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N I N GliiO DUG TRUYEN THifNG TRUNG QUfo TRONG Rdilit e i u HUAHG T A CAN DAI H6A OAO DUY OAT Vien Nghien cdu Trung Qudc igi ngfldi d iu bil t , Trung Qufl''''c lfi mfit trong sfi" it quo''''c gia trfin thf[.]
N I N GliiO DUG TRUYEN THifNG TRUNG QUfo TRONG Rdilit e i u HUAHG T A CAN DAI H6A OAO DUY OAT Vien Nghien cdu Trung Qudc i gi ngfldi d i u bilt, Trung Qufl'c lfi mfit sfi" it quo'c gia trfin thfi' gifli tflng cfi nen vfin minh cfl' dgi rflc rd Trong s u i t mfi'y ngfin nfim lich sfl, trinh dg phat trien cua qufic gia nfiy vfi mgt vfii nfin van minh c l khac trfin t h i gifli - v l cd ban - lufin d vi tri dfin d i u Song, ke tfl cufii t h i ky XV, tinh hinh trfin b i t d i u thay dfi'i, d phUdng Tay quan hfi san xuat tfl ban chu nghia (TBCN) d i n hinh thfinh, khie'n nen kinh te' - xa hgi d moi nflflc phat t r i l n n h a n h chflng Khflng gifl'ng vdi phfldng Tfiy, tren que hfldng cua Bfl'n phat minh ldn, tinh hinh lgi hofin tofin trfii ngflde Do nhflng mfli quan he c h i sd hflu phong kifi'n ton tgi qua lau dai trfin cd sd nen kinh t l tfl nhifin - tfl cfi'p tfl tuc, sflc san xufi't bi rfing huge nghifim trgng Xa hgi Trung Qufi'c, vi vfiy, vfin d vao t r a n g thai dinh trfi, vfi cung Ige hfiu Du vi tri dfin d i u tflng "vang bflng" mgt thdi ky dfii da mfi't, nhflng ngfldi Trung Qufi'c, dfi'n tfin gifla the ky XIX vfin gifl thfii mifit thi, coi cac nflflc tfl ban Au - My nhU nhflng thugc quo'e "Di - Dich" qua khfl; 36 vfin flm fi'p mOng tudng "Thifin trilu thugng qufi'c", ao tudng cfi t h i dfing ehinh sfich dflng cuta d l tri mfit nflflc Trung Hoa "tfin thi^n tfin my" Chinh luc nfiy, vdi vu lfi thufic phi$n vfi dgi bfic, thflc dfin Anh da gfiy cugc chien t r a n h Thuoc phi§n l l n thii I (1840-1842), khi^n ehinh sach "dfing cfla" lflu dfii cua T r u n g Qufic bi dot phfi Xfi hfii phong k i l n T r u n g Qufi'c theo dfi cfi nhiing b i l n doi cfin ban, tfl mgt qufi'c gia phong ki^n cfi chii quyln din trd thfinh mgt nflflc nfla thufic dia, nt(a phong ki^n Tifi'p dfl, trflde sfl tan bao eua bgn xfim I f l ^ nflflc ngofii va aeh ap bflc bflc lot tfin khfic cua giai t i n g thong tri phong kifi'n, cuoc each mgng nfing dfin Thai Binh Thien Qufic (1851-1864) da bung no, khien vfldng t r i l u Thanh lung lay dfl dgi Trflflc mfiu thufin dan tgc va mfiu thufin giai cfi'p ngfiy cfing gay gfit (ngi flu ngogi hogn), dfi tri n i n thong tri phong kien vfi ehfi'ng lgi sU bfinh trflflng cua thflc dfin xfim Ifldc phfldng Tay, mfit bfi phfin q u a n lifiu, dia chu thflc thdi cfl thflc q u y l n giai ting thfi'ng tri T h a n h t r i l u da khdi xfldng NGHIEN CUfU TRUNG OUOC so 12(136) - 2012 Ndn gido dye truydn thdng Trung Qudc phong trfio "Tfl cfldng tan chinh", vfli hi vgng Trung Qufi'c se gifiu mgnh, thoat khoi nguy cd vong quo'c difit chung NhQng ngfldi chu trUdng "Tfln chinh" liic dfi dfldc ggi la "phai Dfldng Vu", vfi phong trfio tfl cfldng hg khdi xfldng chinh la "Phong trfio Dfldng Vu" (PTDV), hay cdn ggi lfi "Phong trfio D i n g Quang tfin ehinh", vi nfl dien dflfli hai trifi'u vua Dong Tri vfi Quang Tu Phong trfio nfiy dfldc trieu T h a n h tifi'n hfinh hdn 30 n a m (1861-1894), bao gom nhifi'u hoat dgng trfin cac linh vUc qufin sU, kinh te', van hfla gifio due cfl quan he mfit thifi't vdi chu nghia tfl ban''* Xuyfin sufl't Phong trfio Dfldng Vu, dfldi tfl tfldng chii dgo "Trung hgc vi t h i - Tay hge vi dung"*^', PTDV dfi sflc hien dgi hfla qufl'c phdng, kinh t l , van hfla giao due t r u y i n thfl'ng, mfi hofin toan khong d l cap tdi linh vflc ehinh tri, the che vfin hfla TBCN phfldng Tay Du vfiy, PTDV da thich flng (mgt each khfing tfl giac) vdi trao lflu phfit trifin cua lieh sfl n h a n logi, bdi vay, cfl thfi coi PTDV lfi giai dogn khdi dau cua ti^n trinh cfin dai hfia T r u n g Qufi'c Cu thfi hdn, nhfl Giao sfl Ly Thdi Nhae da khang dinh: " N l u khflng cfl sfl de xfldng vfi sfl kinh doanh tich cflc ciia phai Dfldng Vu thi d nflflc Trung Hoa c6 l i khflng biet bao nhieu nfim nfla mfli xufi't hifin eflng nghifip k h a i khofing cfin dai, dien tin, giao thfing cfin dgi, giao due khoa hge ky thufit cfin dai"*^' bfii v i i t nfiy, ehung tfii se tim hieu nhflng bfldc dot p h a vao n i n gifio due truyfi'n thfi'ng T r u n g Quo'c PTDV NGHIEN ciiu TRUNG QUOC so' 12(136} - 2012 tren hai vfin d l cd ban lfi vi$c thfinh lfip nhflng hgc dfldng k i l u mfli, va vific e^ hgc sinh nUde ngofii hgc tfip I THANH L A P N H O N G HOC Dl/dNG Sau cuflc chifi'n tranh Thuo'e phifin (1842 vfi 1860), CNTB phfldng Tfly xflm nhfip Trung Quo'c, ngUdi Trung Qufi'c lfip tflc y thflc dfl(?c "Bifi'n cue ngfin nam chfla tflng cfl" dfi d i n vdi dfi't nflde hg Kfi't cfi'u ehinh tri - xa hgi phong kiln truyin thfi'ng hi phfi vd N i n giao due truyin thfi'ng theo dfl cung phai trai qua nhflng bie'n dfi'i ve ehfi't - tfl ngi dung dfi'n hinh thfle - de dap flng doi hdi cua thdi dgi Trflflc PTDV, chfi' dfl gifio due truyin thfi'ng eua Trung Qufl'c - v l can ban - lfi che tfl thuc De'n thdi Thanh, gifio due tfl thuc tfldng dfii phat trien,vfli hai hinh thflc chu yfi'u la: 1/ Nhflng gia dinh kha gia mdi t h i y giao tdi nha day em hg, ggi la "Gifio qufin" hofic 'Tog quan"; 2/ Nhieu t h i y giao tfl xfiy ldp hgc tgi gia d l dgy hge sinh, ggi lfi "Gia thuc" hoac 'Tfl thuc" Phfldng phap day eua t h i y lfi b i t hoc tro thufic long, du tro cfi hifiu hay khfing Ngi dung giang dgy thi b i t d i u tfl Tam tu kinh, Thiintu vdn, roi hgc va dgc d i n d i n Td thU Ngu kinh de thflng h i l u 'Dgo Thanh hiln" Nfli ehung, dfl lfi khufin mfiu day vfi hgc t i n tgi sufi't hdn 2000 n a m xa hgi Trung Qufl'c Muc dich hgc eua hg lfi de di thi Thi dfl thi lfim quan, "ea ho dUde nhd" Ngi dung hge vfi muc dich hgc nhU trfin da hinh thfinh nen c h i dfl n h a n tai "tam vi nhfi't t h i " (bao g I m c h i dfi giao due, e h l khoa cii vfi che quan lgi) ton tgi sufi't 37 DAO DUY BAT nhilu t h i ky d Trung Qufi'c Theo dfl, tifiu chuin cfin ban dl dfio tgo, dl bgt nhfin tfii qua gifio due, khoa c\t hofin tofin khfing phai lfi nfing It^c thflc t l ciia cfi nhfln nhlm giai quylt mflt vfi'n dl cy thi mfit linh vflc cu thi nfio dfl, mfi lfi trinh dfl l;y giai kinh diln Nho gia D^c bifit, sau hai Iricu Minh • Thanh (1368 - 1911) quy dinh diing thi vfin Bat cfi''^' dl tuyin chgn hiln tfii thi ehe dfi giao due vfi chi d§ khoa ctt truyin thfirig d Trung Qufi'c da din bi xfii mfin, ngfiy cfing mfi't di 1^ ton tgi LUdng Khai Sieu (1873-1929) • nhfi tfl tfldng l6i lac thdi cfin dai, ngfldi tflng dfl^c dfio luygn ky cfing chfi'n "C^a Khfl'ng san Trinh", nhflng sau nfiy da thfing thin cho rfing, chfi' khoa eii rfing bufic bfing loi van Bat co chi efl the tgo nhflng fing quan "Hoc nhflng dieu se khflng dung, vfi lfim nhflng dilu khflng dflde hge" (Hgc phi sd dung, dung phi sd hge)'^* Ting ldp tri thflc dfldc dfio tao chi giao due dfi, phin ldn lfi nhflng ngfldi rfi't thilu hilu bifi't thflc te', nhfi't la tren linh vflc khoa hgc tfl nhien Sau xfi hfli Trung Qufi'c bflflc vfio thdi cfin dgi, so sanh vfli nen KHKT tien tifi'n cua cac cfldng qufi'c phUdng Tfiy du nhfip Trung Qufi'c, ngfldi ta bit diu nhfin thfi'y sfl khae biet qufi Ifln gifla hai ehe' dfi gifio due Trung - Tfly, Dfic bifit, sau PTDV ddi, du la tren linh vflc tifi'p nhfin thiet hi may mfic phfldng Tfly de xfly dflng nin cong nghiep qufi'c phong hay d vific hgc tflp kinh nghifim quan li tien tiln cua nflflc ngofii nhfim thfinh lfip nhflng xi nghiep dan dung, phfii Dfldng Vu da cam nhfin thfit sau sfic mfit dilu; 38 mgi linh vflc, Trung Qufi'c qufi thili thfl'n chuyfin gia phyc vy myc tifiu "ti, cfldng", d$c bi0t nghifim lfi Trun| Qufi'c liic nfiy hlu nhfl khfing cfl ngfld am hilu ngfin ngii phfldng Tfiy Nfli mfit cfich khfii qufit, vfin hfia Trung Qufic dfi'n luc nfiy da vfi cflng bat nhfl(3c trflde thach thflc crua nin vfin hfia phfldng Tfiy tfl ban Bdi, vfin minh "Tfij di" efl nhflng d§c ehfi't c§n dgi, khfing gitfng vfi hdn hfin nin vfin minh cua nhflng dfln tfic thilu sfi" d xung quanh Trung Qufic qufi khfl Trung Qufic - vi vfiy -, khfing thi dong hfla, thfim ehi khfing cfi kha nfing chi di dfii phfi vfli chung Sau cufic Chil^n tranh Thufic phifin lln I, quan h$ gifla Trung Qufic vfli nUdc ngofii tren eac phfldng di§n qufin sfl, chinh tri, kinh tfi', ngogi giao trilu dinh Thanh cam th^y vfi cung bSi rfii khfing cfl dgi ngii phien dieh cfl kha nang giao tiep vdi hg de thfldng Ifldng, dfim phan hay !en an, phan dSi, v.v Khi phai Dfldng Vu chii trfldng "Clu cfldng", vfi'n dl phifin dich vfin cflc ki nan giai Vfi'n tfl vflng KHKT cac nhfi may qufi'c phong hay tren bfin dfim phan ngogi giao rfi rfing lfi khfing thi hgc bilt dUi?c qua Ifil giao tifi'p thfing thfldng Tuy nhifin, vi tinh thfi' qua bflc bach, phfii Dfldng Vu bugc phai mdi nhflng thfing ngon khfing ehuyen, tflng cfl qua trinh giao ti^p vfli ngfldi nflflc ngofii dl lam nhifim vu phifin dich Nhflng ngfldi chu y^u lfim vi§c tgi cac hifiu bufin eua ngfldi nflflc ngofii d Quang Chfiu (Stt goi lfi Thgp tam hdng hofic DUdng hod hdng, Ngogi DUdng hdngY^, dia vi xfi hfli thip kfim, cfi ngfldi lfi dfln lang thang vfi ngh^ NGHIEN CUU TRUNG QU6C s o ' ( ) - I » | Ndn glAo due truydn thong Trung Qudc nghiep, \d cufic sfi'ng khfi'n khfi phai lfim eon sen dfla d cho ngfldi nflde ngofii Cling cfl mgt sfi' ngfldi lfi thfldng nhfin, ehuyen bufin bfin vdi ngfldi nflflc ngofii tai cae cang khfiu tfl sau chifi'n t r a n h Thufic phifin l l n L Vi khflng dUdc hgc tfip mfit cfich cfl he thfi'ng, trinh dfi ngoai ngfl cua hg nfli chung chi d mflc giao tifi'p thfing thfldng h a n g ngfiy, vfin tfl thi lom bom Ldp tfl vflng cfi tinh chuyfin nghifip mfi hg kha thfinh thgo chi lfi ten cfie mfit hang, gia ea va Ifli nfli chd bua Bdi vfiy, sfl dung nhflng ngfldi nfiy lfim phien dich hogt dgng ngogi giao hay trao dfi'i bufin bfin, phai Dfldng Vu dfldng nhifin se phai chiu nhflng thifit thoi khfing thfi ludng dfldc Trflde tinh hinh trfin, t r i l u Thanh va phai Dfldng Vu d i u cam tha'y v^n de dfio tgo, boi dflflng dgi ngu phifin dieh mgt cfich bai ban la viec lfim vfi Cling cfi'p bfich, khfing the tri hoan Vfiy lfi, tfl dau nhflng n a m 60 cua t h i ki XK, phai Dfldng Vu bfit dau xuc tien nhflng hogt dgng cfi tinh dot phfi linh vflc giao due Trflde h i t , tgi Bfie Kinh, Thfldng Hai vfi Quang Chau, hg lln Ifldt thfinh lfip cae Bong vdn qudn nhflng Hge dfldng ngoai ngfl d i u tifin d Trung Qufi'c Thflng qua viee sang lfip cac hoe dfldng kieu mdi, phai Dfldng Vu hi vgng se md r a dfldng tfit hfldng sang Tay hgc, nhfim hieu biet vfi n a m vflng nhflng mfin hgc each tri eua phfldng Tay dl phue vu PTDV, thiie d l y sfl nghiep tu efldng eua d i t nflflc Theo thfi'ng kfi, hdn 30 n a m , ke tfl n a m 1862, Dieh Hfin t h a n h lfip Kinh sU ddng vdn qudn din nfim 1894, Hgc dUdng Hdi qudn Yen Bdi dfldc sfing lfip, phfii Dfldng NGHIEN Clhl TRUNG QUOC so 12(136) - 2012 Vu dfi I|ip 22 hgc dfldng k i l u mfli, dfi cfl trfldng chuyfin dfio tgo ngoai ngfl; 11 trfldng chuyen giang dgy v l cfing trinh, c h i tgo vii khi, lai tfiu; trfldng dfio tgo difin bao vifin, vfi mflt trfldng dfio tgo luc qufin, eflng nhan khai khoang, qufin y'^\ Cung vdi sU phfit triln cua PTDV, tac dung vfi vai trd eua dfii ngu ehuyen gia dUde dfio tgo tgi eae hgc dfldng trfin ngfiy cfing dfldc khang dinh Nfi'u khfing cfi sfl no lflc ciia hg, PTDV se khflng cfl f nghia can dgi hda, vk tfi't nhifin, ciing khfing t h i cfl tfic dung to ldn dfi'i vfli sU phfit t r i l n cua xa hoi Trung Qufl'c sau nfiy Xfit tfl y nghia dfl, hg chinh la nhflng ngfldi di d i u phong trao can dai hofi Trung Qufi'c Sau dfiy, xin dfldc gifli thifiu Hgc dudng Ngogi ngd Bac Kinh (Kinh sfl d i n g vfin quan) - mgt hge dfldng kieu mdi cfin dgi hfia d i u tien phfii DUdng Vu sfing lfip, md d i u cho ne'n vfin hfla gifio due d Trung Qufi'c thdi can dai Sau Trung Qufi'c bugc phai md cda, mgt sfi' ngfldi phai Dfldng Vu tiing tifi'p xuc vdi ngfldi nflflc ngofii nhfin thfi'y, viee dao tao dgi ngu phien dieh la v l n d l bflc thifi't, toi quan trgng Nfim Hfim Phong thfl 11 (1861), Dich Hfin bfin dfing sd len t r i l u dinh, de xufi't lfip Hgc dudng Ngogi ngd Bac Kink Lue dfl, Hfim Phong dang lanh ngn tgi Nhifit Hfi; sau eung cfie vfldng cfing dai t h i n thao lufin kifi'n nghi trfin, vua Hfim Phong lfip tflc ehuan y ban sfl cua Dich Hfln Song d Trung Qufl'c dUdng thdi, thfinh lfip hgc dfldng Ngoai ngfl lfi vific hfi't sflc mfli me, ra't it ngfldi ung hfi Them vfio dfl, dieu khie'n phai Dfldng Vu 39 DAO DUY DAT cam thfi'y hfi't sflc gay ctfn lfi vfi'n dl gifio vifin Do nguIn giao vifin nflflc khfing efl, phfii Dfldng Vy bufic phai mdi ngfldi nflde ngofii Lfi'y tfl cfich TSng li cdc qud'c sU uu nha mdn (ggi tfit lfi Tdng ly nha mdnY^\ hg nhd cflng sfl cfic nflde tgi Trung Qufl'c gidi thi^u cho nhflng ngudi cfl kha nfing giang dgy Phin Ifln sfl' ngUdi dfl^c gidi thi^u diu lfi nhflng gifio si din Trung Hoa truyin dgo, chfing hgn nhfl Bfio Nhi Dfing (ngfldi Anh), Tfl Mfic Linh (ngfldi Phap) Tuy Tdng li nha mdn khflng th§t thoa man vfi yfin tfim mdi cae gifio sT giang dgy, song vi tinh thi bit bugc mfi hg dfinh nhfin nhugng Xufi't phat tfl mue dich dfio tgo nhfin tfii vi tfldng lai dfl't nflflc, dong thdi vdi vific tra Ifldng cao cho cac gifio si nflde ngofii dfldc mdi giang day, Tdng li nha mdn da dfla nhflng yeu clu cy thi vdi hg, hi vgng cac giao si giang dgy theo dung ngi dung phia Trung Quo'c yfiu clu, khfing the bie'n hgc dudng thfinh giao dfldng, vfi cfing khfing thi bien hgc sinh trd thfinh nhflng gifio Vl nguon hgc sinh, dang sfl xin lfip Hgc dudng Ngogi ngit Bac Kinh, nhflm Dich Han ehu trfldng se tuyfin chgn nhflng thieu nien dfldi 14 tufi'i, "cfi tfl ehfi't thfing minh" so'eon em Bat ky Song, bflflc vfio tuyen chgn, tinh hinh lai hofin tofin khfing thufin l^i nhfl hg vfin nghi Tfim li e nggi "ngfldi Tfiy" eua cac b^c phu huynh, dfic bifit lfi tien dl cua eon em hg trfldng cfin chfla ro khifi'n hg khflng mufi'n cho em minh nhfip trfldng hgc tieng nflflc ngofii Bdi vfiy, eflng viec tuyin chgn hoc sinh ciia phai Dfldng Vy khfi la vfi't va Sau 40 hdn nam, dfi'n ngiy 11-7-1862, tracing mai tuyfe duijc 10 hoc sinh ngUcli Man Hgc dudng Ngoai ngS Bac Kinh chfnh thflc dilijc th&nh l^ip Th&ng 8-1862, nh6m Dich Hfin sojn thao Chuang trinh Hoc ditbng Ngoai nga {DSng van quin chilong trinh) N?i dung cua Chuang trinh, ngoii nhflng quy dinh v^ tUdng lai cua hoc sinh sau tracing, c6n c6 nhiJng quy ch^ cu thi vi chfi d0 thi cii, thucing phat, dai ngS dfii v6i hoc ainh Theo d6, mSi nam hoc sinh c6 hinh thflc kilm tra (hing thang, hSng qu^ vi cufii nim) Sau nam hoc, Tong ll nha mdn se dflng to' chflc ki thi tot nghi$p, phin loai hoc sinh Doi v6i hpc sinh loai flu, theo thfl tU se dfldc trao chflc quan tfl thi't ph^m den cijIu ph^m; dfii v6i hoc sinh qua kfim ho§c k^m cfi thi bi dufi'i hoac cho phSp lflu ban Dang ti&: li, che' thflcing phjit, dai ngo niy bi dfl Iuin rong rai phan dm manh me mot di't nu6c mi ke si theo doi khoa cfl vdi muc dich lim quan thi ti't phai liu thong kinh sfl, gioi vin hay thd da trS thinh quan nifim truyin thfing CO hiiu xa hfii, da mic nhien dflijc ngUcli deli cho 14 duang chinh tho'ng (chinh dfi), cao quy ban hit thay moi nghe (Van ban giai ph^m, hflu doc thfl cao) m i phai Dfldng Vu lai dam cong khai coi vific hoc tilng Tay ngang bing v6i nfii dung hoc truyin thong, hdn nfla, \^i dfloc hfldng chi dfi dai ngfi nhfl nhau, tU qua li sfl phjin thfldng doi vfii ti6~n nhan vfty! Thi la, til kinh dfi'n cac tinh, nhilu si dai phu tU coi minh xuit thfin tfl dfldng chinh thfing (chinh xuit than) bfin tu tfip NGHliN Cliu TRUNG QUtfC so' 12(136) -2012 Nen giao due truyen thong Trung Qudc bfin tan, gfli kie'n nghi phan doi, thfim ehl eo ngfldi khfing nggi dflng ca nhflng ldi bia dfit vfi cfin cfl d l me hofic, kich dgng mgi ngfldi t i y ehay viec mdi eae giao si nflde ngofii giang dgy tgi eac hge dfldng, qua dfl, chi trich Dich Hfin va phfii Dfldng Vu: "Quy ke' vfi'n da doan (chi Dich Han), sai tifiu trieu dinh (ehi Tdng li nha mdn) lfip Dong vfin quan, quan cd chang lo xa, dy hgc tro ton ngUdi Tfiy lam thly"'^' Nhflng ldi dem pha, cfing kich k i l u dfl dfi anh hfldng tieu cflc de'n tinh tich cflc vfla dfldc nhen len ciia nhflng hgc sinh eae hge dfldng kilu mfli, dong thdi cung gfiy khflng it kho khan eho phfii Dfldng Vu, hg tfl' chflc chieu sinh vfio cac khoa Thien vfin, Tofin hoc sau thuyen, neu khfing don sflc hge nhflng vfi'n de cfin ban thi se chfing efl ich gi eho thflc dung"'"" Sau dfl, flng thinh clu trifi'u dinh cho phfip thfinh lfip khoa Thifin vfin vfi Toan hgc Hgc dudng Ngogi ngd Bac Kinh Vfli vi thfi khuynh dao thifin hg (Dich Hfin lfi chu rufit vua Dong Tri); ldi le giai thieh, thuylt minh eiia fing ta lgi cfl cfin efl, trifi'u dinh Thanh nhanh chflng phe chuin kie'n nghi cua Dich Han, dong thdi cfl Tfl K l Xa - mgt ngfldi tfii eao hge rfing - lfim dgi t h i n , quan li Hgc dUdng Ngogi ngd Bac Kinh vfi to' chflc chieu sinh vfio eac bg mfin khoa hgc cd ban Cung nhfl thfinh lfip trfldng Ngoai ngfl, vific t u y i n sinh vfio khoa Thien van vfi Tofin hge eiing khong h i thufin ldi Do phai ngoan efl' bao thii cong kieh, so' ngfldi dfl thi ra't it Theo ghi ehep mgt sfi' tfii lieu, co tfi't ea 98 ngUdi ghi tfin du thi, nhflng sau dfl chi cdn 72 ngfldi tham gia thi tuyen, vfi nhflng ngfldi nfiy eiing khfing phai hofin toan de'u la nhflng thifi'u nien "cfi tU ehfi't thfing minh" mfi Dich Hfin ki vgng Dgng cd vao trUdng eua phan ldn thi sinh chi lfi nhflng ehinh sach flu dai eua Tdng li nha mdn doi vdi hge sinh, eon v l thflc ehfi't, nfing lflc cua hg lfi he't sflc binh thfldng Du sao, cfl vfin hdn khfing Trong 72 ngfldi dfl thi, Tfl K l Xa chgn dflde 30 ngfldi, nhflng den cum khofi hge, ehi cfl ngUdi tfi't nghiep; so' eon lgi deu hi loai qufi trinh hgc tfip Tuy nhifin, hien thfle khflng cho phep phai Dfldng Vy lui bflflc nfin eufii cung, Hgc dudng Ngogi ngd Bdc Kink dfi ddi D i u tien n h a trfldng thfinh lfip khoa Anh vfin, sau dfl la khoa Phfip vfin va Nga van Moi khoa cfl 10 hge sinh; Giao vifin giang dgy Cfing sfl cac nflde Anh - Phap - Nga tgi Trung Quo'c gifli thieu Sau dfl, theo Dich Hfin, de phyc vu PTDV ma chi dfio tgo dgi ngii phien dich lfi hofin tofin khflng du Can phai lfip nhiing khoa giang day eac bp mfin khoa hge ed ban, dfio tgo nhflng hge sinh khong chi gioi ngogi ngfl mfi cdn nam dU(3e KHKT tien tie'n ciia phUdng Tay Thang 12-1866, Dieh Han lai dang sfl len vua Dong Tri, trinh bfiy: "Ngfldi Tay che tgo mfiy moc, hoa va tfiu chien, t i t ca dfi'u tfl thien van, toan hge Hifin nay, cae ndi nhfl Thfldng Hai, Chilt Giang dang rfi't c i n cae loai tau NGHIEN CUIU TRUNG QUOC so' 12(136) - 2012 Nam 1869, mgt gifio si ngfldi My William Alexander Parsons Martin (1827-1916) - dfldc trie'u dinh Thanh cfl gifl chfle Tfi'ng giao tap (phu trach — DAO DUY DAT chUdng trinh giang dgy chung) cua Hgc dudng Ngogi ngS Bdc Kinh Martin da gifl chflc vy nfiy sufi't 25 nfim (1869-1894)"" Dfldi sU ehii Lri cua fing ta, nfim 1872, Hgc dUdng Ngogi ngd Bdc Kinh tifi'n hfinh cai tiln chi dfi hgc t^p, chia h§ nfim va he nam, gifio trinh hge hing nfim ciia mfii hp dfl^c sogn chu dfio Tfl nhflng gifio trinh giang dgy nfiy, cfl thi thfi'y ngi dung hgc tfip chu ylu cua hge einh lfi cfic mfin KHKT, dfl, efl cfic chuyfin ngfinh cd ban nhfl tofin hgc, v4t li, hofi hgc, cflng trinh, lufit qufic tl' , hofin tofin phfl h^p vdi dfing cd hgc cac mfin hoc "thflc dyng" eua phfii Dfldng Vy, ciing lfi cho dfla eho nilm hi vgng tfl cfldng ciia ho Do cfl' gfing cua tfi't ca efie bfin lifin quan, tinh hinh day vfi hgc cua Hgc dUdng Ngogi ngd Bac Kinh - ke tfl Martin chu tri - dfi thay dii vl cfin ban Sau trfldng, Tong li nha mdn can cfl vfio thfinh tich hgc tfip cua hgc sinh vfi chuyfin ngfinh dUdc dfio tao, can nhic sfl dyng ho Trong so' dfi, cfi ngUdi lfim phifin dich ngdgi giao; cfl ngfldi lfim Tong lanh sfl ho^c cfing sfl d nflflc ngofii; cfi ngfldi nhfin mgt chfle vu nfio dfl mfit nhfi mfiy, xi nghiep hofic tong eye phai Dfldng Vu thfinh lfip; cfi ngfldi giang dgy cac hgc dfldng kilu mfli; mflt sfi" ngfldi thi dfldc trilu Thanh trao cho chfle quan nhd, phy trfich mfit cfing viee nfio dfi phu hdp vfli sd hgc vfi kha nang cua mdi ngfldi Vdi vfi'n kiln thfle tieh luy dfldc thdi gian hgc tfip khfing phai lfi ngfin, sau trfldng, d nhflng cfldng vi khfic nhau, chinh ho lfi nhflng ngfldi cfl cfing diu, gflp phin quan 42 trgng khai sfing xfi hfii Trung Qufi'c niia cufii t h i ki XIX Trong thdi gian Bifi'n phap Mfiu Tult, thfing 7-1898, chinh phu Thanh thfinh l$p Kinh aU Bgi hgc dUdng, phfii Tfin Gia Dinh phy trfich Vdi tfl cfich lfi mgt nhflng t^ ehflc thflc hi0n sfl nghidp "Tfin chinh" cua phfii Duy Tan, tfin chi cua trudng lfi "gifio dye nhfin tfii, chu trgng din nhflng vfin de thflc t ^ , vfi dU dinh l$p 10 khoa, nhfl cflng hgc, thfldng hgc, nfing hoc "' Sau Biln phap M§u Tutft thfi't bgi, cac chi si Duy Tfin bi bflc hgi, mgi chii trfldng dii mfli, tiln bo cua trudng bi d^p bd Den nfim 1900, trilu Thanh sfip nhfip Hgc dudng Ngogi ngu! Bdc Kinh vfio Kinh sU Bgi hoc dudng Ke tfl dfi, Hgc dudng Ngogi ngS Bac Kinh (Kinh sfl ding vfin quan) bi giai thi Sau Cach mang Tan H^, Kink sU dgi hgc dUdng doi tfin thfinh trfldng Bgi hgc Bac Kinh • trfldng Dai hgc Ifln vfi cfl uy tin nhtft d Trung Qufic hien II cir HOC SINK RA NUOC NGOAI HOC T^V Cflng vdi sfl phat trien eiia PTDV, nhflng hilu bifi't vl KHKT phfldng Tay eua phai Dfldng Vy ngfiy cfing da dgng, ho hilu rfing dfl chinh lfi nhflng thanli tflu cua mfit nin vfin hofi tifin tien hdn, ngfldi Trung Qufi'c cin phai bat chflflc, hgc t^p Nhflng hgc dfldng Ngogi ngii phai Dfldng Vy thfinh ISip lfi mgt nhflng bi$n phap nhfim tifi'p nhfin KHKT phfldng Tfiy, vfi qua thflc, thfing qua nhflng hgc dfldng kilu mfli nfiy, van minh phfldng Tay - trfin ting difin v^t ehfi't - da khfing ngOfng dfldc gifli thifiu NGHIlN Cliu TRUNG QUUC so 12(136) -2012 Ndn gi^o due truydn thdng Trung Qudc vfio Trung Qufi'c Song, vfli tfl'c phfit triln cua KHKT, bien phfip trfin edn t i n tai kha n h i l u hgn chfi'; ro nhfi't lfi cae hge dfldng nfiy ehu ye'u chi dao tao ngogi ngfl, khfing di sfiu giang dgy nhflng mfin hge efich tri, dfin d i n tinh trgng lfi d Trung Qufi'c dfldng thdi, "Vific chfi' tao hoan toan phai dfla vfio sfl chi d i n cua ngfldi nflflc ngoai (Ldi Trinh Quan flng) De thUe sfl nfim dfl^c cot I5i ciia KHKT phfldng Tay, phyc vu mye dieh tfl cfldng, da dfi'n luc phai Dfldng Vy nghi tfli viec c\i ngfldi Trung Qufl'c du hgc nflde ngofii Song, cfl ngfldi di du hgc lfi vfi'n de hofin toan mfli me d Trung Qufl'c dfldng thdi Mufi'n thflc hifin dfldc, tl^t phai cfi nhflng ngfldi quyen t h i khdi xfldng Dfi'n d i u nhflng nfim 70 eua thi" ky 19, cung vdi nhfin thflc s a u hdn v l phfldng Tfiy eua Tang Qufi'c Phien, Ly Hong Chfldng'"* thi cd hgi du hgc nflde ngofii cua hge sinh Trung Quo'e mdi b i t d i u chin muoi Lue nay, Ly Hong Chfldng nhfin tha'y, each hgc cua ngfldi phfldng Tfiy lfi r ^ t coi trgng thflc te; bfi't lufin la ai, lfim nghe gi Cling phai vfio trfldng hgc d l hieu ro cfii ly (nguyfin ly) eua mfin hgc, sau dfl ban than thflc hfinh, doi chilu gifla ly t h u y l t va thflc tifin Nhfl vfiy, ngfldi hge mfli efl t h i hieu dflde KHKT phfldng Tfiy mgt each sau sfic, bao quat Dac bifit lfi, ke tfl sau nxia cufli t h i ki XIX, vdi tfl'c dfi phfit triln cfing n h a n h chfing cua KHKT thi dfldng du hgc cua hgc sinh Trung Quo'e cang trd nen tS^t ylu X u l t phat tfl yeu cau ehu quan va hoan canh khach quan dfi, n a m 1879, Ly Hong Chfldng dfing len trifi'u dinh Bdn DU thdo viic tuyin hgc sinh du hgc (Nghi t u y i n t\l dfi xult dfldng hoc nghfi chilt), chii trfldng NGHIEN CUU TRUNG QUOC so 12(136) - 2012 — chgn nhflng thie'u nifin tufi'i tfl 15 nflde ngofii hge tfip thdi h a n 15 nam Sau 15 nfim, v l nflflc, hg se trd thfinh nhflng eflng dfin thflng minh, tri tufi, efl kha nfing phyc vy dfi't nflflc tot n h i t Ve tifiu c h u i n t u y i n hgc sinh, Ly Hong Chfldng chu trfldng chgn nhflng thilu nifin thfing minh cfl chi, ehfi't phfic thfit thfi, dam dflt bd ganh nang gia dinh, tranh canh phon hoa Chi cfi nhfl vfiy, hg mdi cfi t h i "yen tfim hoc tfip ndi dfi't khfich qufi ngfldi" (Phfldng nfing vien du di quoc, an tfim hgc tfip)"** Ve vfi'n de kinh phi, viee gfli hge sinh du hge ddi hdi sfl' t i l n rfi't Ifln X u l t phat tfl hofin canh vfi ldi ieh thfle te cua dfi't nflde, Ly Hong Chfldng chgn bifin phap d i u tfl theo tflng ddt, hdn nfla, mfii nam lgi ehl cfl 30 hgc sinh du hge Nhfl vay, tie'n d i u tfl mfli n a m se lfi 60.000 Igng bae Dfi'i vfli mot qufi'c gia, day khflng phai la viec khfi Va lai, cfl theo k l hoach dfio tao dfl, nfim qua n a m khac thi sau mfi'y chyc nam, Trung Qufi'c se efl mgt dgi ngu chuyfin gia h l u h i t cfic ngfinh, lgi khac phyc dflde vfi'n d l kinh phi eo hep Vdi sfl de xfldng tieh cflc cua Tfing Quoc Phien vfi Ly Hong Chfldng, nfim 1872, t r i l u Thanh chinh thflc chd phfip tfi'p hgc sinh d i u tifin sang My lflu hge, bat d i u md r a dfldng du hge nflde ngoai cua ngfldi Trung QuQ'e Song, difiu ma phai Dfldng Vy khfing t h i ngd tfli la: Chinh tfl phong trfio du hgc nay, tfldng lai g i n , mflt dgi ngu tri thfle kifiu mfli xufi't hien d Trung Qufi'c se gflp p h i n chfin vui ch^ dfi phong kifi'n mfi hg dang sflc tri, bao ve DAO DUY DAT Trfin thye tc trflflc hf Hong Chfldng dang trieu dinh Bdn DU thdo vi^c tuyi'n hgc sink du hgc thi vfio nfim 1862, Djch Han da cfl chu trUdng nfiy Tuy nhifin luc dfl vi^c tim ngfldi phy traeh, quan h' Iflu hgc sinh h i t sflc khfl khfin, kc'hoach trOii ciia Djeh Hfin dfinh phai gfic Igi Dc Ifim tfl't cfing tfic quan II lflu hge sinh, phai lfi ngfldi th.-io ngfln ngfl vfin ty run nflde