M O T S O B I E N P H A P T H U C H I E N C H U A N K I E N T H U C , C H U A N K I N A N G T R U N G DAY HOG L I C H S U fl T R U O N G T R U N G HOG P H D T H O N G T I N H S U N LA • O ThS NGUYiN Q[.]
M O T S O B I E N P H A P T H U C H I E N CHUAN KIEN THUC, C H U A N K I NANG TRUNG DAY HOG LICH SU fl T R U O N G T R U N G H O G P H D T H O N G T I N H S U N LA • O Nhung khdo sat, dieu tra ve hoc tap mon Ljch su (LS) cua hoc sinh (HS) San La cho thdy: - Giao vien (GV) cho rang HS chua thu vdi mon hoc, mot sd HS co thu vdi bo mon nhung lai thieu dieu kien hoc tap nen khong phat huy dugc kha nang; - Nhieu GV nhan thuc chua dung hoac ma ho ve chudn kien thuc, kT ndng, chua bdm sat chuang trinh, SGK nen khdnq ndm bat dugc muc dd chuang trinh vd Idm dnh hudng ldn tdi chdt lugng day hoc (DH) bd mdn; - Viec ddi mdi phuang phap day hgc (PPDH) thuc hien chua hieu qua (viec ket hgp da dgng vd ddi mdi PPDH chi tung lap vd tung bdi) Tdm lai, GV dd cd gdng nhung hieu qua khong cao vd HS chua thich ung dugc mat bdng cua cdc em qua thdp, dieu kien hoc tap lai nhieu hgn che Vi vdy, viec dp dung nhung bien hdp hieu qua nhdm thuc hien chudn kien thuc, EF ndng cho HS San La day hgc Ljch su ThS NGUYiN Q U C PHAP" cdy, dd dugc khoa hgc xdc nhdn Ddm bdo tinh chinh xdc Id ddm bdo tinh khoa hgc, cd gid trj GD vd phdt trien HS; - Tinh dien hinh, nhung kien thuc tieu bieu, chu yeu, khong chi phdn dnh dugc dung ddn su kien, tdi hien lgi buc tranh qua khu md cdn giup HS hieu dugc bdn chdt cua LS, ddng thdi mang tinh tdi uu GD LS; - Tinh ca bdn Id lua chgn dugc nhung Kien thuc cdn thiet de khong chi giup HS biet md cdn phdi hieu LS, nhdm thuc hien myc tieu DH bd mdn, chuang, bdi Thyc hien nguyen li GD «thdng qua dgy chu de dgy ngudi" va quan diem GD todn dien, chudn kien thuc Id ca sd de thyc hien chudn kTndng vd hudng thdi dd cho HS Phdt trien ndng lyc vua Id myc tieu, nhiem vy vd yeu cdu DHLS Tuy nhien, DH bd mdn, khd ddm bdo phdt trien day du cdc ndng lyc cho HS Cdn cu vdo myc tieu bd mdn, ndi dung vd ddi tugng HS, chi cd the phdt trien nhung ndng lyc ca bdn (chudn) theo quy djnh cua chuang trinh Chudn kTndng Id nhung kT nana tdi thieu md HS phdi dat dugc sau hgc tap bd mdn, chuang, bdi gom: kT ndng tu duy, kT ndng thyc hanh bd mdn vd ndng lyc hogt ddng thyc tiin Chudn kT nang dugc thyc hien thdng qua viec chudn kien thuc vd cdn cu vdo myc tieu, ndi dung mdn hgc dugc quy djnh cy the chuang trinh Tuy theo ddi tugng, dieu kien DH, GV cd the ndng cao nhung yeu cdu phdt trien ndng lyc cho HS nhung khong dugc dudi muc chudn Chudn kien thuc, kT ndng Id ca sd de hudng GD cho HS nhung phdm chdt, thdi dd, tinh cam cdn thiet, phu hgp vdi myc tieu DH bd mdn Nhu vdy, viec thyc hien chudn kien thuc, kT ndng cd vai trd, y nghTa quan trgng viec giam tdi, ndng cao chdt lugng DHLS vd thyc hien myc tieu DH bd mdn theo quy djnh cua chuang trinh Tu ca sd li ludn vd ket qua dieu tra thyc tien ndi tren, theo chung tdi, nhung yeu cdu xdc djnh cdc (DHLS) Id dieu cdn quan tdm Trong DHLS, van de GV thudng xuyen phdi ddi mat Id khdi lugng kien thuc nhieu md thdi gian vd trinh dd HS lgi cd hgn Khong gidi quyet tdt vdn de se dan tdi tinh trang «qud tai", bieu hien thudng gap Id ndng ve su kien, dm ddm, vugt qua trinh ad vd yeu cdu cua chuang trinh Nam 2006, Bd GD-DT dd ban hanh bd Chuang trinh giao dye (GD) thong, dd xdc djnh rd muc dd chudn chuang trinh cho cdc bd mdn, dd cd bd mdn LS Theo GS Phan Nggc Lien: «Chuan cua chuang trinh the hien a cho cung cap cho HS nhung kien thuc ca ban nhdt cua khoa hoc tuang ung vdi ndi dung mdn hoc, cd tdc dyng ddi vdi viec GD tu tudng, dgo due vd phdt then tu duy, nang lyc thuc hanh cua HS" Mac du Chudn kien thuc Id chi muc dd, yeu cau phdi dgt dugc, song cung phdi ddm bdo cdc yeu cdu khoa hgc vd GD nhu: - Tinh chinh xdc, phdn dnh mdt each chan thuc, khach quan nhung su kien hien thuc tren ca sd nhung tu lieu ddng tin * Tnrong Bai hoc Tay Bic Tap Chi Giao due so 262 (ki a - s/aon) bien phap thuc hien chudn kien thuc, kT ndng DHLS bao gom: - Phdi ndm vung chuang trinh vd SGK, nhdt Id chudn kien thuc, kT ndng md HS phdi dat theo quy djnh; - Bdo ddm tinh todn dien ciia ke hoach su pham Xdc djnh dung vj tri, nhung ddng gdp cua chuang, bdi he thdng chuang trinh, viec thuc hien muc tieu DH; - Ddm bdo td chuc tdt cdc hoat ddng nhdn thuc tu gidc, tich cue, ddc lap ciia HS qua trinh DH, vua phu hqp vdi ddi tuang, vua ddm bdo nguyen tdc DH «lay HS lam trung tam"; - Lua chon hqp li cdc nguon kien thuc, cdc phuang tien vd ket hqp da dang cdc PPDH ddi vdi tung ndi dung, tung phdn cua bdi hoc tren ca sd muc tieu cua bdi vd ddm bdo viec thuc hien chudn kien thuc, kT ndng vd tinh vua sue Bien phap thyc hien chudn kien thuc, kT ndng DHLS d tinh San La / ) Si) dyng SGK giup HS tfnh hoi kien thuc co ban cua bai hgc - Su dyng SGK de chudn bi bai giang Dya vdo ndi dung SGK, GV xdc djnh muc dich, yeu cdu, chudn kien thuc, kT ndng vd hudng GD cua bdi hoc, lua chon hqp li cdc kien thuc can trang bj cho HS, su dyng cdc PPDH phu hqp - GVsudyng SGK qua trinh len lap Viec su dyng hieu qua SGK qua trinh len lap cua GV the hien d cho gidi quyet dung ddn mdi quan he giua ndi dung SGK vd bdi gidng De ndng cao hieu qua su dyng SGK, nhd GD hoc Lien Xd (cu), N.G Dairi dd de xudt each thuc gidi quyet mdi quan he giua ndi dung SGK vd bdi gidng d tren lop, the hien qua sa sau: 2 Bai viSt SGK Theo Dairi, d sd «2" sa dd chi ndi dung vua cd bdi gidng, vua cd SGK Dd Id kien thuc tdm cua bdi hoc Nhiem vy cuqGV Id giup HS ndm vung nhung kien thuc dd O sd «1" chi phdn tdi lieu gidng day khong cd SGK, GV bd sung phdn vdo bdi gidng nhdm ndng cao tinh khoa hoc, tinh vua sue cua SGK dong thdi Idm rd them nhung kien thuc ca bdn O s d « " chi nhung ndi dung kien thuc cd SGK nhung GV khong dua vdo bdi gidng md hudng dan HS ty hoc d nhd de hieu sdu hon ndi dung chinh cua bdi hoc, Idm phong phu them kien thuc cua cdc em - Huong dan HS su dyng SGK ty hgc a nha Ddi vdi HS tinh San La, vd ghi vd SGK Id phuong tien, nguon kien thuc gdn nhu nhdt de cdc em ty hoc d nhd Do dd, GV cdn hudng dan vd ren luyen khd ndng ty Idm viec vdi SGK cho HS, so Bai giang cua GV1 sanh vd ghi vdi SGK, Idm cdc bdi tap SGK GV cdn giao cho HS bdi tap ve nhd vd xem day Id mdt nhung bien phap quan giup cdc em cung cd vd ndm vung ndi dung kien thuc ca bdn cua bdi hoc, dong thdi ren luyen thdi hoc tap ty gidc, tich cue 2) Phat Men cac hogt dgng nhan thuc dgc lap, tich cue giup HS tinh hgi chudn kien thuc - Trao ddi dam thogi GV neu cdu hdi de HS trd ldi, ddng thdi cdc em cd the trao dd'i vdi dudi sy chi dao cua GV, qua dd dat duqc myc dich DH Cd nhieu dang trao ddi ddm thoqi khdc nhu: tai hien; phan tich, khai quat hoa; tim tdi, phat hien; trao ddi on tap, tong ket; trao ddi kiem tra Viec td chuc trao ddi ddm thoqi Id mdt nhung bien phap quan de thyc hien chudn kien thuc, kTndng cho HS Tuy nhien, dqc thu cua HS tinh Son La, GV cdn tung budc gqi md, di tu d l den khd; cd the ddnh nhieu thdi gian cho HS chudn bj trudc td chuc trao ddi ddm thoqi; cdn gqi y dan ddt vd khuyen khich cdc em Khi nhdn xet ddnh gid phdi chu y khuyen khich tinh than vd thdi dd, udn nan nhe nhdng nhung thieu sot tao cho cdc em sy manh dan, ty tin vd tinh than phdn ddu vuan len - DH neu van de khong phdi Id mdt PPDH cy the md Id mdt nguyen tdc chi dao viec tien hanh nhieu PPDH No duqc thyc hien tren ca sd phdt huy cao dd hoat ddng tu ddc lap cua HS, co vai trd rdt quan dd'i vdi viec td chuc cho HS ndm vung kien thuc ca' bdn cua bdi hoc, thyc hien chudn kien thuc, kT ndng DH neu vdn de gom nhieu thdnh td: trinh bay neu van de, tinh hudng cd vdn de vd bdi tap (cdu hdi) neu vdn de Ddi vdi HS vung mien nui tinh San La, dqc diem ve khd ndng nhdn thuc rdt han che, cdc em vdn cd thdi quen hoc tap thy ddng, nguon tdi lieu thieu thdn viec dp dyng nguyen tdc DH neu van de se gap rdt nhieu khd khan Do dd, GV cdn het sue linh hoat vd mem deo, dua nhung yeu cdu cy the, tu d i tdi khd, mang tinh chdt gqi md, khuyen khich HS; khong dqt nhung yeu cdu qua cao khien HS de chan nan 3) Su dyng dung true quan giup HS linh hgi chudn kien thuc HS tinh San La thudng gap nhieu khd khan tiep can nhung sy kien, hien tuang LS xa la vdi cudc sdng cua cdc em Nen GV phdi cy the hod sy kien, dqc biet Id nhung sy kien, mdi quan he phuc tap nhu ca cdu kinh te, nhd nude, xd hdi, khong gian dja l i md bien hdp huu hieu nhdt Id su dyng dung true quan E et hqp vdi mieu td, gidi thich, neu cdu hdi Chi Tap chi Giao due so 262 (ki - 5/201 n giua cdc sy kien ca bdn cua mdt nude hay nhieu nude mdt thdi ki Viec su dyng nien bieu khong chi cd vai trd quan nhu cy the hod cdc sy kien phuc tap mdt giai doan LS nhdt djnh md cdn Id ca sd giup HS rut quy ludt phdt trien cua LS thdng qua viec Idm rd mdi lien he giua cdc sy kien, hien tuang tung giai doan LS nhdt djnh 4) Thong qua kiem tra, danh gia nhdm hoan thien kien thuc, phat trien kT nang vd hudng thdi dd cho HS Kiem tra, ddnh gid cd tdm quan ddc biet, day Id khau cudi cung dong thdi md ddu cho mdt chu trinh khep kin cua qua trinh DH vdi chdt luang cao han Theo cdc nhd GD LS, kiem tra, ddnh gid ket qua hoc tap ciia HS Id qua trinh thu thdp vd xu li thdng tin ve tinh hinh tinh hdi kien thuc, boi dudng tu tudng dao due, hinh thdnh ki ndng klxdo ciia HS so vdi myc tieu hoc tap Tim hieu nguyen nhdn dnh hudng den tinh hinh hoc tap cua HS, qua dd, GV dieu chinh cdc bien phap su pham nhdm ndng cao hieu qua DH, giup HS hoc tap cdng tdt han (hoan thien kien thuc, hinh thdnh the gidi quan, phdt trien ngdn ngu, tu vd GD Idng yeu lao ddng ) Cdn ket hqp nhuan nhuyin cdc hinh thuc kiem tra, ddnh gia de ddm bdo dd tin cdy vd tinh gid trj; ket hqp viec kiem tra, ddnh gid cua GV vdi viec ty kiem tra, ddnh gid cua HS, HS kiem tra, ddnh gid ldn Trong dd, dqc biet chu y den viec ddi mdi quy trinh de thi *## Q u y t d c l a n h Quy tdc thi tdc, Chudn kien thuc Id muc dd tdi thieu ve mat Ngi/61 Chiem chiia phong than binh, nha kien thuc md HS phdi dat duqc theo quy dinh cua Giecman dat, kifin, T3ng lijr Lanh chuang trinh Nhdn thuc dung vd ndm vung chudn thd Kito xdm nh&p dia ban Nong dan Nong no kien thuc Id dieu kien tien quyet de GV thyc hien Tay Au t$ng tydo tdt viec DHLS; lua chon dung cdc phuang phap, GV cd the yeu cdu HS quan sat sa dd vd trd each thuc td chuc DH phu hqp vdi dieu kien cua ldi cdu hdi: Sau vao Tay Au, nguai Giecman tung vung, mien cy the, gdp phdn ndng cao chdt da lam gi? Hay,^ Qua trinh hinh che luang DH bd mdn tren pham vi cd nude • phong kien Tay Au dien nhu the nao? Sau HS suy nghi, trao ddi vd trd ldi, GV cd the md td Tai lieu tham khao lai qua trinh hinh thdnh che dd phong kien Tdy Phan Ngoc Lien (chu bien) Phuong phap day hoc Au ke tir ngudi Giecman xdm nhdp vdo day Lich su, tap NXB Dgi hoc supham, H 2007 qua sa Thdng qua viec Idm tren, GV dd cy Phan Ngoc Lien (chii bien) Phuong phap day hoc the hod qua trinh hinh thdnh quan he sdn xudt Lich su, tap NXB Dgi hgc suphgm, H 2009 hong kien d Tdy Au vdi the ki Dieu Cue thong ke tinh Son La Nien giam thong ke 2007 NXB Thong ke, H 2008 hong chi he thdng hod, cung cd nhung kien thuc Bo GD-DT Chuong trinh giao due thdng (phan md cdn giup HS ndm duqc bdn chdt cua sy kien, Chuong trinh mon Lich su) NXB Gido due, H 2006 ndm vung khdi niem phong kien yd quy ludt hinh Trinh Dinh Tung (chu bien) He thong cac phuong thdnh che dd phong kien a Tdy Au Nien bieu he thdng hod cdc sy kien quan phap day hoc Ljch surd truong trung hoc co sd NXB theo thu ty thdi gian, ddng thdi neu mdi lien he Dgi hoc suphgm, H 2005 vai nhung hinh anh sinh dong duoc tai tao lai 6c, HS mai co the di vao tim hieu ban chdt cua su kien LS - Phuang phap su dyng hinh ve, tranh, anh SGK Hinh ve, tranh anh SGK la mot bo phan quan cua kenh hinh, thuoc nhom dung true quan tao hinh Do do, khong chi Id mot nguon kien thuc, co y nghia quan trong viec GD HS md co vai tro to ldn nhdm phdt trien nang lyc tu vd nang lyc thyc hanh cho cdc em Thdng qua quan sat hinh ve, tranh, dnh SGK, HS khong chi cd bieu tuang chinh xdc ve sy kien, hieu duqc bdn chdt cua LS md ndng lyc tri gidc cua cdc em cung phdt trien - Phuang phap su dyng so do, nien bieu va thi Id nhung dung true quan thudc nhdm dung true quan quy udc, cd y nghia quan trong viec cu the hod nhung sy kien, hien tuang LS phuc tap, truu tuang vd hinh thdnh khdi niem cho HS, ddc biet Id phdt trien ndng lyc tu duy, ndng lyc thyc hanh cho HS So do, nhdm cy the hod ndi dung sy kien bdng nhung hinh hoc dan gian, diin td mdt ca cdu td chuc xd hdi, mdt che dd chinh trj, mdi quan he giua cdc sy kien LS Vi dy, DH bdi 10: Thai ki hinh va phat then cua che phong kien a Toy Au (tu the' ki V den the ki XIV) (Lich su 10 chuang trinh chudn) d l giup HS nam vung qua trinh hinh che phong kien a Tay Au, phan cung co bdi hpc, GV co the su* dyng sa sou: E Tap chi Giao due so (k - / 1 ) ... tdt cdc hoat ddng nhdn thuc tu gidc, tich cue, ddc lap ciia HS qua trinh DH, vua phu hqp vdi ddi tuang, vua ddm bdo nguyen tdc DH «lay HS lam trung tam"; - Lua chon hqp li cdc nguon kien thuc,... can trang bj cho HS, su dyng cdc PPDH phu hqp - GVsudyng SGK qua trinh len lap Viec su dyng hieu qua SGK qua trinh len lap cua GV the hien d cho gidi quyet dung ddn mdi quan he giua ndi dung SGK... dung true quan giup HS linh hgi chudn kien thuc HS tinh San La thudng gap nhieu khd khan tiep can nhung sy kien, hien tuang LS xa la vdi cudc sdng cua cdc em Nen GV phdi cy the hod sy kien, dqc