DatfvoHoc s(51 2013 De xuat mo hlnh nha trifcfng giao due nghe nghiep of Viet Nam trong qua trinli hpi nhap quoc te TliS DO THfi'''' Hl/NG, ThS NGUYEN T H £ '''' DAN Trufing Dgi hpe SPKT HUng Yfin Hg thong[.]
DatfvoHoc s(51-2013 De xuat mo hlnh nha trifcfng giao due nghe nghiep of Viet Nam qua trinli hpi nhap quoc te TliS DO THfi' Hl/NG, ThS NGUYEN T H £ ' DAN Trufing Dgi hpe SPKT HUng Yfin Hg thong gifio dye nghe nghifip (GDNN) cfi vei tro die bifit qugn trpng Ireng phfit Inen nguon nhin lyc phye vy sy nghigp cfing nghifip hfia, hifln dai hfia cQa dal nUfie Phan Ifin lao dflng qua dfio tgo dupc truflng IQ cic nha trufing GDNN Chua nio he thdng GDNN fi nufie tg lgi efi quy mfi Ifin nhu hifin Tuy nhifln, chat lupng dio tao, sy da dgng ciia cic logi hinh Irufing vfi dfic bigl Ifi vifie dfip Qng nhu eiu cQa xa hfli eie n h i IrUfing GDNN bfie Ifi nhilu bit cip Mfi hlnh nfio cho efie nhfi trufing GDNN fl Vifit Ngm Irong qufi trlnh hfli nhip quoc tl'? Dfi la van d l can dUpc quan tfim giii quylt xu t h l doi mfii cin ban, loin difin nen gifio dye nufic la NhiJng bd't cap md hlnh nha trircrng GDNN it Vigt Nam hien Vfii lilp can mfi hlnh n h i trUfing GDNN theo ehQc ning, nhifim vy vfi t l ehQc, IQ dfi Ifim ro v l mfi hlnh to chQe, mfi hlnh dio tgo, mfi hlnh dau tu tai ehinh, mfi hlnh lien k l l doanh nghigp, mfi hlnh lign kit Ihi irufing lao dfing, mfl hlnh lign thfing khu vyc gifio due nghe nghiep vfii khu vyc giio dye han lim, mfi hinh quan II chit lupng nhfi Irufing v.v„, chQng tfli nhfin thiy: 1.1 Cie IrUflng Trung ea'p chuyfin nghigp (TCCN), Tmng elp nghi (TCN), eao ding nghi (CDN) d i u cfi mfi hlnh lo chQc, mfi hlnh diu tu l i i chinh, mfl hinh lien kel thi trufing lao dfing tuong dUdng nhau, hogt dpng theo nhQng quy dmh dilu lg nhfi trufing vfi cfic quy dinh khic ciia n h i nufie nhung tin tgi nhijing y l u td khfing hifiu qua hoie ehua ehu trpng dfi'n viflc dip Qng nhu eau x i hfii - Co elu t l ChQc ciia eic nha trufing GDNN gIm efi [3], a) Hfli dong trUfing (doi vfii trUfing efing lip), Hfli dong qufin In (dli vfii trufing tu thyc), b) Higu tn/6ng vfi c i c phfi higu trufing; e) Cfic hfii ding t u v l n higu truflng thinh lip; d) Cie phfing ChQe nfing; d) Cfio khoa, t l bfi mfin; e) Cfic Ifip hoc; f) Cic CO sfi phyc vy dfio Igo, nghifin eQu khoa hpe; g) T l ChQc Dfing Cfing sfin Vifit Nam, h) Cac dofin thl vfi id ehUe x i hfli, Dfl'i vfii cic Irufing TCN, CDN cfi quy dinh them mfil thinh td nQa l i cic dOn vi sin xuat, doanh nghigp (neu cfi) Trfln ed sfi mfi hlnh ed eau to chQe ehung nhU vfiy, vio dilu kign Ihyc tiln m i quy mfi cua mfi hlnh cfi thl chia nhfi hofic gfip lgi theo chQe nfing, nhigm vy cy thl dupc cic nhi IrQfing i p dyng cho phu hpp Dieu dfi Igo dupc sy phii Inln bin vQng Irong dilu kign thyc t i n cua Vifit Nam hifin Tuy nhien, Irong dg s l cfic trufing GDNN, Hfii dfing trufing hogl dfing khfing hifiu qui, ehl mang tinh hlnh IhQe v i chUg phfit huy dUde vai lffi ty chu cua mflt cd sfi gtao dye • Mfi hinh dau IU tai ehinh dupc Ihyc hifin Iheo quy djnh tgi Nght dmh sd 43/2006yND-CP ngiy 25 thing nam 2006 eua Chinh phu quy dmh quyin ly ehu, ty chiu Irich nhiflm v l thyc hten nhiem vy, td chQc bo miy, bifln che v i tfit chinh ddi vfii ddn vi sy nghigp cfing lip v i cic quy djnh hign hanh cua nhi nufic, TrUfing lU thyc thyc hien viec quin li tii ehinh theo quy dmh tgi Nghi dmh sd 53/2006/ND-CP ngfiy 25 Ihing nim 2006 eiia Chfnh phfi v l ehlnh sfich khuyin khich phit Iriln efie Cd sfi cung Qng d|ch vy ngoii cfing lfip Cac nha IrUfing diu xiy dpng quy ehl chi liflu nfli bfl, nhung chinh sich thu hut dau tu v i tri cfing eho dfii ngO ein bfi, vifln ehQc vin chUa thyc sy thuc dly chat lupng dfio tgo Ihue hfinh v i khieh Ifl sy sing lao, nhifit huylt eua dfii ngu, ehil y l u van mang tinh chat khuyin khich giang dgy truyln Ihdng hoic IhQc dly vtfle efi bing d p eao d l dupe chi t r i lUOng cao hon, MSt khic, viec diu tu chua trpng dilm, mang tinh dfin trii v i thilu chiln lupe da dan tfii khfi cfi mflt mfi hlnh chit lupng eao Irong dao tgg nghi fl Vifil Nam • Vifle lign kit thl Irufing lao dfing vfi lifin k l l doanh nghifip Irong nhQng nfim gan dfiy dupc cie nhfi trufing Ihuc dly mgnh me hdn thfing qua eic hogt dflng td ehdc hfli chp viflc lim, thye tfip doanh nghifip, hpp tic dfio tgo Qua khio sit v i S6 1-2013 Ifim vifie tryc tig'p vdi 10 trufing TCN, CDN, TCCN eho thay, khflng eo sy khfic biet dae IrUng cua eic loai hinh trUdng dfi v l mfi hinh lifln k i t thi Irufing lao dfing vfi doanh nghiep Sy Ihue diy mgnh me c i c lifin k i t dfi la tQy thuoc vao chinh sich Uu lien quan 11 v i su ning dong ciia eae trUdng, eung lpi t h l v l truyen Ihdng, ehat lupng, dfic IhQ ve ngfinh nghe, vi Iri dia 11 mflt sd IrQfing da hlnh efie bp phfin quan he vfii doanh nghigp, thi trufing lao dpng, nhOng IrUfing khic Igi thUe hign chQe ning dfi thfing qua eic ddn vj dao tgo va long ghep cic hoat dfing dio tao Tuy nhien sU lien kel hien ehua efi higu qua cao, viec dfing gop y kiln phan hdi ve xfiy dyng ehuong trinh dao Igo de nha trufing eo sp dieu chinh ehe phu hpp vfii ygu cau Ihyc l l ciia doanh nghiep van chua duoe sy ehu trgng, qugn lfim eua doanh nghiep; viflc khao s i t nhu eau nhan lye eiia doanh nghigp chua Ihuc sU chinh xie, viee cung cap nhQng Ihfing tin dao lao v i nhu cau sQ dyng lao dfing phdi hpp chua thuc sy lot d i n den linh trang viee dio tao vin chua that sy bim sit vio nhu eau thUc te ciia doanh nghiep [7} Mit khic, ehUa efi ed che, ehinh sach cung nhu ring buoc ddi vfii dgy nghe trgng viee dau tU, lien ke'l dao Igg nghe Dieu niy chg Ihay chua cfi mfit mo hinh lien kit doanh nghiep v i thj Irufing lao dfing cung nhQ tu van, ho tro ngUfii hgc mflt eieh ehinh thQc v i thyc sU hieu q u i fi cap trufing v i toin he tho'ng GDNN Muc tteu gtio due eiia he thdng giao due chuyen nghiep v i dgy nghe l i khac biel nhung nha trufing va xa hoi ehUa xae dmh dupc ehuan dao lao va vtec lam phu hdp v6i nhQng mue tteu dfi, gay su ehong cheo, rudm ra, phQc tap, lang phi quan li, dao tgo va sQ dung nhan lUc Cu the la - Myc lieu giac dye TCCN "nham dio lao ngUfii lao dfing CO kiln thQc, kTnang thyc hanh co ban cua mot nghe, co k h i nang lam viee doe lap va cfi tinh sang tgo, Qng dyng cflng nghg vio cong vtec", efin "dgy nghe nhim dao lao nhfin lUe kT thuit tryc tie'p san xual, dich vy cfi ning lUc Ihyc hanh nghe tUdng xQng vfii Irlnh dfi dao Igo" [2] Nhung Ihyc l l , nhQng trufing dio lao cic trinh dfi TCCN, TCN, CDN Ihi rat khfi lach bgch cic myc lieu dfi qua trlnh dio lao ciia mlnh, die bifll la giQa cao ding (CD) vfii CDN hoic TCCN vfit TCN, dan den khfi dinh gia dupe sy khic btet ve nang lyc dau cua nguoi hoc fi cic loai hinh dao tao dfi Mit khac, thi Irufing lao dfing vfi doanh nghiep cung khong cfi sy phan biel dii ngfi cung nhu vi In lam viee Iheo logi hinh dao tao TCCN hay day nghe (khong phan biet la TCCN hay TCN; CD hay CDN), ma nha luyen dyng se xuat phat IQ yeu cau cua vt tri cong viec de tuyln ngufii cfi trinh dfi dio Igo v i kTnang lay nghe phu hop - Trong thyc te, xa hfii r i l can nhin lye qua dao tgo nghe fl mQc Ihgo kT ning nghe ehuyen mon nhat dinh VI vay dfio tgo TCCN hifln ngy cung Iheo xu hufing tang cufing kT ning Ihyc hanh cho ngufii hge TI le Ihfii lupng dinh ehe thUc hinh, thuc tfip khoi kien IhQc giio due chuyen nghiep eua ehuong Irinh dao Igo TCCN fi cie trufing la IQ 50% 75% Tl le cae chUdng trinh dio tao do'i vfii he TCN ehilm 65% - 85% vfi 65% - 80% ddi vfii he CON Viy Ihi lgi lgi phii dfit rg cie hfl TCCN, TCN m i mye liflu cQa chUdng Irlnh dfio tgo hufing ldi d i u Ifi dao Igo ngUfii hge thfinh thgo kT nfing nghe nghigp chuygn mfin phye vy nhu eau nhin lye ciia xa hfii Mit khie, c i c doanh nghiep Ihufing DaUynl^ tuyen nhufng ngudi cfi trinh dp dgi hpc vfio cac vi tri lao ddng gian Hep (vl sd ngufii tdt nghiSp dai hpc bfiy gifi khfing cfin hiem), lgi se tuyen nhilu vao vi tri lao dfing Iryc tilp, nfln ngufli hpc fl trinh dfi TCCN, thfim chf CO cQng se dupe luyin dyng vfio lao dpng true t i p nhU nhQng ngufli t i l nghigp TCN, CDN quen thufic - Mfic dil eac IrUflng TCCN, TCN, CDN Ihude hfi dio tgo khic (chuyen nghiep va dgy nghi) vfli dilu lg hogt dong cfi phan khfie TCCN dao tgo nhfin lye efi Irinh 66 kie'n thdc, kT nang eo ban ciia mfil nghe, TCN d i o Igo nhfin lpe kT thufit tryc tilp san xuit, djch vy Irinh dp tnjng d p nghi, so d p nghe; CDN dao tgo nhin lye kTthufil tn/c tiep s i n xual, djch vy fl cfic Irinh dfl CD nghi, trung cip nghi v i sd cap nghe NhQng thQc te, cae trufing TCCN van tuyen sinh dao tgo eac trlnh dp sd d p nghe, trung cip nghe, cae IrUflng OD (thuflc giao dye dgi hpc) v i n tuyln sinh dio tag CDN, TCN, sd cap nghi Dieu eho thiy sy tin tgi bietiap giQa efie loai hlnh IrQfing TCCN vfi TCN, CD vfi CDN l i rQfim ra, phQe tap, thieu linh thing nhal, Ifing phidiulUvi keo Iheo mot logt he luy tim kiem nhQng khie biet khfing can thie't v l ehUOng Irinh, ehuan dio Igo, chuin nghi nghiep, chuan ehal lupng, hfi tho'ng quan l i - Thtlu eie chuan dfio tao dupc xiy dyng mfit each hfl thdng, die biet cae ehuan Irlnh dp dio tgo, chuan dau ra, chuan ehUdng trlnh dad tgo 1.3 Mfi hinh lien thong glQg efie Irlnh dfl dio tao hfi tho'ng GDNN v i hen thflng giOa he thdng GDNN vfii hg thing giao dye han l i m chua dim bfio chll lupng vfi thilu Ifnh hfi thdng - Hpc sinh tdt nghtep TCCN, TCN cfi t h l lien thdng Ign trlnh CD, dai hgc ciing hfi thdng V l m i l logic thi dteu dfi rat hop If v i eo Ipi eho ngufii hpc de khflng ngQng ning cao trlnh dio tgo Nhilu trufing TCCN va dgy nghe eung dya vao tinh lien thfing Irong dao Igo d l thu hut ngUfii hpc tham gia Tuy nhien, cung chlnh vl cii logic hlnh thQc ly cung vfii viee quan li Ihieu chit che v i t i m II sinh bang elp cua xa hpi da tgo rg lo hong v l c h l l lupng vfi hifin lupng don toa Irong dao tgo bic cao Hpc sinh cfi trlnh dfi dau vfio thap (khfing Ihi dgt hpe, CD) dupc xet luyen gin nhU khfing hgn che vao cie trufing TCCN, TCN, CDN, roi cQ hpe lifin Ihfing dan se cfi the dgt tien sT nhu nhQng ngUfii cfi trlnh dp diu vao cao (dd dgt eao Irong kl thi dgi hpe) Trong xu the hign nay, ngufii hoc chUg thye sU yfin tfim vfli eai bang TCCN, TCN, CDN vi khfi tlm vifie l i m cQng vfii viec mfl cda lifin Ihong giio dye dai hpe Ihi hien tupng ddn toa fl cfic Irufing dai hoc (dao tao lien Ihfing l i chy ylu) se khfi Irinh khoi - Mfil van de nQa dfit l i chua he efi sQ lien Ihfing giOa dgy nghi (TCN, CDN) vdi giio dye chuygn nghifip {TCCN, CD) m i Igi cfi lien thong giQa dgy nghe vfii gifio dye hfin lim (Dai hgc trfl len) Do lai l i dieu rat thilu logic 1.4 Md hinh q u i n If n h i nUdc v i q u i n U chat lU^ng n h i trufing hp thdng GDNN cung bj chdng clieo - Quan li nha nufie chong eheo, co cau hg thdhg gifio dye phQe lgp, thilu tinh hfii nhap Phin luong, lien thflng cfin ehua Inel d l Sd hpe sinh tdl nghifip THCS vfio hpe TCCN cfi ehieu hufing gifim nfim hpc qua {nam 2011 gifim Irfin 4.000 em so vfii nfim 2009) [8} • Cfi hai bp tifiu ehuin dfinh g i i chit lupng nhfi truflng DiyvaWcsdi GDNN, mpl bp dung cho trUfing TCCN Bfl GD&DT ban hfinh, mfit bp dung cho cac trUdng TCN, CDN Bo LDTB&XH ban hinh, do, mfi hlnh to chdc, mfi hinh diu tu lfii chlnh, mfl hbih dfio Igo, mfi hlnh qufin If n h i trufing khflng eo g) khfic biet ding k l Cic bfi liflu chuin deu thuoc mg hinh dfim bao ehal lupng Viy cfi can Ihilt phai sQ dyng nhieu cfing ey khac hay khfing d l dan den tinh Irgng khfl phin biflt dupc trufing TCCN chil lupng hOn trufing TCN, CDN hoie ngUde lai 1.5 Chat lupng dio lao chua dip Qng nhu eiu doanh nghiflp va xa hfii - Chat lupng vfi hieu qua dfig tgg thip, chua dip Qng dupc nhu eiu doanh nghifip, lang phi dau tu, khfing tinh din hiflu qua v i t i c dflng; quan hfi vfii cae doanh nghiep khfi hgn ehe Nim 2011 ehi cfi 34% doanh nghifip hai Ifing vdl chit lupng dio lao nghi [IJ - M i l khfic, khao sit ciia Bfl GD-DT da cho thiy, hiu hit efie Irufing khong dinh 70% thfii gian chotiiQehfinh nfin s i n pham DT khfing dap Qng dupc yeu eau thj Irufing Cung bfii the mfi cfi tfil 50% sd HS truflng dang Ifim vific tgi cae doanh nghiep can phii DT Igi, can phfii dupc bdi dufing v l chuygn mfin, nghiep vy, nhil Ifi v l kT nfing thyc hinh khoang 1- thing Iheo ITnh vyc nginh nghi v i yeu ciu eug eO sfi sQ dung lao dflng - Dpng cd ngufii hgc thap, nhln chung xult Ihin iQ gia dinh khfi khan ve kinh le va nang lye hpe vin thip, ngufii hoe ein manh bang hon i i tn thQc, kTnang lim viflc Nguyen nhfin chii yg'u khien hgc smh theo hpc Igi cic nhi Irufing GDNN l i Irufing fi gan nhi ehQ khfing phai xuat phii IQ sy nhfin IhQe dung din, day du ve nghi nghiep vg xu hufing nghe cua ban thin 4.8 o.g.a).9 51.3 Truong a gan nha bo me/ hp hang • Sa thich cua anli/chj ve nganh nghe Nganh nghe dd co ca hgi vipc lam on djnh • De xin vice truong Khong phai dong hoc phi Khong vao truong dai hpc • Khong dil dieu kien kinh te d6 hpc nai khac Do bo/me nguai than ep bugc Truang co danh tieng xa hgi Hinh 1: Nguyen nhan anh hudng den quyit dmh chpn nghe cua hoc sinh 04 xuS't cau true h§ tho'ng giao dgc nghe nghi§p md\ (Hg thfi'ng giao due KT&NN) va md hlnh nha trUcrng GDNN qua trlnh hfii nhap qua'c t€' - D l khie phye nhQng b i l c i p nflu trfin v i efi the hfli nhip qude te Ihl he thing GDNN nude ta nfii ehung v i nhi trufing GDNN nfii neng can phai ddi mfit dya Iren cic dmh hufing co b i n sau 1) Dap Qng nhu eau nhfin iQc cua xa hfii (nha nufic, doanh nghifip, cflng dong.,.) theo co cau ngfinh nghe va efie chuin myc Irong tieu ehuan nghi nghifp qudc gia (logi nginh nghi v i bie trlnh dfi) G i n dfio tgo vdi sQ dyng nhin lyc fl c i e e i p trinh dfl 2) Mfl rflng khung trinh dfl d i o tgo nhin lye IQ trlnh dfi so elp, trung d p d i n trlnh dfi CD v i dgt hpe theo djnh hudng thpe hfinh-nghe nghigp {bao gdm efi eic logi hlnh truflng CD dgi hpe dia phuong, dgi hpc chuygn nginh khfing cfi chQe nfing v i dinh huPng dio tgo sau dgi hpe) 3) Thdng nhat cac logi hlnh Irufing Irung c i p (trung eip nghi va trung cap chuyfln nghifip) thinh logi hlnh Irufing trung hoc KTSNN vfi thing nhlt logi hinh trufing CD KT&NN (eflng dong, nghfi, kT thufit ) vflt nhilu logi ehuong trinh dao tao theo efie c i p trinh dfi nhfin lyc (so cap, trung cap, CD) 4) Thdng nha'l dau moi qufin li he thing giio dye KT&NN mfil Iryc thuflc Chinh phu hoie Bfi GD&DT/ Bfl LD-TB&XH Thinh lap Tong cue Gtio dye KT&NN trfin CO sfl hpp nhat Tong Cye Dgy nghi vfi Vy Trung elp ehuyen nghifip (Bfi GD&DT) 5) PhQ hpp vPi phin loai giao dye quie te (ICED UNESC01997 v i 2011) va mfi hlnh hfi thing giio dye KT&NN {VTE - Vocational and Technical Education) fi efie nufic trgn t h l gifii (Australia, H i lan, Malasia, Hin quie, Dfii loan.) Md hlnh he thdng GDNN mdi S(51-2013 68 „ Dayval^ Giio due d^i hgc - Dai hpc QG/Vung - Cac trirong dai hpc theo huong nghien ciru/dao l?io dgi hpc va sau DH Thi tru-fing lao d$ng v i b|c phSn loat trinh d$ nghe nghifp quoe gia - Truang dai hgc nghe nghi?p Giao due KT thuat- Nghi nghifp (VTE) (1) LD cao d p (chit xam) B^c - Trufing Cao ding KT&NN (CD nghi/CD KTKT); (2) LD ki thu$t- ngh€ nghi&p (Btc4,3,2) - Trufing TH KT&NN, - Trung tam day nghe; • TTGD KTTH&HN Giaoduc thong (3) Lao dpng thii cfing, gian don, hep (Bge 1) X -THPT -THCS -Tieu lipc Hlnh 2: Sd dd ea'u trlJc hp tho'ng glao due kT thugt - nghe nghigp tndl - Mo hinh cae trudng GDNN mdi: Trung cap KT thuat va nghe nghiep, CD KT thuat vi nghe GIAO I>VC: D4I ItQC nghidp HETHdNG GD Kl THU^TISGIlfc NGHIfr Dai hpc/TruoTag D^i h9c Tnrirng Cao d i i n g K T & N N Thai gian dao Igo 2-3 ndm theo timg logi chuffng trinh (Thu hiit khodng50% HQC sinh iSt nghi&p THPT) Bdng Cao dSng < t TnrtrngTHPT (50-60%hpcsmht6t nghi?p THCS) TnremgTrungh9cKT&NN Thdi gian dao IQO 2-3 ndm Ket hffp dao ti^o nghe vd vdn hda tirang duong THPT (Bo tuc vdn hoa) ( Thu hut khodng 50-40% HQC sinh Idl nghi&p ^ THCS BdngTH KT&NN Cic TT: GDTX; D^ynghl; GDKTTH vftHN t IVirtmg THCS (Thu hut 8090% HS t6tn^iepTi6u hpc) t Tnrimg Tilu hpc Hinh 1: Mo hinh h? thong nha tri/fing va cac lo^i hinh tri/flng giao dye KT&NN Ddi mfii cfin bin, toin dien he thdng GDNN l i nhifim vy trpng tfim sy nghiep day mgnh CNH-HDH dit nUfic De Ihyc hien dupc nhifim vy do, trufic h l l can xay dyng dupe mfl hlnh cocau hfi Ihdng GDNN vfi mo hinh nhfi IrUfing GDNN CO the khac phye dupc nhQng bal eip hien vfi dfip Qng vfii nhu eiu cua xa hfli ve dio lao nguon nhfin iQc cfi chit IQpng d i m bio Irl mfit t i c dfi p h i i Inln eong nghiep eao theo hufing hifin dgi q u i Irinh hdi nhfip qude t l Hai mo hinh nhfi trufing GDNN mfi ehung tfli d l xuat eo sy Ihdng nhit v l trinh dfi dfio tgo vfi ehuin nghi nghiflp, dfim bao dupe llnh lifin thfing d Irong vfi ngoii hfi thing TQ dfi cfi t h l xfiy dyng dupc co c l u td ehQc, chQc nfing, nhifim vy v i c i c mfi hlnh qufin II phti hpp, thdng nhlt Irong toan hfi Ihdng GDNN fi Vifit Nam DatfvaHpCs6 1-2013 T A I L I ^ U T H A M KHAO Bao cio cua VCCIvi ch! sd n i n g lyc eanh Iranh c i p Unh ctia Vifit Nam nfim 2011 Luil Giio due sd 38/2005/QH11 14 thing nfim cOa Qufic Hfii nu