''''^NGHlCNCIIU TIUOMil XAC DINH GIA THANH DICH VU DAO TAO TRONGDOI MOfI QUAN LYTAI CHINH GIAO DIICDAI HOC PHAM V A N TRlTttNG Bd Tdi ehinh Via lain Ogi hii Bing XI dil rd "Giio due vi dio tgo cd tiin bd[.]
'^NGHlCNCIIU-TIUOMil XAC DINH GIA THANH DICH VU DAO TAO TRONGDOI MOfI QUAN LYTAI CHINH GIAO DIICDAI HOC PHAM VAN TRlTttNG - Bd Tdi ehinh Via lain Ogi hii Bing XI dil rd: "Giio due vi dio tgo cdtiinbd trin mit si mdt abuag cdn abiiu ban dii Qidtluung ngudn nhdn luc van li Hem y&i dn tidsUphdt tii^ )r^d&m(dafbda,todadiaividung3dnoengidodue\riitNamlimitvandibdctbiit Troag rdt nbiiu edng viic d tiwUm ditiiaydoi dien mao gido due Viet Nam, bdi viitxia dicdptdlvdndid^miSdnbdnvetdlebfnbtronggldodaedalbpc Ngudn nhdn Itfc - Yeu td then chdt phdt triln dit'ntfdc Ray Cline - Tien sy dai hge Harvard da dua cdng thiic Ray Cline k h i ndi tie'ng ti^m lye mpt qudc gia: P = (C+E+M) X (S+W) Trong dd: - P (National Power) - Tiem luc quoc gia dupe qua cic yeu td: - C (Critical Mass) - Nguon nhan Ivc dugc d i o tgo - E (Economic power) - Tiem luc kinh te' - M (Military power) - Tiem luc quan su - S (Strategy) - Chien luge quoc gia - W (Will) - i: chi Cdng thiic n i y cd the xem nhu mpt bieu dien dang toin hpe cho quan diem: vdi tiem nang kinh te (E) va quan sv (M) d miic dp vira phii, Vipt Nam cd the nang tiem Ivc quoc gia len eao neu cd mgt chien lupc diing (S), mgt y chi mgnh me (W) va dva vao nguon nhan luc tdt (C) Vdi dan so diing thii 13 trdn the gidi, neu ed bude di diing d i n , Viet Nam ed quyen mo udc dd'n nam 2020 se cd mgt sy djch chuye'n quan trpng (nhu mpt mye tieu chien lupc), bien d i n sd ddng tir g i n h ngng kinh td - xa hpi t h i n h uu the egnh tranh, de dua dat nude len mpt tam cao mdi Nghj quyet Dgi hgi XI da khang djnh can phai xem: "Phit trie'n nhanh ngudn nhan lye, nhat la nguon nhan lye chat lugng eao, tgp trung v i o viec ddi mdi cin b i n va toan dien nen giao dye quoc dan" l i mOt cae nhiem vy trpng tam va giai phap dgt p h i chien luge p h i t tridn dat nudc Dieu d i e biet quan trgng de' t?n dyng the" mgnh cua Viet Nam thdi "dan sd ving", vira thoit nguong thu nhgp thap va quan trpng hon niia l i thvc trgng giio dye dao tgo va chat lugng nguon nhan luc hien dang co nhieu van de nghiem trpng Tai phdi ddi mdi can bdn ve tai chinh? Nhin thd" gidi, tir nam 1994, Ngan hang The gidi (WB) d i tuydn bd: "Giao dye dgi hge (GDDH) da lam v i o tinh trgng khung h o i n g tren toin the gidi" Chinh vl vgy, eii each GDDH ciing da trd t h i n h mpt hidn t u g n g phd bien d hau het cac nudc suot gan 20 nam qua Dgc biet, theo WB, eie cupc cii cieh deu ed mOt "Chuong trinh nghj sv" ca ban giong nhau, nhu cd "miu sd chung" d hau het eie nude l i tgp trung vao hai m i n g ve t i i ehinh v i q u i n tri, cho dii cd sy khic k h i Idn ve he thong ehinh trj - kinh ti, ve trinh dg p h i t trien kinh te ciing n h u GDDH Thgm chi, cd nude edn lay eii cieh t i i chinh Iim k h i u dpt p h i eho cii cieh GDDH Nguyen nhan ehii ye'u v i phd' bien la do: • Xu th^ phat trid'n nhanh ve quy md cua nen GDDH lam eho GDDH trd t h i n h "dgi t r i " ma khdng mgt n g i n s i c h n h i n u d c (NSNN) nao g i n h chju noi, ke ca eie n h i n u d c chau Au; • Chi tieu binh q u i n cho mgt sinh vien (SV), iJU OlfHH - 1hda904/2013 I Q ggi la "Chi phi dem vj", deu da t i n g len rat nhanh, nhanh b a n tde dg p h i t trie'n a i a nen kinh te nham dam b i o k h i n i n g canh tranh a i a nen GDDH; • Cac nghien eiiu ve kinh te GDDH, dgc biet la cie dge trung eua hang hda djch vu GDDH, eho thay "khdng ed dii eo sd triet ly va kinh te de bupe phai cung cap tai ehinh cho GDDH bang NSNN" v i xu the ehung Ii ehuyen mpt phan, thgm ehi t o i n b& ehi phi cua GDDH cho chinh ngudi hge Day la nhiing thay ddi ed tinh nguyen ly, do p h i i ed cii each hay ddi mdi co b i n ve tai chinh eho GDDH Hien nay, vdi xu the hpi nhgp, vdi dinh hudng theo eo ehe thj trudng, Viet Nam ciing khdng the la mgt ngogi le doi vdi nhung bien ddi ndi tren Tir thvc tien d Vipt Nam cho thay, so lupng trudng dgi hpe v i eao dang tu tang nhanh nhirng nam qua l i mgt hien tugng tat yeii nham dap ling nhu eau to Idn ve giao dye bge eao eiia cdng chiing ma eie trudng dgi hge edng khdng the dap iing day du NSNN danh cho giio dye da cham nguong 20% tong ehi ngan sach va da ehid'm den 6,5% GDP (so lieu 2008) nen khd ky vpng ting thdm nguon tii ehinh cho GDDH tir NSNN Do ngudn n g i n sieh hgn hep, ehinh cie trudng dgi hpc cdng ciing dang trd t h i n h nhiing nha cung cap djch vu giio dye qua cac he dao tgo ngoai chinh quy de cd nhiing nguon thu ngoii ngan sach, tir dd, da i n h hudng tdi chat lupng dao tgo a i a eie trudng dgi hpe edng Igp, dan den tinh trgng eie eo sd phii ting sd lupng va quy md dao tgo, md them cic logi hinh dao tgo khdng chinh quy dieu kipn nang Ivc vat ehat edn ban che Tmh trgng q u i tai ve so hoe sinh/giao vien va co sd vgt ehat khong dii dieu kien cho eic hogt dpng eua n h i trudng d i lim anh hudng tdi ehat lugng d i o tgo nguon nhan lye Ket q u i la ehiing ta khdng eii thien nhieu ca CHI TlCU NGAN SACH N H A Nl/OC CHO UNH Vt/C GlAO DUC VA D A o TAO GIAI DOAN 2008-2011 (1^ dong) • Chl Ihuemg luyen • Ngu6n ua h^l h6a hpi tid'p cgn GDDH doi vdi ngudi ngheo va chua huy dgng duge nguon luc tiem n i n g tir cac doi tupng ed thu nhgp ego xa hpi Odi mdi bdng each ndo? Vay van de dgt l i lim thd" n i o dd d i m b i o ngudn tai chinh eho giio due bdi cinh ngan sieh ban hep va khdng the tie'p tye bao cap, nhu cau chi tieu cho GDDH khdng ngung ting? Dieu lien quan de'n bai toin "Chia se ehi phi" dupe thvc hien n h u the nao giiia nguon: (a) Vdo nhufng thdp nien cudi eda t h i k^ trtfdc, tfdc tinh suat thu Itfi binh quan cho dau ttf vdo GDDH vao Ichodng 15 - 20% ve mat cd nhan vd khodng 10-15% v l mat xa hdi Xdt d diem nay, cd t h i cho rdng djch vu GDDH la mot loai "hdng hda cd nhan", mdt lo^i dau ttf ca nhan hidu qud cao ndn ngtfdi stf dung dich vu ctf bdn phdi ganh chiu chi phf Phan dupe cung cap tir NSNN, (b) Phan ngudi hpc p h i i chi t r i hay hpc phi v i (c) Phan ddng gdp eiia cgng dong, kd ei ddng gdp eiia ehinh co sd GDDH qua eie hogt dgng khoa hge - cdng ngh§ v i cac djch vy cd thu a i a co sd De giai quyet bai toan niy, ta phii xet tdi co sd khoa hge eua viee ganh ehju chi phi GDDH la xuat p h i t tir viee GDDH l i mpt logi h i n g hda cdng cgng "khdng thuan tiiy" Tinh "khdng thu'an tuy", d i e diem gan vdi hang hda ei nhan eiia GDDH the hipn d chd GDDH ed k h i nang logi trir, tiie la mpt em danh duge mgt cho hge trudng dgi hge ducmg nhien se loai trir va i n h hudng den viec sir dyng djch vu ciia cic em khac Mat khie, dau tu eho GDDH ciing li mgt logi dau tu rat cd hipu q u i Vao nhiing thgp nidn euoi cua the ky trudc, ngudi ta d i udc tinh duge suat thu lgi binh quan d day l i v i o khoing 15 - 20% ve mat ca nhan va khoing 10 -15% ve m$t xa hpi Xet d diem n i y thi ed the eho rang djch vy GDDH li mpt logi " h i n g hda ei n h i n " v i la mgt loai dau tu ea nhan ed hieu qua cao nen ngudi sir dyng djch vu ca ban p h i i ganh ehju ehi phi GDDH lgi cd "tie dpng ngogi bien" the hipn d nhieu mgt, tir viec lam cho nang suat lao dpng xa hpi eao hon, ty 10 cd viec Iam eao hon, tudi thg eao hon, cii mgnh khde hon, it phy thupe vao trp cap ciia Nha nude hon cho den tpi pham va tii tpi it hon, ddng gdp cho tir thien lir-3 $NGHl£NClhJ-TRAO Ddi nhieu ban neu cd trinh giao dye cao ban Cic "tic dgng ngogi bien" n i y khdng dugc the hien qug eic giao djch thj trudng Chinh vi vay, theo sv "sdng p h i n g " eiia co che thj trudng d hau het cac nudc trdn the gidi, Nha nudc v i cpng dong ludn cd tai trg cho dich vu GDDH Tir nhiing p h i n tich d i e tinh a i a GDDH d trdn v i thuc tien tren the gidi cd the thay rang nguon t i i ehinh t i i trg eho GDDH dupe chia se cho ca Viec ddi mdi chfnh sdch thu hoc phi hay chfnh Id viec xac djnh lai ty Id phan chia gdnh nang ehi phf phCl htfp giuTa NSNN va ngtfdi hoc la mot ydu elu khach quan, gdp phan quan trong qudn ly tai chmh va nang cao chat Itftfng gido due ngudn: NSNN, hpc phi va ddng gdp eda cdng ddng Tuy nhien, truyen thdng, dgc diem Iva chpn chinh sach eiia timg nude, ty le chia se eho timg nguon lai k h i khie Vgy lam the n i o xac djnh dugc ty le phan chia dd eho phu hpp? Va ty le phan chia dd d Viet Nam n h u the nao? Cau tra Idi la p h i i biet duge to'ng so ehi phi can phai phan chia hay chi phi don vj eho mpt dau sinh vien l i bao nhieu, rdi sau mdi tid'n hanh xac dinh ty le phan chia eho phii hgp theo cac tieu thiic khie Thuc te d Vipt Nam hien nay, ty le phan chia dd dupe cie co sd d i o tao d i n h gia l i ehua phii hpp, anh hudng tdi ehat lugng giio dye Cy the, hpc phi (the hien miie dp phan chia g i n h n i n g ehi phi eiia ngudi hge td'ng sd ehi phi don vj) duge xem l i mgt giii p h i p ehii yeu nham chia se chi phi GDDH, gdp phan giim bdt g i n h nang ddi vdi ngan sieh da qua dieu chinh nhung van ton tai bat cap Chinh sieh hge phi eua nudc ta da dugc giii nguyen mpt thdi gian dai tir n a m 1998 theo Quyet djnh so 70/QD-TTg cua Thii tudng Chinh phii den nam 2009 da d u g c dieu chinh mpt phan theo Quyet djnh sd 1310 QD-TTg n g i y 21/8/2009 cua Thu tudng Chinh phu va tiep dd dugc dieu ehinh theo quy dinh tgi Nghj djnh sd 49/2010/ND-CP vdi miic dieu ehinh theo Ip trinh tang dan tir 20-25%/nam Tuy nhien, theo tinh t o i n den nam 2015 miic thu hpe phi eiing ehi d i p ling duge tir 40% -50% ehi phi dao tgo can thiet Them vao dd, viee tri miie hpe phi thap dudi miie ehi phi dao tao, d i n den Nha nude ho trg mang tinh chat binh quan, cio bang Klh ddi vdi tat ca c i c ddi tirgng hpc sinh, sinh vidn eac eo sd d i o tgo edng Igp, khdng ed sy phan biet giiia hge sinh gia dinh ngheo, cd thu nhgp thap vdi hge sinh gia dinh trung luu c6 thu nhgp cao Trong dd thvc te cho thay t^ le sinh vien eiia e i c gia dinh trung luu cd thu nhgp eao, chiem ty trgng khong nhd cie CO sd GDDH Dieu dan den chinh sach hpc phi thap ciia chiing ta d a n g trg cap ngugc cho n g u d i g i i u Mgt khae, vipe p h a n bS kinh phi tir NSNN ddi vdi eie ca sd GDDH cdng lap hien dang d u g c thvc hien mgt cich binh quan, khdng gan vdi k^t q u i d i o tgo, so lugng, chat lugng hpc sinh d i o tgo, tinh nang d0ng, hieu q u i td ehiie hogt d p n g cua c i c ca sd dao tgo nen khdng tao dpng Ivc cgnh tranh n i n g cao ehat lugng d i o tao giiia cac trudng dgi hge cdng Igp va n g o i i edng Igp Tir nhiing hgn che tren, viec dd'i mdi ehinh sieh thu hge phi hay chinh la vi$e x i c djnh lgi ty le p h i n chia g i n h ngng chi phi phii hgp giua NSNN va ngudi hpc la m^t ydu cau khach quan gdp phan quan trpng q u i n 1;^ tai ehinh va nang eao ehat lugng giio dye De' vi0c xie djnh tf le phan chia g i n h ngng chi phi cho phu hpp, trude bet p h i i xuat p h i t tir viec doi mdi chinh sach thu hpc phi - coi day la hinh thiie gii phi djch vy ndn vipc tinh diing, tinh du chi phi d i o tgo l i eUn thi^t v i phii h g p vdi timg nganh, ngh^ d i o tgo eiing n h u ehat lugng d i o tgo Ben egnh do, can d i m b i o sv cgnh tranh binh dang ve gii ei, chat lugng dao tgo giiia trudng edng lap va ngoai cdng Igp Bude d a u gii djch vy p h i i tinh dd chi phi tien luong, chi phi boat dpng thudng xuydn tren ca sd k h u n g gii Nha n u d e quy djnh Sau dd, tid'n tdi gia phi djch vy cua eic eo sd dgi hge edng Igp se bao gom ei ehi phi khau hao t i i s i n co djnh; H u d n g tdi vi$c xay d v n g chinh sach hge phi GDDH va cao d ^ g theo h u d n g thj t r u d n g Day l i xu the" tat yeu qua trinh p h i t Iri^n kinh te - xa hgi, phu h g p vdi xu the t o i n c'au hda GDDH va thdng H qudc te Cling n h u l i phii h g p vdi nhu cau dao tgo bdi d u d n g n i n g cao trinh dg va tay nghe aia ngudi hpe dd ed dd nang Ivc d i p iing yeu cau edng viec Hy vpng viee doi mdi can b i n ve t i i chinh GDDH ma hgt nhan la viec x i c djnh diing, du g i i t h i n h djch vy dao tgo, doi mdi t^ le phin chia ganh ngng chi phi dao tgo giiia NSNN v i ngudi hpc se mang lgi nhiing ket q u i k h i quan eho nen giao dye nude nha " ... chia gdnh nang ehi phf phCl htfp giuTa NSNN va ngtfdi hoc la mot ydu elu khach quan, gdp phan quan trong qudn ly tai chmh va nang cao chat Itftfng gido due ngudn: NSNN, hpc phi va ddng gdp eda cdng... giiia hge sinh gia dinh ngheo, cd thu nhgp thap vdi hge sinh gia dinh trung luu c6 thu nhgp cao Trong dd thvc te cho thay t^ le sinh vien eiia e i c gia dinh trung luu cd thu nhgp eao, chiem ty