O NGweiietiu KIEN GIAI VE VAN HOA NHA TRII0NG VA QUAN Li XAY DONG VAN HOA NHA TRlTdNG PGS TS BANG QUOC BAO 1 Quan niem ve pham tru van hoa a/ d phuong Bdng, ph^m trCi niy bi t ngudn tU cym tCf''''Vln trj[.]
O NGweiietiu KIEN GIAI VE VAN HOA NHA TRII0NG VA QUAN Li XAY DONG VAN HOA NHA TRlTdNG PGS TS BANG QUOC BAO Quan niem ve pham tru van hoa a/ d phuong Bdng, ph^m trCi niy b i t ngudn tU cym tCf'Vln trj gllo hda" (I) "Vln trj' II quin li blng eli dep (ting siu ciia nd II ell thiin, ell chin thuc, ell sing) Bd II qui trinh hudng eon ngudi vio eli dep, cd II tudng lim theo eli dep (ii) "Gilo hda" II cdng cu d l dat dupe "Vln trj" Bd II qui trinh elm hda ngudi dl tdi ell dep khdng blng su I p budc cudng bUe, m l blng dudng gllo due b/ if phuong Tly, pham trCi niy bilu dat blng tCf"Cultus" (tilng La tinh) Cultus II sunudi trdng cly eon ddi sdng vit chit, nghia rdng II su uom trdng t i m hdn eon ngudi, thifc hiln stf dudng sinh Tilng Phip, tilng Anh bilu dat Cultus thinh Culture d Cic nhi Duy t i n Nhit Bin d t h i ki 18 glao luu Bdng Tly d l dich Culture= vln hoi d/ Pham trCi vln hoi vln ddng vio ddi sdng, kit hpp vdl mdt pham trCi.khle tao nin pham tru phCfc hpp Thudng cd elc pham trCi phUe hpp quan trpng sau: Vdn hod gia dinh, Vdn hod nhd trudng (VHNT), Vdn hod qudn It Nlu bilu thj van hoi II 'a', ell nd kit hpp bilu thj II "b" thi phUc hpp 'ab' dupe hiiu II: (I) Ndi dung quy dinh eho *b" trd thinh Bep cudc sdng (II) Phuang phip lam cho *b'tiln tdi ell Bep "Vln hoi gia dlnh" II cai dep td chUc cudc sdng gia dlnh dat tdi elc g l l trj: Gia phong sing, Gia phip nghiim minh, Gla gllo nin nip "Vln hoi nhi trudng" la eli dep td ehUe hoat ddng cda nhi trudng di dio tao nin dupe "Nhdn edeh - Nhdn life" ed chat lupng eao cho cdng ddng, d l t nudc "Vln h o i quin li* I I eli dep cda edng tie quin If lim cho h i thdng dUpc dn djnh v l phit trien mdt cich llnh manh, sifquln ii t u i n theo If tudng vuong dao Thiet che n h i trUcmg tien trinh phat t r i l n cCia xa hoi a/ Nhi trudng II thilt c h l ddi v l gin liln vdi elc budc t i l n h o i cda xa hdi Bd II mdi trudng ren luyin cho t h i h i t r i di t U t h l gidi tinh elm (gla dlnh) 4>KH0«H9CGU0DVC din t h i gidi edng vile (xl hdi), tranh dupe elc hut hing khdng ding ed Nhi trudng vdi bp ba Tri -Trd -Thly" thoit khdi Inh hudng eua t h i n quyin, gllo hdi, ting lU, quy tdc b i t dlu tU nha trUdng cda Khdng Td (phuong Bdng) cda Platon (phuong Tly) Trade tiln bd cda khoa hpc kT thuit hiln c6 quan dilm cue doan eho ring: Nhi trudng truyin thdng se dan d i n t i l u vong di NgUdl ta cd t h i hpe qua mang, qua thu vlln, qua giio due tU xa Lai c6 quan dilm xa hdi t i m thudng cho ring: "Nhi trudng khdng cd vich ngln", hoi tan vio xa hdi, ehi day eli x l hdi ein, al eung ed t h i dCfng lln buc giing, al eung ed t h i lim thly giio Einstein dd bdc bd nhiing quan diim sai trdi ndy Ong cho rdng: 'Day eho eon ngudi kiin thiic mdt chuyin ngdnh ndo dd thi chua dCi bdi bdng cdch dd (chi, ta) ed thi trd thdnh mdt cdi mdy khd dung nhung khdng thi trd thdnh mdt eon ngUdi vdi ddy du phdm gid Diiu quan trgng Id (ehi ta) phdi duge dgy di ed mdt cdm thUc sdng ddng vi edig'i IdddngdiphSn ddu trongeudeddi Anh ta (ehi ta) phdi duge dgy di edmdf^ thUc s6ng ddng vi edi g\ Id dep, cdigl Id thiin Niu khdng, vdi kiin thCie ehuyin mdn hda eua minh, (ehi ta) gidng nhu mdt chd duge hudn luyin, chU khdng phdi ngudi duge phdt triin hdi hda NhOng diiu trdn quy dd duge truyin dgt cho thi hi tri nhd thiit ehi'Nhd trudng', nhd quan hi true tiip vdi thdy, chii khdng thi ehi qua sdch vif Einstein nhdn mgnh thim: Mdi trudng nhd trudng cdn rin luyin eho thi hi tri tU phi phdn, mdtdHu rdt quan trgng cua nhdn edeh Ong eho rdng nhd trudng dich thi/e Id nai Idm eho 'hge sinh cdm thdy nhQng diiu hg hge dugc Id mdt qud tdng quf gid, ehU khdng phdi Id mgt nhiim vu ngdn ngdm" b/ d nin vln minh ndng nghiip (die trung qua eon trIu), chi ein ed ndi dung hpc vln, cd thly, c6 trd 11 nha trudng Ljch sd thudng ndi tdi 'Hanh dan" ngdi trudng cda Khdng TCf" KhSng TUdin rCtng Truy duy, ngoi dudi bdng cdy bdng, di tU thi dgc sdch Khong TC( vUa ddn vifa hdt, trd linh hdi Idi dgy cua Khong TCr, ddn hdt theo thdy ' N h i n loai bude sang t h d i kl kinh t l cdng n g h i i p ( d i e trUng qua m i y hoi nude) v l n g i y t i l n t d i kinh t l tri thCfc ( d i e t r u n g qua d i n m i y NGHiiN Ciu G vi tinh) thi n h i trudng khdng t h i v l n hinh nhu D i l u kien du d l co VHNT thdi Khdng Td Cung vdl tam gide 'MNP' (M: Mue Bilu kiln dd de cd VHNT II ngudi hpe ed phong t i l u d i o tao; N: Ndi dung d i o tao; P: PhUOng phip eleh hpc tdt, ngudi day cd phong eleh day tdt, quan' d i o tao), thdy vd trd cdn c i n ed trudng sd vd thiit h i thay trd la quan h i cda tinh ban dao dde bi dgy hgc a/Phong cdch hge Clu trde cda MNP tao nin kit edu tinh thdn cda n h i trudng, edn trUdng sd vd thiit bi tao n i n kit cdu vdt chdt ciia nhi trudng (trong kit elu vat chit cdng cd kit elu v|t chit truyin thdng II trudng sd, thilt bj miy mde day hpc v l kit elu vit chit phi truyin thdng II elc phin m i m day hpc) c/ Quin If nhi trudng II sg dilu khiln hoat ddng cda thly - trd tie ddng v i o hai kit elu niy tao n i n dupe sin phim tdng hpp 'Nhin eleh - Nhin life" eho edng ddng Tujr lo?i hinh n h i trudng m l mue t i l u Nhdn cdch > muc tilu Nhdn luc hole muc t i l u Nhdn cdch = mue tilu Nhdn luc hole muc t i l u Nhdn luc > mue t i l u Nhdn cdeh, D i l u k i l n c i n d l c6 VHNT Cd tr^ng thii sau v l nhi trudng ^ \ ^ Kit clu tinh thin Kltclul^Nf'^^ v|t chit T r U d n g \ ^ sdThilt bj d?y hpc ^ N (+) (-) (+) A/KCTT(+) KCVC (+) B/KCTT(-) KCVC(+) (-) aKCTT(+) KCVC(-) D/KCTT(-) KCVC{-) Nhi giao due vT dai cda nhin loai Khdng Td (551-479 TCN), ngUdi dupe hlu t h i tdn vinh la "Van t h i su bilu" (Bilu tupng cda ngudi thly eho mudn ddi) d l nlu nlm ylu clu eho ngUdI hpe: * Ble hpc (Hpc rdng) * Thim vln (Hdi siu) * Thin tu (Suy nghT eho cin thin) * Minh biln (Phin bilt cho rd ring) * Bdc hinh (Lim eho h i t sdc) Ong nhin manh: "Ld trd thi phdi hge cho rdng, hdi eho ki, nghi cho cdn thdn, phdn biit cho rd rdng, Idm cho hit sUc Cung ed diiu ehua hgc, nhung dd hge diiu gl md khdng dugc thI khdng thdi Cung ed diiu chUa hdi, nhung da hdi diiu gl md ehua rd thi chua thdi Cung cd dieu 'ehua nghi tdi, nhUng dd nghi diiu gi thi khdng duge nghi bdy bg Cung ed diiu ehUa phdn biit dugc, nhUng dd phdn biit diiu gl thi phdn biit eho minh bgch, khdng duge nguy biin, edng khdng duge quf biin Cung cd diiu chua Idm, nhUng dd Idm diiu gl thi Idm cho ehu ddo, khdng dugc budng xudi ' Trang t h l l A: Kit elu tinh t h i n (+), kit elu vit ehlt(+"); Trang thll B: Kit clu tinh thin (-), kit clu vit chlt(+); Trang t h l l C: Kit clu tinh t h i n (+), kit clu v i t ehlt(-)i Trang t h l l D: Kit clu tinh thin (-), kit cau v i t chlt(-) Mdt nhi trudng dupe gpi II cd dlu hiiu VHiNlT phli II nhi trudng dat tdi trang thll A Nlu roi vio trang t h l l B hay C d l u chua cd VHNT Cdn roi v i o trang t h l l D II n h i trUdng suy tholl Dd d dd ed gid hpc, cd hoat ddng cda thly trd song t h i l t c h l n h i trudng dfch thgc d l bj bang hoai Kit clu tinh t h i n v l kit clu v i t chit d l u cd g l l tri (+) v i v i n ddng hii hoi vdi nhau, l i dilu kiln cin d i e d VHNT Planning Bi^t k^ hoach hda mucti^u hoct^p; Organizing Bi^t t6 chijrc thvc hi^n k^ ho^ch d l ra; Working Bilt l^m vi^c m$t cich khoa hoc theo dc nhi$m vg cCia k l hoach da xic dinh; Evaluating BUttu dinh gii kit qui hpc t^p da thu lupm dapq Recognizing Bilt xiy dung cho minh nhCrng nhjn thijic mdi sd W - T I U H G 1/2612 • Q NGHI^NCiiU VTrong bdi cinh bude vio n i n kinh t l tri thde, elc nudc xly dung nhi trudng thdng t u i (Smart School), ylu elu ngudi hpe hpe theo tinh thin POWER (sOfc manh) vdi him y: */ GS Viin sT Nguyin Cinh Toin nlu tinh thin "Siu mpi'eho phong eleh hpe - Hpc mpi noi; - Hpc mpi Ide; - Hpe mpi v l n d l ; - Hpe mpi ngudi; - Hpc b l n g mpi c i c h ; - Hpc mpi h o i n c i n h b/Phong edeh dgy *l Ngudi thly vd luin day d clp ble hpe nio eung ed sd nilnh: - Ngudi truyin dao eho trd (dupe hiiu II mang elc gll tri tinh hoa cda thdi dai truyin vio t i m thdc trd di trd ed h i gll tri sdng bin thin phd hpp); - Ngudi gill hole cho trd (gidp trd cd tri thde, gill t o i dilu hpc trd nghi hole trude sg phit triln cda khoa hpe, ki thuit, v l n hda); - Ngudi thu nghiip eho trd (dlt ed sd ban dlu di trd cd nghi nghiip tUdng lai, hdu dung eho ddi) B l hoin thinh dUpc sd m|nh trln ngUdi thly phli II jigudi b i l t huln luyin trd (Huln: day, Luyin: rln) Mudn huln luyin dupe trd, thly phli bilt'QuIn li'trd, ' l l n h dao'trd, thgc hiln khio llo dupe cdng vile sau: * Du: ( d i n du hpc t r d p h i n khdi di v i o sg hpe); * Trp: (hd t r p hpc t r d vUot qua khd khin); * Bao: (ehi dao hpe trd thgc hiln k l hoaeh hpe tip); * Khli: (thde tinh trd l i m dupc d i l u cao qdy cd Ich); * Phit: (phit trien nhin eleh toin ven cda trd) V Ngudi thly dupe x l hdi tdn vinh l i "KT sU t i m hdn' Mudn vly ngudi thly phli sdng theo phucmg chim: "Thi I n mac nilm - Thu I n mac vong" (Lim dn cho khdng nhd- Chju on khdng quin), bilt phdi hpp c l dao li, phip li v i cdng li rln luyin eho trd thgc hiln elc gll trj sdng ed tinh, ed nghia, bilt khich II cho trd cd If tudng: 'Buong nhin b i t nhupng u su" (lim dilu nhin khdng nhudng thly) Nhi supham Ernest Melly cd Idi khuyin siu sic sau dly eho nhdng ngudi lim thly; "Mdt nhiing diiu quan trgng nhdt ddi vdi ngudi thdy Id mang din eho hge sinh eua mlnhsuandi v6 vi vd Idy didhg ndi lo du budn bd" e/B6n kiiu dgy hgc vd quan hi thdy trd *l Vile day hpe d bat kl thdi dai nio cung quy vio nhin td chd ylu'Tri -Thly -Trd" v l hinh thinh kieu sau: StKHOAHQCGUODVC \ Sicthii Tri- Nv Thly-Trd\ Kilu day h p c \ Truyin thdng Gpimd Tfch cue Hpp t i c Tri thdc Ngudi day NgUdihpc Lapdi lap lai Tii hiln Tii tao Ngudi chl huy Ngudi thUtkl Ngudi dan d i t Ngudi chip hinh Sing tao NgUdl covin NgUdi thi cdng NgUdi linh hdi Ngudi chCi d$ng thgc hien nhilm vu: Qua qui trinh giio dgc thinh qui trinh tu giio dgc */ Quan h i t h l y trd v d l u i n trudng hpp n i o nhu Aristoste ( n h i t r i l t hpe vT dai ngUdI Hy Lap (387 - 322 TCN) d l ehi "Quan h i t h l y trd I I quan h i cda tinh ban dao dde' Ngudi t h l y dd thgc h i l n k i l u day hpc truyin thdng, day hpc gpi md, day hpe tieh cgc hay day hpc hpp t i c p h l i n h i t q u i n t d bdsuphgm quyin uyban an tiln d i n suphgm cda tinh bgn ddn chd Ble Hd ed Idl day: Trong dgy hge thdy phdi quf trd, trd phdi kinh thdy, ed viiegl bdn bgc ddn chd vdi nhau, nhung khdng dugc ed ddi bdng ddu * / Ngudi t h l y p h l i ed nghe t h u i t su pham, thuc h i l n tdt v i k h i o v i l e day hpe p h i n hda, tuyr theo su'c ehUa, Siic hijt, sUc thdm, sUc chi biin cda hpc sinh mi ed eleh day thich hpp */ Nlu hpc sinh kim thdng minh lai ludi v i clu thi, ngudi thly phli t h i hiln sg dilu khiln sit sao, vda bilt I p budc v i bilt khich I I trd hoin thinh nhilm vu */ Nlu hpc sinh kim thdng minh nhung cham chi, ngudi thly phli the hlln l i ngudi thilt k l ti ml, quan tam chi dan cho trd hoin thinh nhllm vu */ Nlu hpc sinh thdng minh nhifng eau thi, til td hpe tap, ngudi thly phli t h i hien sg din du I n cin, glim sit chat chl, thdc dly trd dat cie muc tilu d l */ Nlu hpe sinh thdng minh lai ehlm chi, ngUdI thly ddng vai trd ed van, gidp cho hpe sinh cd ning Igc hpc tdt sing tao hpc tap, biln q u i trinh dio tao thinh qui trinh tU dio tao Q u i n li: Nhan to quan g i n bd dieu kien can v^ dii phat t r i l n duacVHNT a/ Hieu trudng vdi tU eleh ngUdl q u i n If ed vai trd quan trpng x l y dgng, p h i t t r i l n VHNT H i i u trudng h o i n t h i n h tdt c l hai s d m f n h : Ngudi thd trudng cda n h i trudng v i ngUdi thd ITnh cda tap t h i su pham, NGHlENCiluCQ bao quit m ^ eleh toin diln elc ylu td: Kit elu tinh thin Kit clu v i t c h i t Phong eleh hpc Phong d c h day v l quan h | thly trd, lim eho cic ylu td niy phit triin d^p v l hii hoi b/ Cd bdn llnh vge m l hiiu trudng phli chd y ddng bd: •/Quin If cdng vi|e; •/Quin If quan h i ; V Quin li mdi trudng; V Quin If bin thin c/ Quin If cdng vile nhlm tdi gll tri: - Chpn vi|e ddng d l lim (Right doing); - Lim khio v l ddng vile d l chpn (Doing Right); -Tao hiiu qui cdng vile •/ Quin If quan h i sU pham ndi bd nhlm tdi ba gll trj: - KI cUdng, mpi ngudi lim theo luit v i quy chl; -Tinh thuong, mpi ngudi sdng thin l i vdl nhau; -Trich nhllm, mpi ngudi gin kit vdi nhu mdt ddi edng t i c */ Quin II mdi trudng nhlm tdi ba gll trj: - Bilt phdng v l ehu dio; - Bilt phit triln b i n vdng (tin cdng); - Bilt thi dua hop tie vdl cic nhi trudng khlc */ Quin II bin thin nhlm tdi ba gll trj: - Ollm dam, sing sudt (eli dlu lanh); - Khoan dung, bao dung (trii tim hdng); - Bilt bdi dudng tinh hoa, cd ngUdI k l nhilm xdng ding TSng hgp cd 12 gid trj md ngudi qudn IIphdi ndm chdc died vdn hod nhd trudng •Adtrtng tInlihM / / Mttm y UmkMo vAMng TrUtlm OUtfy ^k \ \ CONGVI^C^y ^ f o r a h M u q w i ^ ^ dkhth^ \ \ \ —(Q^VI TMAM \ V I trudng dang phin dlu edVHNT 1/ Chdng ta (tip t h i su pham nhi trudng) hanh phue ngudi hpe hanh phdc; 2/ Ngudi hpe l i nhin vat quan trpng cda nha trudng, la ddng mlu cda nhi trudng, la ylu td quylt djnh sdng cdn cda nhi trudng; 3/ Ngudi hpc v i ngudi day phu thudc lln Trong nhi trudng khdng cd su pham quyin uy ban on m i ehi ed su pham eda tinh thin Ki cUong - Tinh thuong - Bao dung -Trich nhilm - Sing tao; 4/ NgUdl hpc vio trudng II In nhin cda nha trudng Trong qui trinh dio tao hp, nhi trudng khdng nin nghT minh ban phit I n hul eho hp m i phli hghT hp dem In hul din eho nhi trudng vl ed hp dao hpc mdi dupe truyin t i i , sd minh cda nhi trudng mdi dupe hlln thgc 5/ Cdng vile eda nhi trudng chi thinh cdng ngudi hpe khdng ddng ngoii mue dfch dio tao, giio due; 6/ Ngudi hpe khdng phli l i ngudi d l nhi trudng eao dao huln luyin hp; 7/ Ngudi hpc khdng phli l i sd thdng ke lanh lung Hp II ngUdi khao khlt kiln thdc v i ki nang m l nhi trudng ed nhllm vu din dlt hp ehilm ITnh; 8/ Ngudi hpc dlt eho nhi trudng nhCfng nguyin vpng v l phit triln nhin eleh Nhllm vu eda nhi trudng l i giup dd hp hiln thgc hda cic nguyin vpng niy; 9/ NgUdl hpc phli dupe nhi trudng ddi xd In cin, I jch su nhat theo elc phuong tiln m i nhi trudng dang cd Nhi trudng phan dau phit triln elc phuong tiln niy ngiy cing hiln dai; 10/ Nhi trudng ed sd minh l i ving trln cda edng ddng, l i noi din dlt tri t u i cda cdng ddng, cung II noi hoi nhjp dap tril tim cda nhin din cdng ddng K^am»g QUANH( J Itahthimia ThAng d i l p v l n h o i n h i tn/ifng Xin gidi thiiu 'Bin thdng d l l p ' cda mdt nhi TAI Lieu THAM KHAO TQThU, NXB Quin ddi nhin din H i Ndi, 2003 Hd Chi Minh todn tdp tap 1-12, NXB Chinh tri Qudc gia H i Ndi, 2000 Nhilu tie gll, Gidiphdpgido due, NXBTri thdc H i Ndi, 2007 SU/VIMARY The author presents some key points on school culture and school development management: the perception of culture category; school institutions in the course of social development; essential and adequate conditions for school culture; school management and school culture messages SdM-TNAHS 9/2(12 • I