NGHieNCliuQ MAY KHiA CANH SINH HOC, JAM LI, XA HOI GOP PHAN XAC DINH CAU TRUC HE THONG GIAO DUC PHO THONG 1 Datvande Gi^o due pho thong (GDPT) cCia na6c n io cCing de ra giao due to^n dien, cSn ddi, h[.]
NGHieNCliuQ MAY KHiA CANH SINH HOC, JAM LI, XA HOI GOP PHAN XAC DINH CAU TRUC HE THONG GIAO DUC PHO THONG PGS.TS MAC VAN TRANG in$n Khoa hgc Glio dye Vift Nam D a t v a n d e Gi^o due thong (GDPT) cCia na6c n i o cCing de giao due to^n dien, cSn ddi, h i ! hda giSa c^c mat the chat va tinh th^n, tri tue va tinh cSm, dao disc va nang lac, c^ nhSn Vti xa hoi, truyen thdng dSn tgc v^ van hoa nhan loai [2] NghTa la n^n gi^o due phJi c6 sil menh'Vdm phdt trim hodn toan nhCfng nang life s3n c6 cua cac em" de trd th^nh nhu:ng "ngifdi cdng ddn tot, ngudi loo ddng tot, ngudi chien si tot, ngudi cdnbg tot cua nude nhd" (Ho Chi Minh) theo rT\ong6g\ cua xa hoi, dap irng yeu cau cua thdi dai Hoc sinh (HS) thong la mot t | p hcfp nhCng tr^ em, thieu nien tCr - tudi den - tudi, vdi nhCfng giai doan phat trien va dac diem sinh |[ - the chat, tarn li, xa hoi khac ve chat Do vay, cSu trijc he thdng gicio dye, chaang trinh, noi dung, phi/ang phap, Ccich td ehCrc giao due cung can phSi thayddichophu hopvcii sif phat trien euaddituang g i i o due Do chinh la mot nhCfng co sis quan cua su phan cap, bac hoc, phan hoa, hudng nghiep, phan ludng va sau GDPT - Tir •- 11 tuoi: Tr^ Idn ehSm, c h k , k h i cSn dot, ddng deu (moi nam tang ehCrng 3kg, cao them chCtng 5cm); Nao p h i t trien nhanh, nhung van q u i trinh milein h6a (myelinisation), tiic 1^ phat trien vd ho^n thi^n cic dudng truyin dSn tde cao d i m b i o cho hoat dong cua tri nao dang gia tang {d moi ngudi c6 khoing 10 tl te bao than kinh, moi te bao CO nhi^ng ket noi vdi cie te bao than kinh khic, m i so ket noi p h i t trien v6 han Cic tua, nhanh ket noi tao cic dudng truyln d i n dugc mielin hoa, d l dat tdi dudng dan truyen cao toe, cung cap thong tin khong han che cho hoat dong tri nao); SU p h i t trien nao bo cung dong th6i la q u i trinh p h i t trien cac chufc nang v i sU phdi hop giCra b i n cau nao phii va ban cau nao trai de vCra hoan thien vL/a phan hoa sU khac biet c i the cac giai doan tiep theo - Til' 12 - 13 tuoi: c6 sU p h i t trien bung no ve hinh the: d cic nucrc phuonglay, cac em g i i thay ddi nhanh t i / - 11 tudi va cham lal vao - tudi; doi vdi chau A, cac em gai thay doi hinh the manh vao - tudi va cham lai vao - tudi Cac em trai cham hdn gai chC/ng - nam Giai doan c6 - D.B Enconhin: "7dm lihoc tri em Id khoa hoc nghien ciiu nhCfng quy lugtphdt trien tarn licda tri va nhieu thay ddi ve hoat dong cua he tim mach, than nhdng dac diem tam li cac giai dogn phdt trien kinh, noi tiet gay nen nhCfng mat can ddi ve sinh li~theehatva nhCfng khCing ho^ng tam linhat djnh khdc nhau" [4, tr 408]; ' L.X VUgotxki: Giao due va sii phat trien cCia Qui trinh se dn dinh dan vao tudi - HS 1^ hai qua trinh le thuoc Ian nhau, tuong tac Ian -TCr 18 tuoi: la thdi k) phat trien chin ve mat sinh ma tCr tao SLT phat trien tarn If cua HS hoc, tao khei nang de ngUdi nien cd the tham Quan diem cua ong Id phai hieu sii phat trien cua gia vao cae hoat dong eua ddi song [3, tr731 - 732] tr& de giao due kich thich vao "viing phdt trien gan - Ket q u i nghien eCfu eua Vien Khoa hoc Giao nbaf, don tri/crc, thuc day, dinh hudng cho sa phat due Viet Nam (2006) "Cic chi so co ban ve sinh li va trien[8,tr.2n-213I; tarn liHS" cho thay: - Phdt trien chieu cao vd cdn nang: Nhu vay, td chiJc he thdng GDPT cung nhu c^c hoat dong giao dye rat can dJa tren co s6Tam li hoc Can Tuoi/ Chieu cao v^ cac khoa hpc li§n quan Dac diem noi bat nang Chi SO (cm) (kg) Gi6i han cua bai viet chi nham gi^i dap van 11 t u o i Phat t n e n cham, Nam: 135,0 29,6 de dat ra: Yeu c l u "doi mcli can bdn va todn dien" NCf: 137,1 29,3 ehcic, hai hoa, cdn n^n giao due nude nha nhU Nghi quyet Dai hoi XI non.y^u 03ng Cong san Viet Nam d ^ ra, c6 can ddi m6i he 47,9 16tuoi Nam: 158,8 DSy thi, phat trier thdng GDPT hien hay khdng? Tai sao? N^n ddi 43,8 NCf: 148,2 nhanh, mat cSn mdinhuthenao? Mot so li giSi va chon \\ia 2.1 Vest/phat trien sinh IfluTa tuoi c6a HSpho dan fin dinh St II-THtNG 1/2012.1 Iffll NGHieNCDU 18lu6i Nam: 161,0 NO: 149,7 52,6 46,8 (3nd[nhcanddi, hai hda, dang chin v4 sinh h9c vS tim 11x3h(JI , Hi^n tuong gia t6c p h i t tri^n khi^n d i y thi sdm han (khoing - n i m sdm l&n m Tieu hgc6ndm; + 12 tudi trd ien: thao tac hinh thCfe => Trung hoc • KHOAHQCGtAODVC • Kohlberg eho rcing: + Tr§ tudi d^n day th) (12 tudi), chCi y^u phit trl^n nhdn t/iiifc => Tiiu hoc; + Tii day thi (13-15 tudi) trd di, chu y l u ph^t trl^n sinh hoc, tdm II, nhdn tbuTcxd h6l => Trung hoc [3, tr 448] Theo hai tdc gid ndi tr^n c6 thixdc dinh tCfa tu6l GDPTn^n chia hai giai dogn: Tiiu hoc (6 din 12 tuSi); tin2-13 tu6i trd di td giai dogn gido due Trung hoc; - Howard Gardner cho rSng q u i trlnh g i i o dye c6 suchfn mudi khic d cic loai tri tu# Nqb4 nqhiip phii hap NhA tho, nhS van, nha bSo Kl sU, tao hinh, di^u khSc Nha Toan hoc, khoa hoe Nhac si, nhaccflnq Vu cdnq, van dflnq vi^n th^ thao Chlnh khaeh, chuy^n qia xS h6i, nhS tri liSu D^ thinh c6ng cu^: ddi khic nhau, ddi vdi cic c i n h i n khic [3, tr 380]: b Hoat ddng chu dao vd cdc giai doan phdt trien tdm II ' D.B Enconhin; "Van de trung tdm cua Tam II hoc tri em Id van de dong lucphdt trien' Ddng luc 36 ehinh l i hoat dong cua tri, thdng qua quan hf vdi ngudi Idn, vdi t u each dai dien - mang mlnh toan bd su phong phu m i l o i i ngudi da ti'eh luy diioc [4, tr, 429], - Tr§ p h i t trien qua nhiJng giai doan khic nhau, "Moi giai doan duoc ti'nh theo thdi kl dd mdi quan h§ nao vdi thuc tai l i chu dao, loai hoat dong ndo Id chu dao" 14, tr.427] Hoat ddng chu dao chfnh la hoat dong tao e i u tao mdi, chat luong mdi, dae diem mdi cua giai doan p h i t trien ei5a tr& IVIot sd n h i nghien cCtu theo quan diem tSm If hoe hoat ddng cho rSng nhCfng hoat dong Uu the/chCi dao p h i t trien qua cic giai doan nhU sau: + Vudn tr^; ehc^ vdi 66 vSt; + M3u giio: chdi vdi ban qua cic trd chci ddng vai; + HS Ti^u hpc (nhi ddng): hoat ddng hoe t i p ; + HS THCS (thi^u nien): hoat ddng v i giao lUu vdi nhdm ban; + HS THPT ( d i u tudi nien): hUdng nghif p, khuynh hudng s6ng - Pham Hoang Gia: HS phS thong deu lay hoat ddng hoc tap lam ccfsd phat trien, nhUngcddacthCi: + Nhi ddng: htrdng tritue=> Tieu hoc; + T h i ^ u n i # n : h a d n g t d m tinh => THCS; + T h a n h n i § n : h U d n g ngh4nghiip = > Sau THCS .HGHI£NCUUQ [7,tr.1151 c Suphdt trien tdm II dao dCfc, xa hdi - Kohlberg p h i n t(eh suphdt trien dao d&ccOa tri: + Mac V Dao dufc dinh hi^dng tri^ng phat v i tuan thu, mong chd nhdng khen thudng (6 -10 tu6i)=> Tieu hoc; + MUc2: Dao dufc ddng t h u i n : t u i n theo nhdm, da sd (cd Cing ho v i p h i n ddi ) (thieuniin)=> THCS; + Mifc 3: Dao dCfc theo nguy^n t i c : dinh hudng theo giao udc, chu^n mue xa hdi, nguy^n l i e luong tam c i nhan (thanh ni&n}=> Sau THCS - Selman: SU p h i t tri^n khia canh tdm iixd hdi cua tri: + - tudi: n h i p vai vien cinh khdng p h i n hda (matudng ); + - tudi: nhip vai qua thdng tin xa hdi; + - tudi: n h i p vai qua p h i n i n h b i n t h i n ; + - tudi: n h i p vai traoddi nhieu vai (mdi hoan canh mdt khic); + - tuoi: n h i p vai xa hdi (cd tinh khii q u i t cac tieu chuan nhdm, eong ddng) [3, tr 484] *^ Tom lai, sy p h i t tri^n t i m l i d cac c i the khdng dong deu, nhung cic nhdm tudi cd nhQng dac di^m chung: -6-11/12 tuoi phdt trien todn dien, cdn doi, hdi hoa; hieu biet vd quan hi vdi tong the tU nhien, xd hdi, ngudi bdn thdn; cd hdng thu hoc tap Dong ca uu the: nhan thi^c vd duac ddnh gid tot; "cdi tdi ben ngodi' => Tieu hoc; -12 - 15/16 tuoi phdt trien nhdn tht^c sau di vdo bdn chat cua sU vdt (phdn hda, phdn tich thuc hdnh, trdi nghiim) ve tU nhiin, xd hdi, bdn than; vuat qua khOng hoang tuoi ddy thi, trd ngudi biet tU y fhiit, tu ddnh gid, tu diiu chinh bdn thdn cdc quan hi xa hdi; ddng ca Uu thi: tu khdng dinh; "cdi toi bin trong" => THCS; vi mdt cdch y thCfc) vd 18 tuSi trd lin mdi chin tdi vi moi mat di trd thdnh "nhdn cdch cdng ddn" "nhdn cdchxd hdi" VI hoc l^ch, hoc t i t n6n cd hi#n tuong c6 being c i p cao chua chic cd n h i n eich v i n hda Tdm lai, giio dye l i su nghi&p"tr6ng ngudi" khdng n^n nhu trdng ciy, cd i h ^ bi^n ddi glen, kich thich sinh trudng sdm de cd nang suit cao, hinh thCfc, mSu m i dep m i khdng tinh d^n h i u q u i l i u d i i 2,3 Vemdtxdhpi - Cht/ong trinh ddnh gid hoc sinh qud'c ti'(PISA) duoc ti^n h i n h tCr nam 2000, md rdng g i n 100 nude "B6 tuoi IS duoc col l i dd tudi k^t thuc giai doan gido due bit bu6c d h i u h^t cic nudc thinh vi&n OECD." Myc dich tdng q u i t cCia PISA l i kllm tra xem 15 tudi, k^t thuc giai doan giio dye b i t bupc HS da duoc chuin bi de d i p dng nhu'ng thich thQc sau niyd^nmLfcdonio"[l,tr.ll] - Thay doi ndi dung, phucfng phip, phuong ti^n, hinh thOfc g i i o due dien pham vi n h i trudng, it tac ddng xa hdi hon la thay ddi he thong Kinh nghiem lich si^f cho thay: Giio dye c i n "doi mdi on dinh" [6 tr.43}, nhat Id vi he thong GDPT vd cdc quy dinh thi chi dd thdnh nen nip truyen thong (Ngudi Phip cai trj Viet Nam da khdng tim each "ddi mdi" he thdng g i i o due Nhogiao m a x i y d u n g mdt h§ thdng "trudng Tiy" song song ton tai Sau do, Nho hoe t u suy tan Khi ta tiep q u i n Sai Gdn (1975), thay chinh quyen cu, nhUng he thdng GDPT eua che cu 12 n i m van giCf nguyen chf thay ndi dung)[6] - GDPT Id hi thong he thdng giio dye quoc d i n , thay ddi he thdng GDPT se t i c ddng den thay doi day chuyen cic he thdng khic Dong thdi, no Cling t i e ddng den moi mat cua ddi song xa hdi Do dd, can rat than tinh t o i n moi mat - Nbd trUtfng Id mot thlet che gdn v6l eong dong ddn ci/, khdng the thieu Tuy nhien, bo tri he -16-18 tuoi dinh hinh nhdn cdch theo mau li thong CO khac nhau: TrUdng m6m non vd tieu hoc tudng bdn thdn chon lua; hoc tdp, hudng nghi phai g i n vdi dja ban dan cU de ti^n dua ddn tr^ va nghiip, tinh yiu, khuynh hudng xa hoi, ddng cauu thi: phdi hop gia dinh, nha trUdng, cdng dong giao dat; "cdi tdi xd hdi" theo li tUdng cd nhdn chon dye tr^ (hi&n q u i thieu trUdng v i hoc trii tuyen qua nhieu, gay them rdi nhieu); THCS cung g i n lua => Sau THCS TCr dd eho thay: gido due can ton suphdt vdi dja b i n dan cU nhung thoing hcfn; Sau THCS, trien 'tU nhien" ddm bdo bin vQng, khdng nin theo trudng khdng nhat thiet gSn vdi dia b i n eutru; Hoc sinh sau THCS can phan hda hoc cic loai trudng kiiu "dot chdy giai dogn" C3n ndi them ve v3n de nhan eich HS cd the khic nhau:THPT,THPT chuyen biet,Trung hoc nghe, "tang tdc" hoc nhCfng kien thu:c khoa hoc t u nhien, trudng nghe, Trung cap chuyen nghiep, Bd tuc van eong nghe mdi, cd tri thiJc va k^ nang hien dai dtudi hoi Nhu vay, sau THCS cd the p h i t trien nhieu loai thieu ni^n, nhUng de hinh nhdn cdch - mdt trudng, d i p ijfng nhu eau va k h i nang hoe tap cd tinh ngudi cd bdn ch6t van hda, xd hdi it cung phdi p h i n hda cao v i lien thdng cho nhieu "kieu, loai" HS qua tuoi 16 mdi trudng thdnh vi "nhdn cdch tdm II" (cd khic nhau, nhung khdng p h i vd h# thdng GDPT [6, khd nang tUy thiJtc, tu diiu chlnh, tu kiim sodt hdnh tr.45] (Xem tiip trang 52) SJi81-THANGB/201Z>3 ^ THI/CT|£NGIAODUG trudng, VI viy, sau d i dUpe nghiem thu, co quan q u i n li c i n phdi hpp vdl chd nhl|m d l t i i thdng b i o eho cie don vi giing day hpc viin, trfldng dgi hpe v l k i t q u i nghien cflu d l t i i , d i n g t i l tdm l i t k i t q u i nghien cflu tren cie tgp ehl, tren mang Lan dl cie don vi giing day kip thdi tham khio, v i n dyng v i o giing day cung nhu eie hoat ddng chuyen mdn khie cfla don V! mlnh Quyit dinh sd 1229/QD-TTg, ngdy 22/7/2011 vi Phi duy$t Di dn quy hoach tdng thi, ndng cao ndng It/c vd chdt luqng ddo tga cua cde eo sd ddo tgo bdi dUdng trang cdng an nhdn ddn din ndm 2020 Klyiu Hpi thdo khoa hqc: '65 ndm Xdy dung vd phdt triin cda Hqc viin An ninh nhdn ddn' SUMMARY The author has presented the important rale played by science research on lecturers; and suggested some TAIUEUTHAMKHAO ; Bdo cdo sd 5094/X11 (X14), ngdy 28/6/2011 vi specific measures in order to strengthen capacity in Tong kit 40 ndm ddo tao dgi hoc iQc iQqng cdng science research of lecturers with a view to contributing to strengthened training quality In people's police an nhdn ddn Chuang trinh so 10/CTr-BCA~Xl ngdy 13/9/2011 academies and universities vi Phdt triin gido due ddo tgo cdng an nhdn ddn giai doan 2011-2015 iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiMiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiitiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiitiiiiiiiinniiMMiMiiniiiniiiiiiMiiiiiiiMiiiiniiiin MAY KHiA CANH SINH HOC, TAM LJ - Oliu klin kinh ti, vdn hda, xd hdi dtdm vimd vd vi md deu i n h hudng siu sic d i n p h i t t r i l n g i i o due Do dd, xiy dung he thdng GDPT p h i i tfnh t o i n ki eie dieu kien d i m bio, n h i t l i eic ngudn lUe tfl phia Nhi nude, n l u khdng chi l i nhflng k h i u hieu y chi, Ket l u i n Vdi nhflng die d i l m sinh If, t i m If, xa hdi cua HS nhu da trinh biy, ed t h l chia GDPT eic bic hpc: a Tieu hpc n i m ( d i n 12 tudi) v i sau dd l i Trung hpc cho den 18 tudi (J Piaget, Kohlberg ); b Giao due b i t bude 10 n i m ( d i n 16 tudi) + nam (18 tudi) cho mdt bd p h i n (khoing 40%) I l n THPT ed p h i n hda siu theo xu hudng v i n i n g Iflc Phin Idn HS sau THCS b i t budc (16 tudi) se eie hudng d i o tao n g h i , Trung hpc ki thuit, n g h i i p vy (A Kossakovi'ski, f^/1ac V i n Trang, ), Md hinh n i y d i n g tham khio eho GDPT sau 2020; e Tilu hpc nam + THCS n i m + THPT n i m = 12 nam cfla he thdng GDPT hien h i n h l i tUong ddi phfl hpp vdl d i e d i l m p h i t t r i l n cua HS v i d i l u k i l n kinh t l , chfnh tri, van hda, xa hdi hien d i n 2020 He thdng n i y cflng phu hpp vdi xu hudng cOa da sd cic nflde p h i l t r i l n t r l n t h l gidi [5] Cii c i n "ddi mdi c i n b i n v i t o i n di§n" l i npi dung g i i o due, cieh day, cieh hpc, phuong ti^n d i l u k i l n g i i o due, cieh td chflc, q u i n If g i i o due p h i i phu hpp vdl die d i l m Ifla tudi v i tgo nhflng d i l u k i l n eho sfl p h i t triln tdi flu cfla HS ddng thdl tao nhilu eon dudng p h i n hda mgnh sau THCS mdt cieh h i l u q u i d l phfl hpp vdi sfl p h i n hda cfla HS, d i p flng 52*XH0AHQCGiAODUC I (Tiip theo trang 3) nhflng ddi hdi cfla thi trfldng lao ddng nude v i hdi n h i p qudc t l , TAI LIEU T H A M KHACTRfCH D A N Bd Giio due v i D i o tao, Sd tay PISA, LUu h i n h ndi bd, 2011 8d Giio due v i D i o tao, Mdt s6 dao ludt vi gida due cua nude ngodi, Ban Soan t h i o luit Giio due H i Ndi, 1996 Nguyin Van Ddng, Tdm//hpcphdf triln, NXB Chfnh trj Quflc gia H i Ndi, 2004 N h i l u t i c g i i , Tdm II hgc Llin Xd NXB Tiln Bp, 1978 Dfl Ngpc Thdng, Cdu tn)c bdc hqc vd thdi luqng gido due trang nhd trudng phd thdng, Bio cio chuyin d l Hdi t h i o v l h i thflng g i i o due phd thdng, Viln Khoa hpc Giio due V i i t Nam, 2012 Mac V i n Trang, Xd hdi hoc gido due, NXB DHSP, H i Ndi, 2011 Viln Nghien cflu Phit t r i l n Giio due, Llludn vd thuc tiin xdy dung chiin luge gido due vd ddo tgo, KI y i u hdi t h i o , 1997 L.X VUgdtxki, Tuy^n tdp Tdm IIhgc, NXB Giio dye, H i Ndi, 1997 SUMMARY The writer presents key findings on physiological characteristics of school students, i.e height, weight and psychological characteristics such as intellectual development; key activities and stages of psychological development; the development of social and ethical psychics ... trien bung no, mdt cdn doi, mot so gap khCing hodng vi sinh II, tdm IL.;qud trinh phdn hda, cu the hda, cd the hda cao vi phdt trien ca the, sinh I(th6n kinh khlchdt, cd tinh Qud trinh dd on dinh... Trung hgccasd(THCS): - Dau tuoi niin 17 - 18 tuSi: phdt trien sinh li, tam li on dinh "chin tdi" vi moi mat, phdn hda ro dgc diem sinh hoc, nang lilc, xu hudng, kiiu nhdn cdch, tao ca sd cho phdn... ddi glen, kich thich sinh trudng sdm de cd nang suit cao, hinh thCfc, mSu m i dep m i khdng tinh d^n h i u q u i l i u d i i 2,3 Vemdtxdhpi - Cht/ong trinh ddnh gid hoc sinh qud''c ti''(PISA)