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NGHIEN couD VAI TRO CUA HIEU TRUING TRII0NG TRUNG HOC CO Sd TRONG PHAT TRIEN VAN HOA NHA T R I A N G ThS NGUYEN OANG CAU Tnfilflo THCS Phfi SOB TSD M • Nghl An I D I t vande Xi hdi toil ngfldi dang df[.]
NGHIEN couD VAI TRO CUA HIEU TRUING TRII0NG TRUNG HOC CO Sd TRONG PHAT TRIEN VAN HOA NHA T R I A N G ThS NGUYEN OANG CAU Tnfilflo THCS Phfi SOB - TSD M • Nghl An I.DItvande Xi hdi toil ngfldi dang dflng trfldc bflde ngoat cfla nen v i n minh nhan loai, dd chinh ta qua trinh toin d u hda Tic dpng cua q u i trinh lam thay ddi toin bp phucmg thflc boat ddng cfla cic to ehflc t i t c l eic linh vflc cfla mdt d i t nfldc Gilo due cflng bj I n h hfldng efla kinh t l thi trfldng, sy phat trien dan xen efla cic n i n vin hda, nhu d u hpe tap ngiy d n g cao cfla ngfldi dan Trong bdi d n h dd, mdi mdt n h i trfldng d n chap nhan sy canh tranh d l phit triin, dong thcri phii gifl dflpc nft truyen thdng, b i n sic van hda rifng cfla minh Nghj quyet Hpi nghj lan thfl t i m Ban Chap hinh Trung flcmg khda XI v l Ooi mdi cin bin, toin dien giio due v i d i o tao da nhan manh:*Chu trpng giio due nhin each, dao dflc loi sfing, tri thfle phip luat va y thflc cong dan Tap trung vao nhiing g i i trj cO b i n cfla van hda, tnjyf n thdng v l dao li dan tpc tinh hoa van hda nhan loai, gia tri cdt Idi va nhin van eiia ehfl nghia Mac - Lenin v i tfl tfldng Hd Chi Minh" [1] Diy l i ndi dung giao due quan trpng m i mdl n h i trudng deu ed trich nhifm trien khai thyc hien thfing qua cie boat ddng day hpc va cac hoat ddng giao dye khac Nhflng gia tri v i n hda truyfn thong se dflpc the hien viee xay dflng van hda nha trfldng (VHNT) Cd the ndi, viee xly diJng VHNT cfla moi cd sd gtio due, moi nhi trfldng se gdp phan thyc hien Nghj quylt efla Ding Yfu d u tren diy ddi hdi cae co sd giio due cic nha trfldng phii day manh viee xay dyng VHI^ nhfl mdt nhifm vy quan trpng Trong xly dyng VHNT, vai trd cfla ngudi hifu trfldng rat quan trpng Do dd, muon xly dflng VHNT d n phii phat huy vai trd cua ngfldi hieu trfldng k h i i n i f m van hoa v l v i n hda nha trUdng 2.1 Khdi niim vdn hda Vin hda (VIH) la khai nifm rdng vdi rat nhilu cieh hieu khic NghTa ban dau cfla VH tieng Hati l i nhflng net xam mlnh qua ngflcri khic nhin vio de nhin b i l t v i phan biet mlnh vdi ngfldi k h i c Theo ngdn ngfl cua phUcmg Tay, culture tiing Anh cd ngudn goe tfl d e dang cfla ddng tfl Latin colere l i colo, colui, cultus vdi nghia: Gifl gin, chim sdc tao dyng trong trpt Theo Tfl dien tieng Vift: "VH l i nhiing gii tri vat chat tinh than ngfldi sing tao lieh sii" (Nguyen Nhfl V, Oai tfl dien tllng V i f t NXB Van hda Thdngtin, 1998) Chfl tich Hfi Chi Minh da nhan xft: "Vi le sinh ton cung nhfl linuc dieh cua cudc song, loii ngudt mdi sang tao v l phit minh ngdn ngfl, chfl v i l t dao dflc phap l i i l t khoa hoc tdn giio, van hoc nghe t h u i t nhCmg cfing cu cho sinh boat hing ngiy ve mac an, d v l cac phflcmg thflc sfl dung Toan bo nhiing sang tao va phit minh tflc t i VH VH l i sfl tong hpp cua mpi phflOng thflc sinh hoat eung vdi bleu hien efla nd ma loii ngfldi d i sin sinh nham thich flng nhflng nhu d u ddi sfing v i ddi hdi eua sfl sinh tdn" Tfl quan dilm cua Chu tjch Hd Chi Minh, chung ta c d t h i thiy, VH l i toin bd nhflng gl eon ngfldi da sing tao VH trd gidi tfl nhifn thfl hai eon ngfldi tao CS d i u cd ngucri, quan he giiia ngfldi vdi ngfldi thi ddd ed VH Bin chatcua VH la cd tinh ngfldi va tinh xa hdi efla ngfldi VH l i mdtthye the song efla ngfldi Ngflcri ta cd t h i nhin thay, nghe thiy, sd thiy v i cim thay bing nhflng d c h khic ciia mot nen VH, mpt thdi dai VH, mpt g i i trj VH eon ngfldi tao Cd the ndi, ve b i n chat VH la the hien trinh dp phit trien efla eon ngfldL Chi ed eon ngfldi mdi cd d c quan hf VH Nam 2002, UNESCO dua djnh nghia v l VH nhfl sau: "VH dflpe hiiu nhfl la mdt tap hpp cfla nhiing die trflng ve t i m hdn, v i t chat tri thilc v i xflc d m cua mfit xa hfii hay mdt nhflm ngfldi x i hdi vl^ nd chiia dflng, ngoai v i n hpc v i nghe thuat d cich sdjig, phfldng thflc chung sfing, hf thdng gia trj, truyln thdng va dflc tin" [2] 2.2 Khdi niim vdn hoa nhd trudng 2.2.1 Vdn hda nhd trUdng Id gi? VHHY dfldc hinh thinh q u i trinh phat trien cfla nha trudng VHNT dflpc xay dyng vflng chic se trd thinh 'bflc binh phong' ngan chan d c t f nan xa hdi xim nhap vio nhi trfldng VHNT la mfii trfldng rat quan trpng d l rfn luyfn nhin each va giao due t h i hf trf trd thinh nhung ngudi sdng cd hoai bio, cd li tfldng tdt dep Vi thf, xiy dyng VHI\iT da trd v i n d l d p thift dfii vdi mfii nha trfldng Trong mdt td chfle ndi chung eung nhu mdt nha trfldng, VH ludn tdn tai mpi boat ddng td chfle Van de la eon ngfldi cd y thfle dflpe sy tdn tai efla nd de quan l i v i sfldung sflc manh cfla nd hay khdng Bin than VH rat da dang va phfle tap VH l i sfl giio hda, vun trdng nhan each ngudi, lim eho ngfldi va cudc sdng eon ngUdi trd nfn tdt dep hon Vdi each tifp can cd ban nhfl vay, cd t h i dfla khai nifm VHNT nhfl sau: VHNT II mpt dang VH td ehflc, la sy tong hdp d c gia trj, nilm tin, hiiu biet chuan myc cd b i n va hanh vi Cmg xfl dflpe cic thinh vien nhi trfldng cung chia se va tao nen bin sic cfla nha trUdng VHNT lien quan den toan bd ddi sdng vat chat tinh thin cua mfit nhi trfldng Nd bleu hien trUde h i t tam nhin, sfl mang, triet li, myc tieu, cie gia trj, phong d c h linh dao, quin li b i u khdng tam li; t h i hien thinh hf thdng cic chuan mfle, eac gia tri, nilm tin, quy tae flng xfl dfloc xem la tdt dep va dflpc moi ngfldi nha trfldng chip nhan Can cfl theo hinh thflc bieu hifn thi VHNT gom khdng gian d n h quan nhi trUdng, Idgd, khau hieu, hanh vi giao tllp, nilm tin, cim xflc, thai dp VHNT ed vai trd quan trong, tie dpng manh me tdi chit Iflcmg giio dye Cd t h i coi VHhfT la ki nang sdng cfla hpc sinh (HS), giup HS thieh nghi vdi x i hdi, cd thf tu dilu ehinh minh phu hpp vdi hoan d n h , tifng xfl hdp le vdi cudc sdng xung quanh Trong moi nha trfldng, VH dupe xiy dyng trfn cic mdi quan he: Quan he giiia ngudi vcri thifn nhien, d n h quan; qiian he giiia eon ngflcri vdi eon ngudi (thay - thay, thiy - trd, thay - cha me hpc sinh, trd - trd) Trong do, quan hf thay - thay, thiy StilZ8-THi^NB5^1S-31 Q NGHIEN COU- Ifldng day va hpc; Khuyen khich ddi thoai, hpp tie vl trd cd vai trd quan trpng nhat Nhiing bilu hifn tieh eye cfla VHNT la: Tao dflng l i m vifc nhdm; chia sf kinh nghifm v l trao d^i chuyfn "biu quyen" cdi md, d i n chu, hpp tac tin cay va tdn mdn; Chia sf quyen lyc, trao quyin, khuyin khich tfnh lan nhau; Moi d n bd, giio vien deu bilt ro edng chju trich nhifm; Chia sf tam nhin; Nhi trUdng t h i hifn vile minh phii lim, hiiu ro trach nhifm, ludn cd -^ thflc sfl quan tam, cd mdi quan he hpp t i c chit chf, Ifii kio chia sf trach nhifm, tfch eye tham gta vao vife day v l edng dfing cflng tham gia giii quylt nhflng vin df cOa hpc Coi eon ngflcri, co vO sy no Iflc hoan thinh giio due Vai trd cCia hieu trudng trUdng trung hoc ea sd cfing vifc v i cdng nhin sfl thinh cfing cua mdi rigfldi; Nha trfldng cd nhflng ehuan mflc de ludn ludn d i tifn, p h i t trien van hoa nha trtfcfng Hifu trfldng trfldng trung hpc co sd ed vai trd quan vuon tdi; Sing tao va doi mdi; Khuyin khich giio vien cil t i l n phUdng phip ning eao chit lUdng day va hoc giao trpng phit trien VHNT Vai trd dflpc the hifn d vien dfloc khuyf n khieh tham gia ddng gdp yi kien nhflng cdng vife sau dly: d c boat ddng efla nha trfldng; Khuyin khich hop t i c 3.1 To chde xdy ddng ke hoaeh phdt triin vdn hda lam viec nhdm; Chia sf kmh nghifm va trao doi chuyfn nhd trudng mon; Xay dyng moi quan he flng xfl, tdn trpng, hieu biet Xly dyng k l hoach phit trien VHNT ddi hdi ngudi lan nhau, hoc hdi tan giiia thay v l trd hifu trfldng trfldng trung hpc cP sd phii xic dinh muc Khuyin khfch HS phit bilu, biy td quan diem d tifu, thilt lap chflong trinh hlnh dfing v i cic bflde di nhin, xay dflng moi quan hf flng xfl tfin trpng, hiiu bift ey t h i d l phat trlln VHNT Cd xay dyng dflpc kf hoach lan nhau, hoc hdi lan gifla thay v l trd; xay dyng v i phit trlln VHNT, ngfldi hieu trfldng md| chfl dfing thuc hifn ndi quy nhi trfldng, npi quy ldp hoc Nhflng t l chfle eic boat dfing, bd tri d c nguon lyc huy dfing bieu hifn tiiu cflc khdng linh manh (phi VH) nhi cac lyc Iflpng tham gia vao cfing t i c niy trfldng: Thilu sfl tfin trpng; sfl budc tdi, dd Idi cho nhau; 3.2 To chdt thue hiin cdng tdc phdt triin vdn hda su kiem soit qua chat ehf dinh m i t quyen tfl chfl cfla nhd trudng c i nhan; quan lifu, nguyfn t i c mpt cich may mdc; trich To ehflc thye hifn cdng tie phit triin VHNT ddi hfii mIng HS vi khdng ed sfl tiln bd; thilu sy ddng vien ngfldi hifu trfldng trfldng trung hpc ed sd phii lya chpn, khuyin khich; thilu sy cdi md, thilu sy tin cay; thieu sy sip xip, triin khai eic ndi dung, hoat ddng, cdng vifc • hpp t i c thieu sy chia sf hpc hdi Iln nhau; mau thuan phit triin VHNT mpt cich khoa hpc, theo dflng k l hoach ndi bfi da dflpc xic djnh Trong n h i trfldng trung hpc ca sd cd nhifu dfii VHrJT i n h hfldng trfle tifp d i n d c vifn nhi trfldng Ddi vdi giio vifn, VHNT cd t i c dpng tupng khic nhau, boat ddng theo nhQng deh thfle khic inh hudng khuyfn khich mfii quan hf hpp t i c chia sf Vi t h i , d n phai nam vung cieh thflc boat dfing kinh nghifm, hpc hdi lan Gilo vien cim thay tholi efla timg dfii tflpng de td chfle hc^ If hoat dfing phat mii de dang thio luin vf nhflng van d l khd khan m l trien VHNT efla hp Ngoii ra, tham gia vio sfl phit trien hp dang gap phii nhif chia sf kifn thflc v l kinh nghifm VHNT edn cd cie to ehflc lyc Iflong giao due khic nhu chuyfn mdn, trao doi phflong phip v i kT nang gilng day, gia dinh v i xa hfii Ngudi hifu trfldng trfldng trung hoc quan t i m dfn cdng vifc cua Giio vifn citng hpp CO sd phii ed bifn phap phoi hop d c tfi ehflc lyc lupng tic vdi llnh dao nhi trfldng di thflc hien muc tieu giao giio due niy nhlm tao sfl thfing nhit hinh dfing due da d l ra, tao biu khdng tin ely thuc dly giao phit trtln VHNT vien quan tam d i n chit Ifldng v i hieu qui giang day, Ngfldi hifu trfldng trfldng trung hpe cd sd cdn hpe tap Tao bau khfing cdi md, tin ciy, tdn trpng lan phii bift huy ddng d c nguon Iflc dim bio eho d c hoat nhau, tao ddng Ifle d l giio vien quan t i m d i tien nang ddng, cdng vifc phit trien VHNT dflpc trien khai ed kit cao chat lupng day v l hpe, d i thifn thinh tieh gilng day qiil Cle hoat dpng, cfing viee phat triin VHNT khfing v i hpe tap ciia trfldng Ddi vdi HS, VHNT cd t i c dpng tao t h i triin khai cd k i t q u i n l u thieu d e ngudn lye dim mfit bau khfing hpc t i p tich eye HS d m thay t y bio, bao gfim nhin lyc, vat lyc t i i lyc Cie ngufin lue niy tin, thoai mli, vui vf, ham hpc, dflpe thfla nhin, dflpc tdn thfldng khdng cd san m i phii buy dfing t f l d c don vj su trpng, d m thay minh ed g i i trj HS thiy rd trach nhifm nghifp, tfi chfle xa hfii, doan the, d c nhi hio tam, phu efla mlnh, tich eye khim phi va tich eye tflOng tac vdi huynti hoc sinh giao vien, nhdm ban HS no lUc dat thinh tieh hpc tap 3.3 Chl dgo cdng tdc phdt triin vdn hda nhd tdt nhat, tao mdi trUdng thin thifn an toin, edi md, trudng tdn trpng va chap nhin cic nhu d u va hoan d n h khac Chi dao cfing tie phit triin VHNT, ddi hdi ngflfli cOa HS hlfu trfldng trfldng trung hpc co sd phit thudng xuyfn Nhu vly, VHNT 11 mdt tap hpp cae g i i tri, nifm tin, theo dfii, dfin ddc d c bd phin, d nhan thflc hifn nhifm hifu biet chuan myc ed bin dUpc cic thinh vifn cting vu duoc giao theo dflng k l hoach Nhd the m i moi thieu chia se va tao nfn bin sic cCia nhi trfldng sdt q u i trinh to chfle boat dfing phit trlln VHNT 2.2.2 Nhdng biiu hien cua vdn hda nhd trUdng tieh dugc khic phuc, mpi khd khan dugc gill quylt cUc, Idnh mgnh Trong nhi trfldng cd nhieu hoat ddng, dd l i : Hoat Mdt VHNT tfch cflc lanh manh cd d e bilu hien ehfl dfing gilng day, hpc tap, sinh hoat t i p the, vin nghe ylu sau day: Bau khdng cdi md, d i n ehfl, hpp tic, tin the due - the thao; boat dfing xa hfii Cle boat dfing ely va tdn trpng lan nhau; Moi vifn dfu biet rd niy d i u tham gia vio phat trlln VHNT theo t h i manh cdng vifc minh phii lam, hieu rd trach nhifm, luon cd va die trung eua chflng \fif c ehi dao d c boat dfing niy y thfle ehta sf trach nhiem; Coi trpng ngfldi, eo vu d n phii dflflc d t h i hda cho phfl hpp vdi die trflng da sy no lye hoan thinh edng vifc v i cdng nhin sfl thinh tflng hoat ddng cung nhfl ydu d u phit trlln VHNT vl edng cfla moi ngudi; Nha trudng ed nhung chuan mfle de t h i , ngfldi hifu trfldng trfldng trung hpc cd sd d n phai ludn lufin d i tien, vuon tdi; Sing tao va doi mdi; Khuyfn (Xem tiip trang S3) khich giao vifn d i t i l n phuong phap, ning eao chit 32*KH0AHaC6lA0DI ... trfldng trfldng trung hpc co sd ed vai trd quan vuon tdi; Sing tao va doi mdi; Khuyin khich giio vien cil t i l n phUdng phip ning eao chit lUdng day va hoc giao trpng phit trien VHNT Vai trd dflpc... quylt nhflng vin df cOa hpc Coi eon ngflcri, co vO sy no Iflc hoan thinh giio due Vai trd cCia hieu trudng trUdng trung hoc ea sd cfing vifc v i cdng nhin sfl thinh cfing cua mdi rigfldi; Nha trfldng... thuan phit triin VHNT mpt cich khoa hpc, theo dflng k l hoach ndi bfi da dflpc xic djnh Trong n h i trfldng trung hpc ca sd cd nhifu dfii VHrJT i n h hfldng trfle tifp d i n d c vifn nhi trfldng