NGHIEN CUU TICH HOP GIAO DUC NHONG VAN DE KHOA HOC XA HOI NHAN VAN TRONG DAY HOC NGUf VAN 1 Tich hdp trong va tich hop ngoai bd mon Vdi mdn Ngd van, chuong trinh (CT) va sleh gilo khoa (SGK) phd thdng[.]
NGHIEN CUU TICH HOP GIAO DUC NHONG VAN DE KHOA HOC XA HOI - NHAN VAN TRONG DAY HOC NGUf VAN VU THI THINH Trudng Cao ding SU pham Bic Ninh Tich hdp va tich hop ngoai bd mon Vdi mdn Ngd van, chuong trinh (CT) va sleh gilo khoa (SGK) phd thdng sau nim 2000 da dupe xiy ddng v l phit triln theo quan dilm tfeh hpp Miie dfch v l djnh hddng tfeh hpp eiia chuong trinh Ngd vin hidn hinh dupe hilu nhUsau: "Nhlm t i n g hidu q u i giao due v l t i l t kidm thdi gian day hpe, chuong trinh mdn Ngd v i n dupe xiy dung theo tinh t h i n tfch hpp Cd hai hddng tfch hpp ehd ylu mdn Ngd vin: tfch hpp theo ehilu ngang v l tieh hpp theo ehilu dpc Tieh hgp theo chiiu ngang la gan kit ndi dung day kiln thdc vdi ndi dung rdn ki ning, npi dung ciia d c phin Tilng Vidt, Lam v i n vdi npi dung cua phan VIn hpc Thdng qua d e hinh tdpng vin hpc v l d c tinh hudng giao t i l p bing tilng Viet, mdn Ngd vin cdn cd k h i ning k i t hpp gilo due edng din, eiing ed v l md rdng hieu bilt v l vin hoi xa hdi cho hpc sinh (HS) Tich hgp theo chiiu dge la thilt k l nhdng don vi kiln thdc, ki ning hpe sau bao h i m nhiJrng kien thde, ki ning d l hpc trude nhdng d mdc eao hon va sau hon theo nguyin tie ddng t i m va phit triln."' biln kha rd ret Sd di ed dugc kit q u i dd la nhd vao vide di kem vdi CT, SGK Ngd v i n (bao gdm sach HS va sleh gilo vien (GV), sach bai tap) d l dUoc bidn soan theo quan diem ti'ch hop d el cap THCS va THPT, ndi k i t vdi sleh Tilng Viet d p t i l u hpe vdn d l thuc hidn tich hpp t d trude, Ngoai ra, cdn ed rat nhilu tai lieu tham khio giiip eho GV v l HS day va hpc theo ydu eau tfeh hpp Tuy nhidn, cung td thifc t l day hpe nha trudng phd thdng, ehung tdi eho rang ydu eau tich hgp gido due ede ngi dung ngodi mdn NgO vdn ehua dugc ehu y dung mde e l ndi dung vl phuong phip giao due tfch hpp, Trong vdi ttnh chit v l die d i l m eua mdn Ngd van, ngudi GV eo t h i tieh hpp gilo due rlt nhilu d i l u hay Id phli, r l t nhilu dao It slu sle v l tinh than nhin van cao el; rat nhilu npi dung tri thde v l Ijeh sd, dja If, phong tuc, tap quin, nhilu ki nang sdng v l giup cho vide hinh phattriln nhilu ndng lUc cot idi (key competencies), nhlt la ndng lUe giao tiep (communication competence), Bd qua hoae ehda chii ^ dimg mde dinh hu'dng va ydu elu thd hai thifc sif la mpt sif Ilng pht Nhu vay, ed t h i thly hai thdng didp kha rd ve nhin t d vai trd va hidu q u i eiia day hpe tfch hpp, tieh hpp mdn Ngd vin: Ld gid hpc Ngd v i n , nhdng kiln thdc vl Mdt Id, cin g i n k i t d c npi dung kiln thdc va ki ning khoa hpc x l hpi nhin van ein dupe ehii y ki nang ciia ba phan Tiing Viet, Ldm vdn vd Vdn hgc khai thac tdt hon, mpt mat nham giiip HS t i l p nhan mpt mdn hpc Chung tdi gpi dly la ydu cau van hpc ed hidu qua hon; mat khae gdp phin cung cd d c tri thdc va ki ning eiia mdn hpe khae; them tich hgp gido due ede ndi dung mdn NgU vdn Hai /d,"Thdng qua d c hinh tdpng van hpc va v i o dd cd the giam di nhdng ndi dung triing lap d c tinh hudng giao t i l p bing tieng Vidt, mdn Ngd d nhdng mdn hpc eung linh vife niy, Khdng v i n cdn cd nang kit hgp gido due edng ddn, chii y hole bd qua ydu eau tfeh hpp niy, cung co edng ed v l md rdng hieu biet vi vdn hod xd hgi cho nghia la vda han c h l hidu q u i day hpe van, vda HS" Oly chfnh la ydu clu tich hpp nhdng tri thde va han ehl hidu q u i day hpc d e mdn hpc khic Do ki ning thupc khoa hpc x l hdi nhan van, Chung tdi dd cung han c h l vide hinh thinh va phat triln eac gpi 11 ydu elu tieh hgp gido due cdc ndi dung ngodi nang life ehung, d e ning life ddi hdi van dung mpt d c h tdng hop d e tri thdc va ki nang eua nhilu linh mdn NgUvdn vifc tri thde, nhilu mdn hpe khic nhau, Chtnh vi Trong thUc t l gilng day, chiing tdi cho rang t h i , td llu d e nude ed n i n giao due phit triln da vide thde hidn tich hpp gilo due d c ndi dung nghien cdu v l van dung d c hinh thdc va mde dp mdn Ngdvin d n h i trddng phd thdng d l cd ehuyin tfch hpp khic nhu: ' Bd GD&DT ( 2006), Chuong trinh Giio due thdng - mdn NgO vdn.NXB Giio due (trang 6-7) 18 •KHOA Hgc GlAO DUG Kit hpp, Idng ghdp (combination) ele ndi NGHIEN dung mdt mdn hpe Tfeh hpp (integration) mpt mdn hpe Tieh hpp nhilu mdn, da mdn (multidiselpllnary) Tfeh hop lidn mdn (interdisciplinary) Tich hpp xuydn mdn (transdisciplinary) Tich hdp nhtf I I mot khoa hoc stf pham Mpt thi/c t l khie, day hpe Ngd van, nhilu GV chi hilu tich hpp d phuong didn ndi dung; nghia i l chl mdi quan t i m k i t hpp, Idng ghdp d c ndi dung tri thdc, ki nang gan cda ele phin khic (Vdn hgc, Tiing Viit, Ldm vdn) hole mdt sd tri thdc v l ki ning g i n eda d c mdn hpe khie mot bai hpe, Trong dd, ein phli hilu tich hpp khdng chl v l npi dung (tri thde, ki ning, t h l i dp) m l edn phli nhin nhan nd nhd la mdt phuong phip, hay Idn hon I I "khoa hgc su phgm tich hgp" nhu d c h gpi eua Xavier Rogiers t i c phlm cung tdn, dng d l dda mdt dinh nghia v l khoa hpc sU pham tfch hop nhu sau: "Khoa sU pham tich hpp II mpt quan nidm v l mdt q u i trinh hpc tap dd toan t h i d e q u i trinh hpc tap gdp phin hinh d HS nhdng ning life rd rang, cd du tfnh trUdc nhdng dilu can thilt cho hpc sinh, nhlm phuc vu cho ele q u i trinh hpe tap tUPng lai, hole nhlm hda nhap HS v i o eude sdng lao ddng"^ Nhu t h i , "Khoa sd pham tfch hpp" ddpc trinh b i y nhu mdt It thuylt gilo due, mpt mat nd ddng gdp vio vide nghidn cijfu xiy ddng chuong trinh, SGK, mat khic nd gdp phan djnh hudng d c hoat ddng day hpc nhi trddng phd thdng Trong It luin day hpc, tfch hop ddpc hieu la sd k i t hop mdt d c h hdu co, cd hd thdng d nhdng mde dd khic d c kiln thdc, ki ning thude cic mdn hpc khie hole d c hpp phin eiia bd mdn thinh mdt ndi dung thdng nhlt, dda trdn co sd cic mdi lidn hd v l It luan v l thUe tien dupe de c i p d i n ele mdn hpc hole ele hpp phan eua bd mdn dd Cung theo Xavier Rogiers, trdn t h i gidi, tfch hpp da trd thinh mpt t r i o Idu su pham hidn dai bdn canh d c t r i o Idu sd pham theo muc tiiu, gidi quyit vdn di, phdn hod, tuang tdc Trao Idu supham tieh hop xuit phit t d quan nidm v l q u i trinh hpc tap, dd t o i n t h i cIc q u i trinh hpc tap gdp phin hinh thinh d HS nhdng ning ldc rd rang, ed dU tinh nhOmg hoat ddng tIeh hop HS hpc d e h sd ' Xavlen Rogiers, Khoa sUph^m tkh hpp hoy ldm thi ndo Oiphdt triin cdc ndng life dnhd trudng, NXB Giio dvic, 1996, ciiuQ dung phdi hpp d c kiln thdc, ki ning v l thao tie d l linh hpi mdt d c h ridng rd, Khli nidm ndng luc d day dugc hieu 11 mdt khai nidm tich hpp bao ham c l nhdng npi dung, nhdng hoat dpng can thifc hidn va nhdng tinh hudng dd dien ele hoat dpng.Theo if nghia dd, ning ldc ddpc djnh nghia la su tich hpp d c ki ning (hoat dpng) tic ddng mpt d c h thfch hpp va tu nhidn Idn ele ndi dung mpt loai tinh hudng eho trude de gill quylt nhdng v i n de tinh hudng d l t Ning life niy I I mdt hoat dpng phde hpp ddi hdi sif tfch hpp, phdi hpp d e kiln thdc va ki nang, ehd khdng phli la sif tie ddng d e ki nang ridng re ldn mpt npi dung Khoa sU pham tieh hpp nhin manh day d c h tim tdi sing tao va d e h van dung kiln thdc vio ele tinh hudng khie nhau, Tdc la, day eho HS bilt eleh sddung kiln thde va ki ning eiia minh di gill quylt nhdng tinh hudng eu t h i , ed y nghia nhlm mue dieh hinh thinh, phit triln ning life Ddng thdi ehu y xac lap mdi lidn he gida ele kiln thde, ki ning khae eda d c mdn hpc hay ele phin mdn khie d4 bao d i m eho HS k h i ning huy ddng cd hidu q u i nhdng kiln thde v l ning life cua minh vao gill quylt d e tinh hudng tfeh hpp Vdi y nghia djnh hddng d c hoat ddng day hpc, nhilu tai lieu, ngddi ta eung thddng sd dung thuat ngd "day hpc tieh hpp" Trong bai nay, chung tdi sd diing thuat ngd"day hpe tich hpp"dl chi q u i trinh day hpc dd ngudi GV quan t i m xiy dung d e tinh hudng de HS hpe d c h sd dung phdi hpp d c kiln thdc va ki nang td d c mdn hpc khic nhau, ehung ddpc huy ddng v l phdi hpp vdi nhau, tao mdt npi dung thdng nhlt, dua trdn CO sd d c mdi lidn hd If luan va thifc tien dupe d l cap d e mon hpc dd Mot qua trinh day hpe nhu vay cung ddi hdi GV phli nghidn cdu, van dung phdi hpp cac phdong phap v l phuong tidn day hpe de thde hidn giao due tich hpp eiing mpt luc nhilu ndi dung gan cua d e mdn hpe khae nhau, Day hoc tich hdp cac tri thtfc khoa hoc xa hpi nhan van qua nhdng tac pham van xuoi Viet Nam hidn dai Van hpc b i t ngudn td cudc sdng, van hpc ludn ludn phin anh cudc sdng ma cude sdng vdn da chilu, nhilu vd Mdt t i c pham v i n hpc mang minh nd rlt nhilu v i n d l eiia cudc sdng, xa hpL Nd ed t h i dung cham va ham ehda nd nhilu khia canh nhd: lieh sCf, dia II, vdn hda, dgo dUe, tdm II, gido due, ngdn ngd, Chinh vi t h i , day - hpe Sd78-IHANG3/2812>19 Q NGHIEN CUU TT Ten tac pham van xuoi Noi dung khoa hoc xa hoi - nhan van co the tich hpp Hai dUa tri - Thaeh Lam ChCfngudi tCftu - Nguyen Cae cupc khdi nghTa trUde Cach mang Thing Tam/1945 (lich sO); Nhdng pham chat va nhan each cao quy eiia eon ngudi [dgo ddc); Thu choi chd Tuin (phong tuc) CWPhdo-Nam Cao Sodd (trfch Hgnh phuc euaCupc sdng eOa tang Idp thupng lUu trUdc Cach mang Thing Tam/1945 mgt tang gia) - Vu Trpng (iich sCf); Dao ddc gil (dgo ddc); Dam ma (phong tue, tap qudn); Phung, VpnWt-KimLIn Nan ddi d Viet Nam nam 1945 (iich sCf); Tinh ngudi (dgo dUc); Gil trj ngudi phu nd (Gido due cdng ddn) Vg chong A P/iu - To Hoai Cupc sdng eOa ngUdi dan Tay Ble trUde v l sau Cach mang Thing Tam/1945 (lich sd); Nhdng phong tue va hii tue (ddn tgc hgc); Nui rdng Tly BIc (djfa//);,,, RUngxa nu - Nguyen Trung Slf le lidt, gian khd cOa cupc khang ehiln ehdng Phap (ijch sCfj; Rdng va Thanh eon ngUdi Tay Nguyen (ddn tgc hgc); Cay xa nu (d'/a ii) NhCfng dUa giaSu Ic Net, gian khd ciia eude khang ehiln ehdng MT (ijch sCf); Song nUde va din/i-Nguyin Thi ngudi Nam bp (ddn tgc hgc); Chiec thuyin ngodi xa Nguyen Minh Chau 10 Ngudi Idi Sdng Do Nguyen Tuin Bdi d n h xa hpi Viet Nam trudc Cach mang Thang Tam/1945 {lich si)); Tinh thuong, sir thdng cam va ehia sd gida ngudi vdi ngUdi (dgo ddc); Noi khd nhue eua ngUdI nong dan trude Cach mang Thang Tam/1945 (ljch sif); Ldi sdng kieu Cht Pheo (dgo ddc); Mau thuan giai eap/xa hpi (Gido due cdng ddn); Bao life gia dinh (Gido due cdng ddn); Ngheo ddi va sinh dd ed k l hoaeh (dia ii kinh ti); Sdng Ba vl miln Tay (dja li, lich sd, vdn hda); 11 Ai dd dgt tin cho ddng sdng Sdng Huong va kinh Hul (dja li, Hch sd, vdn hda); 7- Hoang Phu Ngpc Tudng tie pham van hpc khdng cht don thuan II kiln thdc v i n ehdong ma ngddi GV ein phli kheo ldo khoi gpi, lien hd kiln thdc v i n hpc vdi d e khia canh lien quan dd d l HS ed sU g i n k i t tie pham vin hpe vdi d c tri thdc ddi sdng, x l hdi nhan van k h i c Trong ehUOng trinh phd thdng, d e tac phlm van xudi Vidt Nam hidn dai' chilm mot vj trt quan trpng, hdi tu dupe nhilu yeu td, t i l m an nhilu npi dung v l dd kidn de thUc hidn tteh hpp gilo due ele tri thdc, ki ning khoa hpe x l hdi - nhin van,'Day hpe tfeh hpp theo hudng ndu trdn can chii y d hai phuang didn: Mdt Id, khai thac tridt d l nhdng ndi dung khoa hpc xa hdi nhin van cd d c tac ' Khii ni^m van xuoi Viet Nam hien dai duoc hilu l i cac tic pham vin xuoi v i l t til dau the ki XX d i n • KHOA HQC GlAO DVC phlm vIn xudi Viet Nam hidn dai (ndi dung day hpe); Hai Id, day each tim tdi sang tao v l d e h van dimg kiln thde vao cac tinh hudng khae nhau,Tdc la, day cho HS b i l t each sd dung kiln thdc va ki nang eda minh 6e gill quylt nhdng tinh hudng eu the, ed y nghia nham hinh thanh, p h i t trien nang life (phdong phip sd pham) Do pham vi khudn khd cua bai vilt, d day chung tdi ehi ndu Idn phuang diin thd nhdt dudi dang ma tran v l d c ndi dung chlnh ed the tteh hpp gilo due day mpt sd tae pham van xudi Vidi N i m hidn dai CT Ngd v i n THPT (khdng k l dc t f ^ham dge thim) Nhdng ndi dung cd lidn quan mat thilt nhung khdng thay the eho eae ndi dung van hpe cda gid dpc v i n (xem bing) NGHIEN cuuCQ DAN CHAT VA DIEU KIEN CUA VIEC Tl/ HOC (Tiep theo trang 7) - Bin c h i t cda t u hpc I I ttnh ddc lap eua vide hpc v l ttnh tu nguydn eda ngUdi hpc, khdng trde t i l p phu thudc ngudi k h i c - Tu hpe I I e l mdt b i n linh e l nhin tteh hop nhilu chde ning sinh hpc, t i m It v l x l hdi ed that d e l nhlndd - O l tu hpe, eon ngudi phli cd nhdng d i l u kidn nhlt djnh bdn v l bdn ngoai, nhdng dilu kidn dd d i u ehju I n h hudng Idn cua gilo due - Gilo due ning life tU hpc 11 cdng vide llu dli, phde tap cua nha trudng v l nhidm vu khd luydn eua moi ngUdi dgy hgc hiin dgi Tap cht Thdng tin Khoa hoe gilo due, sd 84, Ha Ndi Oang Thanh Hung (2004), Hi thong kT ndng hgc tap hiin dgi Tap ehf Giao due, sd 2/78, Ha Npi Nguyen Cinh Toin (1999), Sdn ludn vd kinh nghiim vi tuhgc, NXB Gilo due, HI Ndi Nguyen Cinh Toan (chd bien) (2001), Hpc vd dgy cdeh hgc, NXB Oai hpc Su pham Ha Ndi Trinh Quang Td (1995), Nhdng phuang hudng to ehde hogt dgng tuhgc cda sinh viin cdc trudng qudn su, Luan I n t i l n si Ha Ndi TAI Lieu THAM K H A O JacQues DIore (1996), Hpc tdp - mdt kho bdu tiim dn, NXB Gllo due, HI Npi Oang Thinh HUng (2002), Dgy hgc hiin dal: Uludn - Biin phdp - Kf thudt, NXB Oai hpe qude gia H i Ndi Oang Thinh Hung (2001), Bdn chdt cua SUMMARY The article analyses the wrong explanations and defenses of self-study and gives the nature of self-study At the end the author presents conditions of self-study and the education of self-study capacities for students iiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiH Nhin chung, ehdong trinh mdn tilng me dd Bd GD & DT, HUdng dan thue hiin chuang v i n hpc cda d c nude d i u tap trung v i o hai mue trinh, sdeh gido khoa Idp 12, mdn Ngd vin, NXB Gilo tidu Idn: Mdt Id, trau ddi v l p h i t trien ning lue due, 2008, ngdn ngd (khi ning van diing chinh xle, sing Xaviers Rogiers, Khoa suphgm tich hgp hay tao d c ki ning ngdn ngd giao tilp); Hai Id Idm thi ndo diphdt triin cdc ndng life d nhd trudng, ehu trpng quan d i l m l l m t i n g sU ydu thfch v i n NXB Gilo due, 1996, hda d i n tdc thdng qua mdn hpc niy Muc tidu thd Do Ngpe Thdng, Tim hiiu chuang trinh NgO n h l t ydu clu c i n chu •} tteh hpp ndi bd mdn vdn THPT, NXB Gilo due, 2006 hoc O l dat dupc muc tidu thd hai ein coi trpng Do Ngpe Thdng, Chuang trinh Ngd vdn day hpc tich hop cIc npi dung khoa hpc x l hdi nhd trudng f^hSthdng Viit Nam, NXB Gilo due, 2011 nhin v i n d c gid hpc Ngd van, nhat la gid Definition and Selection of Competencies dpc h i l u v i n b i n n h i trUdng phd thdng (h ttp://w ww.d eseeo.ad m in) hidn hinh INCA (2011) - http://www inca.org.uk 10 Key Competencies - A developing concept in general compulsory education- Eurydice, 2002 TAILI£UTHAMKHAO Bd GD&OT, Chuang trinh gido due thdng SUMMARY mdn Ngd vdn, 2006 Addressing the integrative teaching of social2 Bd GD & DT, Tdi liiu bdi dUdng gido viin thuc hiin chuang trinh, sdeh gido khoa Idp 10 Trung hgc humanities topics in school language teaching the author presets: 1/intra- and inter-subjea integration; phS thdng, NgQ vdn ndng cao Ha Ndi,2006 Bd GD &0T, Tdi liiu bdi dUdng gido viin thUc 2/integration as teaching science; 3/active teaching hiin chuang trinh, sich gilo khoa Idp 11, mdn Ngd social-humanity knowledge through Vietnamese literature v i n , NXB Gilo due, 2007 Sli78-THilllG3/2ei2>21 ... khie mot bai hpe, Trong dd, ein phli hilu tich hpp khdng chl v l npi dung (tri thde, ki ning, t h l i dp) m l edn phli nhin nhan nd nhd la mdt phuong phip, hay Idn hon I I "khoa hgc su phgm tich... h gpi eua Xavier Rogiers t i c phlm cung tdn, dng d l dda mdt dinh nghia v l khoa hpc sU pham tfch hop nhu sau: "Khoa sU pham tich hpp II mpt quan nidm v l mdt q u i trinh hpc tap dd toan t h... due ele tri thdc, ki ning khoa hpe x l hdi - nhin van,''Day hpe tfeh hpp theo hudng ndu trdn can chii y d hai phuang didn: Mdt Id, khai thac tridt d l nhdng ndi dung khoa hpc xa hdi nhin van cd