mgnh mgt phan Idn Id cdc nien" tugng giao dgc tu tudng Hd Chi Minh [2.185] Ngudi coi "Tuoi tre la miia xudn ciia Theo Ngudi "Phg ntr cang phdi hgc" Trong xd hgi" Rat tin tudng d nien vi theo suot cugc ddi hogt dgng ciia minh, Ngudi ludn Ngudi, nien Id ngudi tilp sire cho cdch ludn quan tdm den phg nii Khi viet lac pham mgng cho thi hp nien gia Id ngudi diu "Bdn an che dg thyc dan Phdp" Ngudi dd dat nien tuong lai Vi vgy gido dye vd gidnh ricng chuong ndi ve ndi thdng khd ciia ren luypn nien ngudi cd dire, cd ngudi phy nir ban xii tai vira "hdng", vua "chuyen" Id nhipm vg each mgng quan trgng cd y nghTa chien luge Sau cdch mgng thdnh cdng Ngudi thudng xuyen chu y den \ ice hgc tap cua phg Su quan tam gido dye ciia Hd Chi Minh nii' "Da Idu chj em bj kim ham Day la liic cdc ma nhieu the he nien da ke tiep thi chj em phdi cd gdng de kjp nam gidi de ximg dua thuc hipn khdu hipu "Ddu Ddng can thi ddng minh Id mgt phan tir nude" Bac nien cd, vipc gi khd thi nien Idm" Mgt ddi tupmg gido due ma Hd Chi Minh rdt coi trgng dd Id cdn bg Theo Ngudi can bg quyet djnh mgi vipc vd mgi vipc thdnh cdng hoac thdt bgi deu cdn bg tdt ho^c kem Vi nhdn djnh rang "phg nu ham hgc ban nam gidi" Ngudi khuyen khich phy nCr gdng hpc tgp: "Chj em phai cd g3ng hgc van hoa, hpc chinh trj hpc nghe nghipp neu khdng hgc thi khdng tien bd" [5, 215] vay, Ngudi khang djnh: "Huan luypn can bg Nam 1964 den tham trudng Dgi hgc su Id cdng vipc gdc" [2 269] va phai ren luypn phgm Hd Ngi Bac ndi " day cd 4,000 hoc hg trd can bp guong mau, xung dang sinh, mgt phan tu la chau gai nhu the la co vdi long trdng mong tin cgy ciia Ddng, Chinh tien bg nhung duong cdn it" [5, 332] phii, Clia qudn dpi va ciia nhan dan Hd Clui Tjch rat quan tam den vipc phdt trien giao due d mien niii, Ngudi ndi: "Can phdi mang chinh sdch cua Ddng vd Chinh phii len thyc hipn d mien niii" Theo quan diem cua Hd Chi Minh thi cdn bg Clia ta rat tot nhung vi dilu kipn khd khan ma sd ddng cdn bg Dang vien chua dugc hudn luypn han hoi, cho nen tu tudng va trinh Ngudi xdc djnh, nhipm vg ciia nien dp chinh trj cdn thap kem, Ipeh lac Vi vay, miln niii la thi dua hgc tap dl sau gdp Ngudi rat quan tam den gido dye can bg nhat phdn vao viec md mang que huong minh vd 74 Tap chi K H O A H Q C G I A O T H N G VAN TAI S6 37 - 03/2012 Trao doi hoc thuat & Thong tin Khoa hpc Cong nghe viec xay dung nude Vipt Nam yeu quy ciia chiing ta" Ngudi dac biet quan tam den nhiing trudng nien dan tpc, vira hgc vda lam va khang djnh la "logi trudng rat tdt" Ngudi khuyen khich nhiing gido vien xung phong len miln niii "lam thdy gido mien niii Id mgt trach nhipm ngng ne nhung thgt ve vang" Tu tudng ciia Ngudi ve ddi tugng giao dgc rdt phong phii, da dgt nen mong CIK) sy nghipp gido dgc nude nhd Tinh chat nen giao due XHCN Hd Chi Minh khdng djnh tinh Hch sir va tinh giai cap ciia giao dye: "Che khac thi giao due ciing khdc" Dudi che dg cua chimg ta, nha trudng phdi Id phdo dai ciia CNXH, mpt cdng eg cua chuyen chinh vd sdn Gido due phai phgc vu dudng Idi chinh trj ciia Ddng, Chinh phu, tir quan diem md Ngudi yeu cau giao dye phai phat trien mgnh de phuc vu )eu cau cdch mgng Hd Chi Minh coi "Gido due la sy nghiep Clia qudn chimg" Ngudi rdt tin qudn chiing vd ludn ludn khuyin khich chiing ta phdi hgc hdi qudn chiing vd "hgc d trudng, hpc d sach vd, hgc Idn vd hgc d nhan dan Khdng hgc d nhan dan Id thilu sdt rdt Idn" Do vgy Bdc yeu cau ngdnh gido due phdi biet cdch dua vdo qudn chiing, phat huy sire manh sang tgo ciia qudn chung lao dgng, hgc tap kinh nghiem ciia quan chiing Tinh chdt ciia nen giao due XHCN theo neu khdng dp dyng thyc te thi "khdc nao mgt cdi hom dyng sdch" Tir sy thong nhat giiia ly ludn vd thyc licii, Hd Chi Minh ludn ludn nhan manh mdi quan hp bipn chiing gida hpc vd hanh "Hpc phai di ddi vdi hanh" va "hpc md khdng hanh thi vd ich Hanh md khdng hgc thi hdnh khdng trdi chdy" Nam 1964, ndi chuyen vdi sinh vien trudng Dgi hgc Su phgm Hd Npi, Ngudi dgy "Hgc phai suy nghi phdi lien hp vdi thyc te, phdi c6 thi nghiem vd thyc hanh Hpc vdi hdnh phdi ket hgp vdi [5, 331] "Hpc di ddi vdi hdnh" quan diem ciia H6 Chi Minh da trd thdnh nguyen tac vdng ngpc ciia phep su pham Nguyen ly ndy cho phep ciing mpt liic hinh cd tri thirc va kT nang Ho Chi Minh khdng djnh vdn hoa gido dye Id mgt mat tran quan trgng cdng cugc xay dyng CNXH d Mien Bac va dau tranh thyc hien thdng nhdt nude nha Nhung Ngudi ddi hdi phai "Trudc hdng, sau chuyen, md hdng phai den noi va chuyen phdi den chdn" Do vgy gido due khdng nhSng phdi cd tri thuc phd thdng ma phdi cd dgo dire cdch mang: "Cd tdi phdi cd diic" Theo Ngudi, dgy cung nhu hoc phdi bilt chii trgng cd tdi lan dire Phuong hudng phat trien nen giao due xa hoi chii nghia Tu tudng Hd Chi Minh vl phirong hudng phdt triln nIn gido dye xa hdi chii ngliTa Viet Nam quan dilm ciia Hd Chi Minh cdn the hien phuang chdm va nguyen ly giao dye nhd Thir nhat: Ngudi ddnh gid rdt cao vai trudng XHCN phdi kit hgp gido dye vdi lao trd ciia ngudi thay gido: "Khdng cd thdy gido, dgng san xudt, ly lugn phai lien he vdi thyc te khdng cd giao due" vd "Neu khdng cd thay Ngudi day, hpc Iy ludn de dp dgng thyc te, giao dgy cho em nhan dan, thi Idm Tap chi KHOA H Q C GIAO T H O N G VAN TAI S6 37 - 03/2012 75 Trao doi hpc thugt & Thong tin Khoa hpc Cong ngh$ md xay dyng chii nghTa xa hgi dugc? Vi vgy nghe thay gido la rat quan trgng, rat ve vang " [5 331, 3321 Ngudi >'cu cau thay gido phdi guong mau mgi mat, khdng ngirng boi dudng dgo dire cdch mgng, lgp trudng chinh trj, phdi sire dodn kci giiip dd cimg tiln bg Nhung m?it khac Ngudi ddi hdi phai cd phuong phdp dgy phii hgp "cdc thay, cd gido phdi tim each da> cai gi? dgy nhu the ndo de trd hieu diing, nhd lau, tien bg nhanh" Thir hai: Thay thi dua dgy, trd thi dua cdng sdc vao xay dyng giao dye, ddng thdi Ngudi quy trdch nhipm cho moi ngudi vipc gido dgc Do vgy can phdi lien hp chat ch€ vipc gido dye gida nha trudng vdi gia dinh, vdi xa hpi giiia nhd trudng vdi doan the md irudc hit la dodn nien HI KFTLUAN Quan diem gido dye ciia Ho Chi Minh Id nhii'ng cong hien vT dgi cho ngdnh giao dye Vipt Nam Day la mpt ban cuong ITnh cho todn ngdnh gido dye Cho tdi quan diem ciia Ho Chi Minh ve giao dgc ddc bipt vl hgc phuang chdm phuang phdp gido dgc ciia Hd Chi Minh phat dgng phong trdo thi Ngudi van cdn nguyen gid trj ly luan vd thyc dua yeu nude, vgy neu todn dan thi dua thi tien, Id nhirng "khudn vdng thudc nggc" bai nganh giao dye ciing phai thi dua Trong nha hgc kinh nghipm Idn cdi each, phat trien trudng thay thi dua dgy, trd thi dua hgc, dd Id gido dye ndng cao dan tri tao sue manh phong trao thi dua "hai tdt" tiic Id dgy that tdt tinh than mdi cua dan tgc ddp iing yeu cdu - hgc that tdt Theo Ngudi, thi dua khdng ciia sy nghipp cdng nghipp hod hien dgi hod nhirng Id bilu hipn ciia tinh thSn yeu nude ma ddt nude cdn la each rlt tdt ,rat thiel thyc de lam cho mgi ngudi tien bg Thir ba: Trong nhd trudng can cd dan chii Theo Ngudi, trudng hgc xa hgi chii nghTa can phdi cd dan chii Dan chii the hipn r^i lifu tham khiio mgi van de thay trd ciing thao lugn [I] Ho Chi Mmh todn tap tap 4, NXBCTQG, Ha Npi, 2000 dan chu nhung trd phdi kinh thay, thay phai quy trd chir khdng phai ca doi bang dau Ngudi mong mudn nhirng ngudi idnh dgo nha trudng phai bilt ket hgp vdi quan chiing trudng ma tiln hanh mgi vipc Thu tu: Trudng hgc phai lien hp chat che vdi gia dinh vd xa hpi Hd Chi Minh ludn keu ggi nhan dan gdp 76 [2] Ho Chi Mmh todn tap, tap NXBCTQG Ha Npi 1995 [3] Hd Chi Minh todn tip tdp NXBCTQG Ha Npi, 1996 [4] Hd Chi Minh todn tdp tap NXBCTQG, Ha Npi 1996 [5] Ho Chi Minh todn tgp, tgp ], NXBCTQG, Ha Npi, 1996* Tap chi KHOA HQC GIAO THONG VAN TAI So 37 - 03/2012 ... cdng di tdi, cdng viec cang nhieu may mdc cang tinh xdo Minh ma khdng chiu hgc thi lac hau, md lac hau la bj dao thai, ty minh ddo thai minh" [4,554] nhiem vg gido dgc ciia ngdnh dgi hpc , trung... gia dinh vd xa hpi Hd Chi Minh ludn keu ggi nhan dan gdp 76 [2] Ho Chi Mmh todn tap, tap NXBCTQG Ha Npi 1995 [3] Hd Chi Minh todn tip tdp NXBCTQG Ha Npi, 1996 [4] Hd Chi Minh todn tdp tap NXBCTQG,... tu tudng Hd Chi Minh [2.185] Ngudi coi "Tuoi tre la miia xudn ciia Theo Ngudi "Phg ntr cang phdi hgc" Trong xd hgi" Rat tin tudng d nien vi theo suot cugc ddi hogt dgng ciia minh, Ngudi ludn