Tap chi KHOA HQC DHSP TPHCM NguySn Th''''f Thu Hien NANG CAO CHAT LlTgfNG DAY HQC BAI KHAI QUAT VAN HQC d TRUNG HQC PH6 THONG BANG CACH XAY DV''''NG H$ TH6NG CAU HOI NGUYEN TH| THU HIEN'''' T6M TAT Xdy di^ng h[.]
Tap chi KHOA HQC DHSP TPHCM NguySn Th'f Thu Hien NANG CAO CHAT LlTgfNG DAY HQC BAI KHAI QUAT VAN HQC d TRUNG HQC P H THONG BANG CACH XAY DV'NG H$ T H N G CAU HOI NGUYEN TH| THU HIEN' T6M TAT Xdy di^ng he thdng cdu hdi dgy hpc Id mpt bi^n phdp quan trpng ddi vdi vi^e ndng cap chdt lupfng dgy cda gido vien va chdt lup^ng hpe eua hpe sinh Bdi viit di cgp din CO sd xdy dung h^ thdng edu hdi hudng ddn hpe sinh chudn bf bdi khdi qudt vdn hpc a Irung hpc thong (THPT) Id: Cdu hoi phdi dua tren muc tieu bdi hpc edu hdi dua tren su doi mdi phuang phdp dgy hpe, edu hdi bdm sdt Ipgi bdi hpe, cdu hoi bdm sdt timg budc bdi hpe Tu khda: xay dung h? thong cau hoi, bai khdi qudt vdn hpe, ngu van ABSTRACT Improving high school's teaching quality in Literature generalization lessons by designing a system of questions Designing the system of questions in teaching is an important approach lo improve teacher's teaching quality and students' learning quality The article discusses the basis to design the system of guiding questions for students to prepare for literature generalization lessons in high schools, that is: The questions must be based on the lesson 's aims and the renewal of leaching methods They also follow the lesson's main points and steps Keywords: desigbing question system, literature generalization lessons, literature Ddt van de Trong su nghiep ddi mdi giao due vd ddo tao, he thdng edu hdl ngdy eang dupe quan tdm nhieu ban qud trinh day hpe He thdng edu hdi dupe su dung ed hieu qua chinh la mdt bien phdp quan trpng viee ndng eao ehdt lupng day va hpc Ddp ling eau hdl tren, pham vi bai viet ndy, chiing tdi dua can cii xdy dung he thdng edu hdi chudn bi bai cho bdi khai qudt giai doan van hpc Co nhieu edn eii de xay dung he thong edu hoi chudn bi cho bai khdi qudt ThS, Trudng THPT Tmng V u c n g , huyen v a n Lam tinh Hung Y6n giai doan vdn hpc, nhu: theo khdu, theo giai do^n ciia bdi hpc, theo ddc diem bdi hpe, mon hpc, theo ndi dung can hdi, theo muc dich, ehiic nang Co sd xay dung he thong cau hoi chuan bj d nha cho bai khai qudt van hpc d THPT 2.1 H$ thong eau hdi phdi dua tren muc tieu bdi hpe Xdy dyng he thong cau hoi chudn bi bdi khdi qudt giai doan van hpc can edn eii vdo mue tieu ciia bdi vdn hpc sii ndi chung va mue tieu ciia bai khdi qudt giai doan van hpe ndi rieng Han nua, muc tieu ciia mdi bai khdi qudt giai doan van hpe sii khde ehiing ta cd the xay 5? Tsip chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM dyng hf th6ng cdu hdi khde phii hpp vdi myc dich ydu cdu ciia bdi hpc, Bdi TSng quan nin vdn hgc Vlft Nam qua cic thdi kl Ijch sir nhdm gidp hpc sinh (HS) n h ^ thirc dupc nft \(m cua nin vdn hpc Vift Nam vi ba phuong difn: cdc b0 phjin, cdc thdnh phdn, cdc thdi ki phdt triin vd m$t s6 nil djc sdc truyin th6ng eiia vdn hpc ddn tpc TrSn CO sd dd, HS cd thi vdn dyng tri thirc tim biiu vd hf thong hda nhthig tde phdm s5 hpc vi vdn hpc Vift Nam Vdi myc dich can djt dd, ehiing ta co thi dtta hf thong cdu hdi chudn bj bdi, nhu: Hdy cho biet nen Vdn hpe Vift Nam gdm nhihig bp phfn vd thdnh phan ndo? Chung ed vj tri nhu the ndo qud trinh phdt uien eiia vdn hpe dan tpe? - Ljch su Vdn hpc Vift Nam phdt trien qua ba thdi ki Dya vdo nhihig tdc pham vdn hpc dd hpc d trung hpc ca sd, hay chpn cho mdi thdi ki mpt so tdc phdm tieu bieu: thdi trung d^i (tde phdm chir Han, chQ Ndm), thdi ki tir dau the ki XX din cdeh m ^ g thdng Tdm ndm 1945 thdi ki cdch m ^ g thdng Tdm dcii het thi ki XX (tdc phdm thupc giai d o ^ 1945 1975, tdc phdm thupc giai do?n tir sau 1975) Xay dyng hf thdng cdu hdi chudn bj bai eho HS khdng the khdng bdm sat vdo myc tieu ciia mdn hpc vd myc dich cua bdi hpc, bdi khdng cd myc tieu xac djnh thi dii phucmg phdp tdt din mdy "mui ten phuang phdp sS bay vd hudng khdng gian" 2.2 Hf thong cau hdi phai dua tren sif 58 SS 39 ndm 2012 dSl m&l phuang phdp dgy hpc Ddp img yfu cdu bdc xuc ciia xd h$i vi dii mdi gido dye ph6 thdng, chiin lupc phdt triin gido dye 2001 - 2010 ciia Ddng dd ddt vdn di: "Doi mdi vd hifn djii hda phuong phdp gido dye Chuyin tir truyin d?t tri thue thy ddng Thay gidng Trd ghi sang hudng dan ngudi dpe ehi d0ng tu qud trinh tiip c ^ tri thde, d^y cho ngudi hpc phuong phdp ty hpe, ty thu nhjn thdng tin mpt cdch cd hf th6ng, cd tu phdn tich, t6ng hpp, phdt triin ndng lyc eiia moi cd nhan, tdng cudng tinh chu dpng, tinh tieh eye chii dpng cho HS qud trinh hpc tap" Phucmg phdp d?y hpc mdi gpi la phuang phdp d?y hpc tich cyc Day la phuang phdp phdt huy tinh tich cyc, chu dpng sdng t?o eila ngudi hpc Phuong phdp tich cyc xem vifc rdn luyfn phuong phdp hpe t?p cho HS khdng chi Id mpt bifn phdp nang cao hifu qua d^y hpc ma cdn Id myc tieu d?y hpe Vdi hf thdng cdu hdi s o ^ bdi kien thue md edc em thu dupe se bdng eon dudng ty khdm phd nen vthig chdc nhdt ddng tin cdy nhdt De cd dupc dieu nay, gid \'an nhdt thiet phdi la mpt quy trinh dupc thiet ke bdng mpt he thdng nhihig thao tac vd bif n phdp Dien gidng Id phucmg phdp bien hifn day hpc vdn hpc sd Phucmg phdp giup tiet kifm thdi gian, cd kha ndng trinh bay kien thue mpt cdch hf thdng, kit hpp dupe tinh logic, chdn thyc vd sinh ddng Phuang phdp ddt cdu hdi cd su tac ddng din boat ddng quan sat vd tu ddc lap cua HS bdng cae cau hdi vi vSn Tap chl KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM hpc sii HS se phdi phdn tich, so sdnh cdc hien tupng vd cdc nhdn djnh ndy Tren ca sd do, gido vien (GV) dan ddt HS din cdc k^t ludn cdn ed Phuang phdp d$t cau hdi CO the v^n dyng cho ed bdi hpe ho$c mpt phdn bai Cde cau hdi thdo lu$n can dupc HS chuan bj trudc Vi du: Ddnh gia ve vdn hpc Idng m^n giai do?in 1930 - 1945, GV cd thi xdy dvmg eau hdi neu van de nhdm phdt huy khd ndng tranh ludn, each suy nghT dpe lap eiia HS Chdng h ^ : "Co nen doi lap chu nghTa lang mgn vd chu nghia hi^n thue vdn hpc? Chung eo gi khde nhau? " Khi day bai khai qudt giai doan van hpe, GV can sii dyng phu'cng phdp nghien ciru Nhung bi?n phap thupc phuang phdp nghien ciiu bao gom viec neu van de de phdi hop each phan tich vd tdng hop de tai khac hodc trao ddi dam thoai co tinh chat nghien curu De giiip HS quen vdi phucmg phdp nghien ciiu, GV edn cung cap trudc cho HS he thdng cdu hdi chudn bj bdi, cho HS thu thdp tai lieu, van lieu Trong gid hpe sau do, GV se hudng dan, de xuat chii de hpc tap vd nghien ciiu cho budi hpe ed tinh ehat thao ludn Nhd cd phuang phap nghien eiiu md HS cd khd nang tu phat hien ludn diem Ngodi phuang phdp dien gidng, phucmg phdp dat edu hdi, phuang phdp nghien ciiu day hpc bai van hpc sii, GV CO the van dung them edc phuang phdp khac nhu tran thuat va kl chuyfn CO nghe thuat, bdi khdng cd phuang Nguyin Thf Thu Hiin phdp ndo Id t6i uu Gido vien cd the trdn thu^t theo sdch gido khoa ho$c ke ed ngh^ thu^t \k ljch sir thdi dgi, ve cu^c song nhd vdn, vi SV ddi ciia tde ph4m, ve cot truy?n tdc phim, vi mpt sy kien vdn hda ngh? thu^t cd liSn quan den tac pham Phuang phdp ndy dung vdo vi$c trinh bdy logic boi ednh, tiiu sii tdc gid, ket cau tdc pham de di den ket lugn vdn hpe sii can thiet cho bdi gidng 2.3 H^ thong cau hoi phdi bdm sdt logi bdi hgc Cdu hdi vdn hpc sii ed the ed ede dang sau day: (i) Cdu hdi phdt hi^n lu^n diem (ludn diem chim hay y then chdt cua bdi vdn hpc sii): Vidu: Nen van hpc Viet Nam qua cac thdi ki lich su dupe eau lao bdi nhiing bp phan vd thdnh phan ndo? Chiing eo vi tri nhu the nao qud trinh phdt trien eiia vdn hpc ddn tpc? Nhijng net ddc sdc truyen thdng vdn hpc Viet Nam la gi? (ii) Cau hoi phdn tieh - khdi qudt vdn hgc sir: Vidu: - Phdn tieh mdt sd edc tac pham sau day de chiing minh cho mpt net dac sdc truyen thong cua van hpe Viet Nam: Thdnh Giong, Thgch Sanh, Binh NgO dgi cdo, Truyen Kieu, Cdnh khuya, Lang, Ben que Tai cd the ndi vdn hpe dan gian la bp "sach gido khoa vi eupe sdng"? (Hi) Cdu hoi so sdnh - khdi qudt ddng 59 Tsp chl KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM dgi: Nhihig diim khde gitta hai bp phfn vdn hpc hpp phdp vd vdn hpc bdt hpp phdp Id gl? (vi d$i ngQ nhd vdn, hodn ednh sdng tdc, tinh chdt, vj tri, ddng gdp doi vdi Ijch su vdn hpc vi tu tudng vd nghf thudt) ? (iv) Cdu hdi lien kit - khdi qudt ljch dgi: VI dv: Tho hifn dfli khde tho trung dfii nhu the ndo vi ludt tho? Vi cdi tdi tha? Vi tha hifn dai cd nhieu phdt hifn mdi ve the gidi? Dan chimg? Tieu thuyit hifn dgi khde tieu thuyet vd truyfn tho Ndm nhu thi ndo (vi bo cyc, di tdi, nhdn vpt, td cdnh, td tinh, kit cdu)? Neu ddn chimg vd phdn tich ey the? (v) Cau hdi tranh lugn vi m^t nhgn dinh, mgt tulifu: Vi du: Ljch su vdn hpc viet Vift Nam phdt trien qua ba thdi ki Dya vdo nhimg tde phdm dd hpc d trung hpc co sd, hdy chpn cho mdi thdi ki mpt sd tdc phdm tieu bieu: thdi trung dpi (tdc phdm chir Hdn, chir Ndm); thdi ki tir ddu thi ki XX den cdch mang thdng Tdm 1945; thdi ki tir cdch mang thdng Tam din hit the ki XX (tde phdm thupe giai do?n 1945 1975, tdc pham thupc giai dopn sau 1975)? 2.4 Hf thong cau hdi phdi bdm sal lung budc bdi hgc 2.4.1 Buac I: Tim hieu chung (cdu trite bdi hgc) • Cau hdi ve kit cau, bo cgc: Cdu hdi vi kit cdu, bd cyc giup HS 60 S8 39 ndm 2UI2 cd cdi nhin khdi qudt vi todn bp vdn bdn, cung Id cdch giiip cdc em phdt hifn lujn diim Day Id budc ddu tien cua bdi hpc, ddt cdu hdi ndy GV cd thi kiem tra xem HS cd so?n bdi hay khdng vd mire dp dpe hiiu vdn bdn cua HS nhu thi nao Vidg: Cd thi khdi qudt nhu thi ndo vi nin vdn hpc Vift Nam? Bdi Tdng quan nen vdn hpc Vift Nam qua cae thdi ki Ijch sii gom mdy phan? Neu ten vd myc dich timg phdn? - Ljch sii vdn hpc viit Vift Nam cd the phan ehia lam may thdi ki Idn? D$c diem npi dung \ a hinh thue moi thdi ki? * Cdu hdi tdm tdt bdi hgc: Doi vdi bdi khdi qudt giai d o ^ ndo chiing ta cung cd the ddt cdu hdi tdm tdt bdi hpc, nhu dpe kT vd lap dan y cho bai hpc Lopi cdu hdi mang tinh chdt tdm tdt vdn bdn giup cdc em cd cdi nhin toan difn vi* vdn bdn, cung la budc ddu ndm dupc npi dung bai hpc mpt each khai qudt nhdt * Cdu hdi khdi quit lugn diem: Vidu: Not ddc sdc truyen thdng cua vdn hpe Vift Nam Id gi? Neu luan diem va phdn tich mpt sd tdc phdm hodc hinh tupng vdn hpc da dupc hpc THCS de minh hog Thdi ki vdn hpe tu dau the ki XX den cdch mang thdng Tdm 1945 cd mdy ddc diem ea ban? Dd la nhtmg ddc diem gi? 2.4.2 Suae 2: Dgc hieu * Cau hdi tdi hien kiin thiic bai hgc: Tgp Gill KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Trong bai vdn hpc sii, khdi qudt giai doan vdn hpc chiia nhieu kien thiic dung lupng bai viet khd Idn Bdi vgy tu khdu chuan bj bdi d nhd GV c4n dua nhung eau hdi mang tinh chat tdi hi?n kien thiie de hpc sinh ndm vihig yeu cau bdi hpc Tuy nhien lo^i edu hdi ndy tien hanh d^iy tren ldp, GV nen ySu cau HS tdi hi?n mpt cdch nhanh chdng va khai qudt nhdt Vi dy: Cd mdy bp phdn cdu tao nen vdn hpc Vi?t Nam? Dd Id bp ph$n ndo? Vdn hpe ddn gian Id gi? Cd phdi chi cd Viet Nam mdi ed vdn hpe ddn gian? Vi tri, ddc diem ndi bat va gid tri ciia vdn hpc ddn gian? Cde the loai ehii yeu? * Cdu hdi ve moi Hen hf logic kien thde: Kien thire bdi vdn hpe sOr kha Idn, tir khau chudn bi bai d nhd GV cung cdn dua nhimg edu hdi ve mdi lien he kien thiic de cde em nam vimg bai hpe han Vi du: Hay dua mdt sd trudng hpp Nguyen Du van dyng sdng tao cac thdnh ngir, tuc ngir Truyen Kiiu? Nhimg tuong meo md gd dong Lieu md cao ehgy xa bay Kien mieng chen co bo di ddu CUng lieu nhdm mdt dua chdn Ddu trdu mat ngua do nhu sdi Mat eua muap ddng doi ben mpt phuang * Cdu hoi liin h^ ^dng dai, Tieh dgi: Di hiiu sdu sdc hon ddc diem van hpe cua mpt thdi ki lich sii, GV can dua cdu hdi lien he ddng dai, lich dai Day Nguyin Thj Thu Hiin Id cdu hdi mang dje trung eiia kieu bdi vdn hpe sir, khdi qudt giai doan vdn hpc Vi du: - Tha hi?n dgi khde tha trung dgi nhu the ndo ve lugt tho? Ve "edi loi*' tha? Vi tho hi?n dgi ed nhiiu phdt hi?n mdi vi thi gidi? Dan chimg? Tiiu thuyet hi?n dgi khde tieu thuyit vd truy?n tha Norn nhu thi nao (ve bo cyc, de tai, nhdn vgt, td cdnh, td tinh, ket cau)? Neu dan chimg vd phdn tich cy the? 2.4 Biide 3' Phdn tich, khdm phd Sau budc tim hieu ehung va budc dpe hieu, GV hudng dan HS phdn tich, khdm phd Cdu hdi phdn kha phong phu song GV nen dua nhung cau hdi neu vd gidi quyet van de, nhu: Vdn hpc dan gian la vdn hpc ciia qudn ehiing lao dpng, anh (chi) hieu ludn diem tren theo ede ldp nghia ndo? 4 Budc 4: Cung cp Ddy la budc cudi cimg ciia bdi hpc Sau hudng ddn HS phdn tich, kham pha, GV hudng dan HS ciing ed bdi hpe thdng qua cae cdu hoi lien he, khdi qudt ndng cao Vi dy: Ddnh gid chung ve nen van hpc Viet Nam qua cde thdi ki ljch sii? Vdn hpe Viet Nam qua trinh ljch sir ludn gdn bo chat ehe vdi van menh ddt nude, nhan ddn va than phan ngudi Dd la qua trinh ngdy eang dupc dan ehii hoa, hien dai hda, ludn giu gin, phat huy ban sac rieng cua dan tde Kit luan Xdy dung he thdng edu hoi chudn bi T?p chl KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM bdi qud trinh d?y vdn hpc sit, khdi qudt giai do^in vdn hpe dya tren co sd thyc te vd khoa hpc nhu tren, song ngudi GV dp dyng hf thong cau hdi ndy d?y hpe cdn tuan theo nhthig nguyen tdc sau: Qudn trif quan diim So 39 ndm 21112 v^t bifn chimg vd vdt ljch sir; ket hpp tinh khoa hpc vd tinh dan tpc; quan hf logic, bifn chimg gitta tri thirc khai qudt vd tri thirc cy thi; kit hpp phucmg phap logic vd phuang phdp ljch sir vifc linh hpi tri thirc ' Bdo Oiio diic Thiri dji s6 25, ng^y 26-3-2002 TAI llf.U THAM KHAO Nguyen Quang Cuong (2000), Hf thong cdu hdl sdch gido khoa bgc trung hgc phd Ihdngphdn Idc phdm vdn hgc Vift Nam, Ludn dn tien sT khoa hpc Tran Dinh Chung (2007), Hf thdng cdu hdi dgc - hieu vdn bdn, Nxb Gido dye Nguyen Viit Chir (1995), "Sue manh eua cdu hdi gid gidng vdn ', Kiyeu hgi Ihdo khoa hgc "Ddi mdi phuang phdp dgy hgc Vdn Irung hgc phd thdng " tai Trudng Dai hpc Su pham Hd Npi Nguyen Trpng Hoan (2001), Ren luyfn tir sdng tgo Irong dgy hgc Idc phdm vdn chuang, Nxb Gido dye Nguyen Trpng Hoan (2003), "Mpt so van de dpe hieu vdn ban nglJ vdn", Tgp chl Gido due, (56) Nguyen Thanh Hung (2000), "Day dpe hieu la t^o nen tang van hda cho ngucri dpe", Hgi thdo khoa hoc chuang Irinh vd sdch gido khoa Ihl diem Nguyen Thanh Hiing (2002) Dgc vd tiep nhgn vdn chirang Nxb Gido dye (Ngdy Tda so^n nh0n duvc bir 12-5-2012 ngdy phin bi^n dinh gii 12-6-2012 ngiy chip nhin ding 30-7-2012) I III C TR.\\(; NANG 1.1, ( BOI NCI GL^M THI , (Tiep theo trang 56) TAI UV.V TH.\M KllAO Hoang Anh, Vu Kim Thanh (1995), Giao tiip ung xu su phgm, Nxb Gido due Ha Ndi Ngd Dinh Qua (2005), Phuang phdp nghien ciru khoa hgc gido due, Nxb Dai hpc Su pham TPHCM Duong Thieu Tdng (2002), Phirang phdp nghien ciru khoa hoc gido due vd tdm li, Nxb Dai hpc Qudc gia TPHCM (Ngiy Tda so^n nhin duvc bir 28-3-2012 ngiy phin bi$n dinh gii 29-4-2012, ngiy chip nhin ding- 27-8-2012) 62 ... trien qua ba thdi ki Dya vdo nhihig tdc pham vdn hpc dd hpc d trung hpc ca sd, hay chpn cho mdi thdi ki mpt so tdc phdm tieu bieu: thdi trung d^i (tde phdm chir Han, chQ Ndm), thdi ki tir dau the... phdt trien qua ba thdi ki Dya vdo nhimg tde phdm dd hpc d trung hpc co sd, hdy chpn cho mdi thdi ki mpt sd tdc phdm tieu bieu: thdi trung dpi (tdc phdm chir Hdn, chir Ndm); thdi ki tir ddu thi... lich dai Day Nguyin Thj Thu Hiin Id cdu hdi mang dje trung eiia kieu bdi vdn hpe sir, khdi qudt giai doan vdn hpc Vi du: - Tha hi?n dgi khde tha trung dgi nhu the ndo ve lugt tho? Ve "edi loi*'' tha?