DAY HOC VAN HOC MI LA TINH '''' O TRUNG HOC PHO THONG NGUYEN THANH TRUNG* L T h u c t r a n g Van hgc MT La tinh (VHMLT)d trudng phothong VHMLT dtrudng phd''''thdng ed hien trgng cua mpt vudn dat trdng du m[.]
DAY HOC VAN HOC MI LA-TINH ' O TRUNG HOC PHO THONG N G U Y E N T H A N H TRUNG* L T h u c t r a n g Van hgc MT La-tinh (VHMLT)d trudng p h o t h o n g VHMLT dtrudng phd'thdng ed hien trgng cua mpt vudn dat trdng du mua gieo hgt dau tien each day tren nua the ki van edn dupe ke tuc ehua nao ngung nghi Tuy da den gan hon vdi thi hieu cong chung Viet Nam, VHMLT v i n chua tim dugc canh eua vao he thdng giao due mgt each d l dang dai hpe, mang van hpe chi bude dau duge gidi thieu gan vdi van hpe MT mptsdehuyen desau dai hpe eua Trudng Dai hpe su pham Ha Npi, Tardng Dgi hpc su phgm TP Ho Chi Minh hay khai quat kieu chuyen de ngSn gpn danh chP sinh vien (SV) dTn/dng Dai hpc An Giang, Dgi hpc Da Lgt gan 10 nam trd lai day Tgi Trucffig Dai hpc su phgm TP Ho Chi Minh, VHMLT dugc CO cau nhu mpt mon tu chpn b^t bupc danh cho SV dai hgc tu' nam 2010 da budc dau thu dupc nhdng tin hieu tich cue tirtiep nhan cua SV, the hien qua su gia tang mgt cao chat lupng eung nhu sdlugng khda luan, luan van ed lien quan Tuy vgy, VHMLT v i n cdn khaxa Ig dd'i vdi chuong trinh giao due thong Hien tugng cdthe dupe li giai tdnhieu nguyen nhan, nhien quan trgng nhat va g^n tn/c tiep den ehuong trinh trung hgc phd'thdng (THPT) ed le dtinh phu'c tgp vetu tudng eua VHMLT tren it nha't ba binh dien sau: 1) VHMLT mang dam dau an Thien Chua giao Theo chan nhung doan quan vien ehinh, Thien Chua giao tim dupe vung dat mau md dTan the giffl va trd hoa thach ngoai bien dien hinh cua trung tam chau Au thue day cave the che lan cam hdng van hpe nghe thuat Khong ehi vgy, MT La-tinh cdn phat trien rieng minh mpt nhenh Thgn hpc chiem nghiem Kinh eupe sdng va xay dung nhi?ng hinh tupng tieu bie'u cho chau luc nhuDdc me Galdalupe, ngai dgi ta cua G.G.Marquezva dac biet la cam quan khai huyen g&n vdi Chu nghTa hien thuc huyen ao 2) Tinh dye gop phan ri't dam viee hinh he detai va nhan vat VHMLT B&t nguon tuvj tri dja II, hau ket hgp vdi cam thdc cd don va 38 Tap chi Gido due so 340 khuynh hudng di dan phd'bien, cac nha van da day nhan vatva cot truyen cua minh l^m den ranhgicS gida tinh yeu va khat khao xac thjt mu quang nham the nghiem phuong phap giai quyet cac van de nan giai ve Ijeh sd {Pedro Paramo-Juar) RuKo), van hoa (Tram nam cddoV7-G.G.Marquez),tamli (Con n/i^/) ma vudn-Moacyt Scliar) lan tam linh [Boimdi cua /Jf/d&- Ruy Sanchez) cua ea nhan va chau luc 3) VHMLT kha mdi me va mang tinb thach thuc phat trien tren nen tang ehu nghla hi$n dai Ra dcd hoan eanh do' vd niem tin thdi dgi, ngudi ta dua vao van hpc nhdng djnh de hoai nghi li tri, da pha niem tin, chap nhan ngSu nhien nhung vkn tiep tue budc di nhu mgt phan ung song dii bat 6ic dT VHMLT hieu rd bi kjch va chuyen tai no CO phan sau sic hon mang ca ganh ning ca nhan, da't nudc va ehau lue vao trang van Nhin lai, van hgc Viet Nam ndi chung vachuong trinh van hpc phd'thdng ndi rieng dang rat can nggn gid hien daide tiep them sinh cho cugc doi mdi toan dien sip tcrt, 2.Djnh hudng gidi thieu VHMLT dtrudng THPT Nhan thdc tinh can thiet cua viee day hpc VHMLT d trudng THPT c i n di doi vdi djnh hudng qua trinh dgy hgc sgo eho tap tmng va phat huy hieu qua hpc thuat, giao due cijng nhu thue tiin eao nhat Thiet nghT, co the gidi hgn d dinh hudng sau: tinh giao due, tinh nhan thdc, tinh nghe thuat va tinh thuc tiln Tinh giao diJC cua VH M LT se co kha nang khoi ggi noi hge sinh (HS) Viet Nam nhihig tinh cam tot dep quatrinh ptiattrien nhan each dtn/dng phd thdng Tinh yeu que huong dat nudc, yeu thuong eon ngudi truyen n g i n Cortazar; tinh yeu d6i lira tieu thuyet Marquez hay tinh yeu thien nhien tieu thuyet Nha gia kim eua Coelho la nhihig khuc ca dep mdi ggi nguoi dgc vao the gidi Chan Thien - MTva ren luyen nang luc cam thu nghethuat, Song song vdi tinh yeu la traeh nhiem: yeu thuong den tan eung cung ehinh la ganh lay trach nhiem I6n nhat Chuyen tai van menh cua chau luc len vai mpt * Khoa Nga van, Tn((fngfiaihgc sif pham TP Ho Chi Minh (ki2-8/2014) ddng hg (Marquez), mang khat vpng cua nhan loai budc vao mgt cude hanh trinh (Coelho) hay chia se thue trgng xahgi (Cortazar) chinh la each macac nha van ganh vac phan ngudi dl tn/de delai, d$n chau weema/sau tuminh mang mgt lue day detiep cgn va hoan thien nhan each HS THPT Den vdi VHMLT la den vdi mgt the gidi haip d i n vdi nhung den dai 1)6 quen giira njng gia, nhdng vu dieu dgi chd Than rin Idng vu sau het, dinh menh nghiet nga dudi Idi nguyen ddng hg tram nam va tinh yeu dugc tram lan chuc phuc nhung cung ngan lan bj nguyen rua HS phd'thdng co djp tim hieu ve dac tarng xa hpi MT La-tinh dam chat nam tinh nhung cung hoai nghi va hoai ed' sau s^c Nhdng kien thde la dig'm tifa de so sanh va mt tia tmh hoa nh^m phuc vu hieu qua eho cong tac ren luyen va tu dudng due lln tai qua trinh giao due Nhu vgy, VHMLT hdi tu day du tinh nhan thue cho qua trinh day hpe dtardng thdng Van ehuong mang minh tinh tham m/^ tdc eai dep ve ngi dung lan hinh thdc, VHMLT the hien dieu tieu bieu nhatvdi Chu nghTa hien thuc huyen ao Ra ddi hoan canh MT La-tinh dang hien dgi hog nhanh chdng: Ldng tgtin mang tinh dan toe ehu nghTa va tu tudng eanh ta da mang Igi mpt tam quan mdi cho nhihig truyen thdng van hda dan gian vdn bi ggt rg ben Ie sudt mgt thcri gian dai Chu nghTa hien thue huyen ao dae tmng dtuduy nghe thuat ma xuyen sudt la mgt each nhin mdi - eai nhin thao bo mgi rang budc va sde ep degianh lay dja vj tmng tam tie'p nhgn va lam m ^ suvat bang chinh no Nhddd, cae hinh tugng dae s i c noi len quan xuyen tu tudng nha van di giiJa hai bdthue ao, khdng ngai ngan dao chieu thdigian va xao trdn khdng gian, mieu tanhihig dj thuat, diem trieu b i n g mdtgipng dung dung vatinh tao Van hpc Viet Nam duong dai vua mdi bude vao nga re va hda hen nhimg mua gal bdi thu; gidi thieu VHMLT d tm'dng phd' thdng chinh la di tlt va ddn dau suphat trien cua nen van hpe nghe thuat nudc nha Gidi thieu V H M L T d T H P T khdng thebdqua/OT/j thuc tiin Viec tiep thu nao eiing cd tie'p bien tren dgc diem va hoan eanh eua vung dich tilr nguyen lieu nguon, dieu cang ed y nghTa ddi tugng tie'p nhan la nhimg chu themdi dang quatrinh hoan thien nhan each duc^ tac dgng tmc tiep eua giao due Bdi the, tiep can mpt nen van hge dgc sac mang nhieu thach thdc nhu MT La-tinh ddi lioi phai thuc hien theo hudng tieh hgp ca li thuye't van hda dja dukhu vuc vdi thue hanh dge hieu, dong thdi dao tgo theo nang luc (ki2-8/2014) thue hien: phan tieh tae pham van hgc.Tren tinh than dd, edng tae to'eh ire ehuong trinh day hpc vadanh gia eung can ehuyen tu djnh hudng ngi dung sang hinh kT nang so sanh va nhan thde rghon ve nen van hpe nudc nha thdng qua ba budc: nam vimg dge tmng tu VHMLT hudng den kha nang dgc tieu thuyet, tmyen n g i n ; so sanh van hoa MT Latinh va Viet Nam tren c o s d tiep thu nhung tiAJ thdi dgi va rut kinh nghiem cho nen van hda va giao due nude nha; nhin dau an VHMLT Van hpe Viet Nam duong dai de phat huy dac tmng ban dja nghien CL/u, sang tac, giao due ndi ehung va dgy hpc dTHPT ndi rieng Dau vgy, qua trinh doi mdi theo hudng tich hgp khdng the mpt budc hoan ma phai la mpt qua trinh Theo dd, viec ket hc^ hai hda cae djnh hudng lhanh phan cung dang can nhic, hoan canh hien tai thi tich hc^ can co Ip trinh xuyen suot td ndng den sau,tutich hpp xuyen mdn den lien mdn Dexuat 1} Can dua VHML T vao chuang trinh giao due THPT, eu the la ehuang trinh Idp 10 va 11 Dieu cung cd nghTa la tiep tuc day mgnh gidi thieu, giang day va nghien cuu VHMLTddgi hpc va sau dgi hpe nhim tgo mdt thdng Id thuan Igi eho cae yeu eau venhan lue, ngidung va phuong phap giang day hieu quadbae thdng 2) Chuyen tai VHML T can gin vdi dac diem HS THPT Viee tieh hgp lien mdn khdng tgo mon hpe mdi ed tinh chat tich hgp ndng detdng budc tich hgp sau; ehu yeu la tich hgp ndi bd mdn hpc, tich hgp theo chu de lien mdn hoae xuyen mdn hudng tdi phattrien mdtsdnang luc ehung nhu dgc hie'u, phan tich van ban nghe thuat Qua trinh nhan mgnh nang luc giaiquyetvan dehon la li thuyet thdng qua viec so sanh ddi chieu van hpc Viet Nam de nhgn dau an cua MT La-tinh (nhu Tram nam co dan den mdt logt tieu thuyet cua Tg Duy Anh [Budc qua loi nguyen),Kh6\yu(Ld}nguyen haitram nam),ViiHu'^ Anh (Tram nam thoang choc), hoae giao due kT nang va ban ITnh sdng [Nha gia kim), tap tmng vao ngudi hpe nhim hinh mdt phuong phap hpe tgp cd y thire tu giae, ed he kT nang phu hgp de doc hie'u, trie'n khai phan tich tieu thuyet, tmyen n g i n , biet lien ket kie'n thdc li lugn nhu edt tmyen, cau tmc, hinh tupng nhim lam rd gia tri ndi dung va nghe thuat eua van ban 3) Can eu ngi dung va djnh hudng tren, co the dua ba dan vj tac pham sau vao chuang trinh van hge phothdng theo ca ci'u doan trieh tieu thuyit (1 chinh thde, dgc them) va toan van Tgp chi Gido due so 340 I 39 truyen ngan gom: -i- Doan trieh Nha gia kim (Phan 47-49: gan 2700 td) ban djch Le Chu Cau; + Dogn trich Tram nam eo dan (dpe them, chuong ket: gan 9000 td) ban djch Nguyin Tmng Ddc; + Toan van tmyen ngin Cortazar: Nhdng thao vien ndi lien: 820 td Cac tac pham dugc ehpn tren nguyen tac y thde tinh lien thdng dpe (day la eae tae pham tieu bie'u dupc gidi thieu dehuong trinh dai hpe, ehuyen de sau dgi hpc) va ngang (eae tac gia eiing thdi, chung dae diem tieu bie'u MT La-tinh: G.G.Marquez, Julio Cortazar, Paulo Coelho nham thuan tien cho so sanh, dd'i chieu) 4) He thong cau hoi hudng den phat trien nang lire cung can duac eau trite theo thang phan hoa rdeae nang luc vayeu ci'u theo hudng ting dan tulai hien kien thuc (nhddau chang trai cd the tro ehuyen vdi thien nhien? - Nha gia kim; vai trd cuabuethudademaMelquiadesde'lgilagi?-rram nam eo don; tmyen ngin cd bao nhieu nhan vat, mdi quan hp giua hp la gi? - Nhung thao vien ndi lien) den kha nang ket nd'i (tai ehu de eau chuyen cua chang trai vdi sa mgc, gid, bau trdi va mgt trcri Igi la tinh yeu?; so sanh gipng v5n Tram nam eo danva Nha gia kim; thao vien tmyen ed vai trd gi?), kT nang khai quat hoa (so sanh hanh trinh cua chang trai va qua trinh luyen kim cua Melquiades? Tua de Tram nam co dan lam sang td chu de tac pham nhu the nao? Tmyen ngin li giai ranh gidi gida eupe ddi va tieu thuyet sao?); cud'i cung la kha nang giai quyetvan de thuc lien {"Khiban cdsdc lam dieu gl toan the thien nhien sehgp sde l^idegiup bad', phat bieu suy nghTcua ban vequan diem eua Paulo Coeiho;yeu td huyen ao - tudng tugng co vai trd nhu the nao van hge va ddi sdng? Binh lugn ve viec dpe tieu thuye't ddisd'ng hien dai) 5) Kit hgp linh boat cac hinh thue day hgc, bao gom: Thuyet giang, kiem tra bai thdng qua cac cau hoi kiem tra kien thuc nhim tgo nen tang vung chic eho nang luc ehuyen mdn Lam viecnhdm,thuye'ttrinhvdinhihig cau hdi lien ket, khai quat giup HS phattrien quan he lien nhan va cac nang luc xa hgi: giao tiep, trinh bay, hpp tae, Phatbie'ucanhan,tranh lugn de'HS Ira Idi eae eau hdi thuc tiln n h i m mai s i c kha nang tuduy, lap lugn, trinh bay van de hudng de'n phat trien nang luc ca the ^Dgy hpe theo ngng lue thuc hien dgt eo sd phat trie'n ea kT nang: nghe (tae pham), ndi (trinh bay), 40 dgc (phan tich van ban ngin), viet (y kien van ban) ket hgp vdi hieu cac tang y nghTa tUOng duong He phuong phap can dupe su dung va bien dd'i linh hogt: van dung he thd'ng cau hoi thuc tiln dau bai hgcde'chuyen dang day hpe giaiquyet van de Mdt cac cau hoi phan neu vS'n dise thue day SV nghien edu bing each dpe van ban nhim giai quyet van de bai hpc (thdng qua dgng eau hoi: ggi nhd, lien ket va khai quat; cud'i cung la van dung giai quyet van de thuc tiln) hoae van dung phuong phap nhap vai/tinh huong: giai quyet van dexa hpide trao dd'i, giang day, hinh kT nang sdng Khi khdng can danh gia cua giao vien ma HS tudanh gia va danh gia lin nhau, thdng qua dd hinh vdn sdng va ung xu'xa hdi phu hgp • (1) G.Marquez (ngudi dich: Nguyen Trung Diic) T r a m nam co don NXB Vdn hpc, H 1986 (2) Julio Cortazar (nguoi dich: NguySn Thanh Trung) "Continuidad de los parques" (1956) Final de j u e g o (Ke't thiic tro c h a i ) Madrid: Ediciones Universal, 2000 (3) Paulo Coelho (ngir&i djch: Le Chu CSu) Nh4 giA kim NXB Lao ddng, Trung tdm Vdn hda vd Ngdn ngu Ddng Tdy, H 2002 Tdi li^u tham khao Doan Anh Duung "Van hpc Mi La-tinh VietNam" T9P chi Tia sdng, 2013 Ki y^u Dgy hpc tich hpp - Cas6 liiu^n vd thftc tien Truong Dai hpc su ph^m kl thuat TP Hd Chi Minh, 2010 Luat Gido due NXB Chinh trf qudc gia, H 2009 SUMMAKY The plan of renovating basically and comprehensively high school educaUon leads teaching Literature and Linguistics to a complex setting offering a lot of prospects and challenges in which the Literature and Linguistics textbook program after 2015 Is the sine qua non So simplification is considered as not only cutting off identical parts but also adding missing sections in order to standardize and modernize the national education In this article Latin American Literature is mentioned in a relationship to new methods system such as resolving problem, orientating acUon integrating knowledge and practice, approaching necessary skills Latin America Literature is introduced to the high school education pro gram In the noUon of connecting with studyingobjects and is concretized through questions and sample lesson plan: this is an issue to exchange in order to improve the program and teaching method Tap chi Gido due so 340 (kl2-8/2014) ... nguyen ddng hg tram nam va tinh yeu dugc tram lan chuc phuc nhung cung ngan lan bj nguyen rua HS phd''thdng co djp tim hieu ve dac tarng xa hpi MT La- tinh dam chat nam tinh nhung cung hoai nghi... thdng Van ehuong mang minh tinh tham m/^ tdc eai dep ve ngi dung lan hinh thdc, VHMLT the hien dieu tieu bieu nhatvdi Chu nghTa hien thuc huyen ao Ra ddi hoan canh MT La- tinh dang hien dgi hog nhanh... thde tinh lien thdng dpe (day la eae tae pham tieu bie''u dupc gidi thieu dehuong trinh dai hpe, ehuyen de sau dgi hpc) va ngang (eae tac gia eiing thdi, chung dae diem tieu bie''u MT La- tinh: