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Tran Nggc Bich vd Dig Tap chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE 120(06) 183 18 NANG CAO HIEU QUA DAY HOC MON TOAN 0 CAC LOfP CUOI CAP TIEU HQC TREN CO S d VAN D U N G L Y THUYET KIEN TAO Tran Ngoc Bich , Tran Thi[.]
Tran Nggc Bich vd Dig Tap chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE 120(06): 183-18 NANG CAO HIEU QUA DAY H O C MON TOAN CAC LOfP CUOI CAP TIEU HQC TREN CO S d VAN D U N G L Y THUYET KIEN T A O Tran Ngoc Bich , Tran Thi Nggc Anh, Ng6 Thi Duyen, Dinh Thi Hirong, Pham Thi Nhung, Lai Thi Thu Thuy Trudng Bgi hgc Su phgm — DH Thai Nguyen TOM TAT Van dung ly thuyet kien tao day hgc noi chung, day hgc mon Toan noi rieng se gop phan phat trien nang luc ngudi hgc, nang cao hieu qua day hoc Qua cac hoat dgng day hgc, hgc smh tu kien tao kien thuc dudi su dieu khien, dinh hudng ciia GV Dac biet, ddi vdi cac ldp cuoi cap lieu hoc (Idp 4, Idp 5) thi viec ren luyen cho hoc sinh nang luc sang tao, nang luc hgp tac, kha nang tu hgc la can thiet Do do, chiing toi de xuat mgt so bien phap gop phan nang cao hieu qua day hgc mon Toan d cae ldp cuoi cap tieu hgc tren co sd van dung ly thuyet kien tao Tu khoa: loan tieu hgc Gido due tieu hpc, dgy hoc mon Todn, kien tao day hoc kiin tao DAT VAN DE Toan hgc la mdn hgc khdng chi trang hi cho HS kien thiic loan hgc ma gdp phin hinh d hgc sinh (HS) nang luc tu duy, phuang phap lam viee kbga hgc Thuc te boat dgng day hgc (DH) mdn Toan hien duge quy vc hoat ddng dinh hudng, td chuc, giiip dd, dieu khien eae boat ddng hgc tap eiia HS, Mgt Irong nhitng yeu td quan Irgng dan ldi cdng qua trinh la ngudi day phai biel td ehuc cho ngudi hgc KT tri ihuc Do do, van dung ly thuyet kien lao (KT) DH mdn Toan d lieu hgc se gdp phan nang cao hieu qua DH, phai huy duge tinh tieh cue hgc tip ciia HS NOl DUNG Doi net ve day hgc kien tao DH KT la DH td chtrc cho HS KT tri thue Tu tudng nen tang ciia ly lhuy6t KT la dai vai trd ciia chii the nhan thii'c len vi Iri hang diu ciia qua trinh tihan Ihiie Xual phil tir ban chit ciia KT nhin thuc, nhieu nha nghien cim da phin chia KT Ihanh hai lai: KT ea bin va KT xihgi Hge tap theo ly thuyet KT cd nhung uu diem sau: Tri thiic duge KT mdt caeh tieh cue bdi chii the nhan thuc, khdng phai tiep thu mdt each thu dgng tir ben ngoai hay ban than HS la ngudi tich cue chu ddng KT tri thuc Nhan thiic la mdt qua trinh Ihieh nghi va td chuc lai the gidi quan ciia chinh mdi ngudi, vl vay, hgc tip theo ly thuyet KT se giiip chii the nhin thuc kham pha mgl the gidi mdi chua biel ldi hoae ehua biet diy dii [3] Thuc tien van dung ly thuyet KT DH 6" trudng tieu hoc hien Chiing ldi da lien hanh khao sat 110 giao vien (GV) d mdt sd truang lieu hgc ciia tinh Nam Dinh, Thai Binh, Thai Nguyen ve viec van dung ly thuyet KT Irong DH Ket qua khao sal eho thay 100% GV deu nh|n thiic duge vai trd eiia DH Iheo Ihuyel KT nham phat huy duge linh tich cue, chii dgng, sang lao ciia HS, gdp phan nang cao hieu qua DH mdn Toan 100% GV dgu van dung ly thuy^ KT day hge, dd 30% GV sir dung phugng phap thudng xuyen DH, edn lai 70% GV cd van dung nhimg khdng thudng xuyen Tuy nhien, GV nhieu lung tiing vi chua cd duge nhiing bien phap cu the van dung Irong thue lien DH iVIot so bien phap nang cao hieu qua DH mon Toan cac lop cuoi cap tieu hoc tren Cff Sff van dung ly thuyet KT Tren co sd nghien cuu ly luan ve day hpc KT, ndi dung ehuong trinh mdn Toan cac Idp cudi cap ndi rieng, thuc lien DH mdn Toan d trudng lieu hgc hien chiing ldi de xual Tel 0904 3219.^9 Email: bichlranspln@gmail com 183 Tran Nggc Bich vd Dtg Tap ehi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE mdt sd bien phap nang cao hieu qua DH mon Toan d Idp 4, ldp tren co sd van dung ly Ihuygt KT Biin phdp 1: DH khdi niem theo hir&ng to chuc cdc hoat dpng KT Muc dich cda bien phdp Bien phap duge xay dung nham: Giiip HS linh hdi kien thuc mgt each cbii dgng, duge hgc Iheo dung nhip cua ban than; Gdp phan bdi dudng nang luc du doan, khai quat hda, phat hien van de cho HS Cdch tien hdnh bien phdp 120(06): 183-18! Nhimg Imiykhi thuc hiin biin phdp GV phai td chiic cac hoat dgng KT phai phu hgp vdi trinh do, dac diem nhan thiic ciia HS Trong budc tiep can van de hay hinh khai niem, GV nen td chiic cho HS thao luan nhdm de tang hieu qua qua trinh hinh kien thiic Vi du minh h^a: Dcty bdi "Gidy Thi ki"[IJ theo hucrng to chuc cdc hoat dpng KT Budc 1: Tiep can van de HS hoan phieu hgc lap Budc 2: Hinh khai niem Budc 1: Tiep can van de GV lya chgn cac van de toan hgc, yeu cau HS hoat ddng tren cac ddi tugng duge lya chgn Cac vin de toan hgc gan vdi ngi dung cua bai, dong thdi, hudng dan HS lya chgn cac ddi lugng va hoai ddng tren cac ddi tugng duge lya chgn Budc 2: Hinh Ihanh khai niem Td ehuc cho HS boat dgng tren cae ddi lugng de lam bpc Id rd cac dac diem eg ban ciia khai niem ean hitih Tir dd gnip HS dy doan ve khai niem Budc 3: Hoan thien va cung cd khai mem Td chuc eho HS hoan thien va ciing ed six dung khai niem Ihdng qua he thdng bai tap hoac cae trd choi loan hge Ci budc nay, GV nen loat yeu lai khai niem de giiip HS hi^u diing, hinh dung, chinh xac khai niem GV yeu ciu HS quan sat mat ddng hd va hudng din: Ngoai kim gig, kim phiit ta thiy kim giay Khoang thdi gian kim giay di tir mgl vach den vach lien sau nd tren m|t ddng hd la mgl giiy Khi kim giiy chay duge mgt vdng tren mat ddng hd qua 60 vach thi kim phut chay dxtac phiit GV giiip HS nhan xet: Giay la mgt don vi thdi gian phiit = 60 giay GV gidi thieu cho HS; th^ ki =100 nam va xac dinh cac the ki PHIEU HOC TAP Bai Dong hd chi may gid? &• Hinh A Hinh B Hinh A dong ho chi Hinh B dong ho chi Hinh C dong ho ehi Bai Dien so thich hgp vao ch6 chim = gid 184 phiit Tran Nggc Bich vd Dig Tap chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE Sau dd, GV to chiic cho HS hoat ddng eap doi: Mgt HS neu nam va hdi nam dd thude the ki thii bao nhieu ? ChSng ban, mgt HS hdi: Nam 1906 thugc th6 ki ihii bao nhieu? HS lai phai tri ldi: Nam 1906 thugc the ki XX Sau do, hai HS ddi vai trd cho Budc 3: Hoan thien va cimg cd khai niem De hoan thien va cilng cd khai niem thi GV Id chiic cho HS boat ddng ca nhan lam bai tap Irong sach giao khoa va sau dd ggi mdt vai HS thye hien tren bang GV cho HS lien he thuc tien cuge sdng: Yeu cau HS ke ten cac hoat dgng thuc tien CO sir dung don vi Ihdi gian la giiy - HS nam sinh cua minh va xac dinh xem nam Ihudc the ki nao? Biin phdp 2: DH quy tac, phucmg phdp trin ca s& van dung ly thuyit KT Muc dich cua biin phdp Bien phap duge xay dyng nham muc dich: Giiip HS hinh duoc cac quy tac, phuang phap loan hgc; Giiip HS biet van dung quy tae, phuang phap vao giai bai tap; Ren luyen kha nang tu duy, nang luc suy luan, phan doan, cho HS; Giiip HS nam duge ban chat cua kien thiic, tag mem tin viing chac cho HS ve tri thiic mdi Cdch tiin hdnh biin phdp Budc 1: Hinh Ihanh quy lae, phuang phap GV lira ehgn linh hudng toan hgc, yeu ciu HS lua chpn ddi tugng va hoat ddng tren cac ddi higng duge lua chgn nham giiip HS cung ed kien thiie cii va hinh kien thiic mdi GV td chiic cho HS boat ddng tren cac ddi lugng da lya chgn de giiip HS nam rd duge cac dac diem ciia doi tugng, lao co sd cho viec hinh ibanh quy lae va phuang phap mdi 120(06): 183-18 Tir dd, HS hoat ddng, xem xet va phat hien cac dac diem eiia quy tac cin hinh va dua du doan ve quy t5c, phuang phap Budc 2: Thuc hanh sii dung quy tic, phitang phap GV cd the thiet ke cac phieu hge lap de HS lam viee ca nhan hoac thao luan nhdm nhd de thyc hanh su dung quy tac, phugng phap HS trinh bay ket qua boat dgng cua ban than vdi nhdm va ciing vdi nhdm thdng nhit ket qua hoat ddng Cac nhdm bao cao kel qua boat dgng cua minh trudc ldp va dua vi du de chiing minh eho boat dgng ciia nhdm Budc 3: Cung ed quy tac, phuong phap GV thiet ke eac boat dgng ciing cd quy tac, phuang phap giiip HS nam chac ban kien thiic vira hinh GV cd the thiet ke cac phieu hge tap vdi cac bai tap Uac nghiem khach quan van dung quy tac, phugng phap de kiem tra miic dd van dung quy tae, phugng phap va su linh boat qua trinh van dung ciia HS Ngoai ra, GV td chuc cho HS boat ddng van dung quy lae, phugng phap vao giai quyet cac van de Ihuc lien Nhirng lieu y thuc hien bien phdp - Qua trinh KT tri Ihiic phii phii hop vdi trinh nhin thiic va kha nang lu ciia HS - GV can Id chiic cac hoat ddng cho HS ty KT tri Ihiie mdi ve cac quy tae va cac phuong phap da hinh Vi du minh hoa: Day bai "Dien tich hinh tam gidc "[2] tren ca sa van dung ly thuyet KT Budc I: Hinb quy lac, phucmg phap GV Id chue cho HS hoai dgng nhu sau: Cho hai hinh lam giac bang nhau, GV yeu cau HS cat ghep hai hinh tam giac hinh chii nhal HS thyc hanh cat ghep theo hinh ve Tran Nggc Bich vd I Tap chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE GV giup HS hinh cdng thiic tinh dien lich hinh tam giac qua hoat dgng cat ghep hinh Dua vao kien thiic da cd, HS biet duge cdng thiic dien tich ciia hinh chii nhat ABCD ia BC X AB - BC X EH Tu do, HS dua dy doan ctia minh ve cdng thiic tinh dien tich ciia hinh tam giac HS thao luan nhdm va thdng nhit du doan, dua vi du kiem chiing de trinh bay trudc Idp Cac nhdm tranh luan va thdng nhit quy lac GV chdt lai quy tic va cdng thiic linh dien lich hinh lam giac Budc 2' Thyc hanh sii' dung quy lie, phuong phap GV td chiic cho HS Ihyc hanh su dung quy tac, phuong phap vao giai cac bai tip sach giao khoa dudi dang hoat ddng ca nhan hoac boat dgng nhdm GV ciing cd the dua eac md hinh ciia hinh tam giac yen ciu HS do dai eanh day, dudng cao va tinh dien tich Buoc 3: Ciing cd quy tac, phuang phap GV Id chiic hoan thien va ciing cd quy tac cho HS thdng qua bai tip khac sau kien Ihiic cho HS Chang ban: "Cho hinh binh lam giac ABC, cd chieu eao bang ^ canh day Biel tdng dai ciia canh day va chieu cao la 35 m Tinh dien tich hinh tam giac do?" GV cho HS lien he thyc tien cude sdng, ehang ban: Tim dimg cd hinh tam giac va tinh dien lich hinh tam giac dd Bien phdp 3: To chirc hoat dpng KT DH gidi todn Muc dich cua bien phdp Bien phap duge xay dyng nham mue dieh: Giiip HS biel lim ldi Idi giai va Irinh bay bai giai; Ren luyen kha nang lu duy, kha nang lap luan cho HS Cdch Ihuc hien bien phap Budc I: Tim hieu bai toan Bai loan gdm: Nhung dir kien la nhung cai da cho, da biet Irong bai loan, nhirng an sd la nhiing cai ehua biel va phai tim GV dat ciu hoi giup HS nam duge ngi dung ciia bai toan Budc 2: Lap ke hoach giai GV Ihiet ke cac boat dgng giup HS dua bai toan ve dang quen thugc (quy la ve quen) bang each huy ddng kien thiic, ki nang da ed kinh nghiem de xem xel bai tgan Ngoai 186 120(06): 183-18 ra, GV cd thS thiet k^ he thdng cau hdi giiip HS hinb each giai bai toan, biet van dung cac phuang phap giai da biet de thuc hien giai Budc 3: Trinh bay bai giai Trinh bay bai giai la qua trinh hoan thien ldi giai mdt bai loan Sau tien hanh tun hieu ndi dung bai loan, Ihyc hien lap ke hoach giai loan, tien den viec thyc hien trinh bay bai giii Budc 4: Kiem Ira va nghien ciiu Idi giai Viec nghien ciiu ldi giai edn cho phep HS nhin lai xem da xel diy dii cac Irudng hgp co the xay ciia bai toan hay chua, nhat la cac bai toan cd lien quan den nhung ddi lugng hay quan he cd nhieu nang xay Bang each din luyen tap cho HS thdi quen nhin nhan van de mdt each kha toan dien, theo nhieu khia canh, tranh phien dien, hdi hot GV cd the yen ciu tim each giai khae eho bai loan de giiip phat trien lu duy, kha nang lim loi, kham pha ciia HS Nhirng luu y tiin hdnh biin phdp - GV td chiic cac hoat ddng giiip HS suy nghT va tu tim ldi giai cho bai toan - GV giiip cho HS hieu ro de bai ciia bai toan va phai phin loai duge dang cua bai toan Vidu minh hoa Vi dii: Lite gia mot xe to ditirA din Bv&i van tdc Id 50 km/gia Liic gia 30 phiit mgl xe du lich di tie B din A v&i van tdc Id 65 km/gia Hoi hai xe gap liic mdy gid? Biet quang duang tic A din B ddi 420 km Budc 1: Tim hieu de bai GV yeu cau HS dpc kT bai loan va tra ldi cau hdi Chang han: - Bai toan cho biet gi? (Liic gid sang mgl xe Id di tir A den B vdi van loc la 50 km/gid Luc gid 30 phiit mpt xe du lich di tir B den A vdi van tdc la 65 km/gid Quang dudng tir A den B dai 420 km) - Bai loan hdi gi? (Hai xe gap liie may gig?) GV yeu cau HS ldm tai bai loan Budc 2: Lip ke hoach giai GV dua he thdng cau hdi giiip HS xac dmh duge ke hoach giai bai loan Ching han: Tran Ngoc Bich vd Dtg Tap chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE + Xe to xuat phat tir liic miy gid? gid + Xe du lich xuat phat tir liic may gid? gid 30 phiit + Thdi gian xe td di tit A dSn B trudc xe du lich tii B den A da biet chua? Chua bi6t + Muon lim thdi gian xe to di tir A ddn B trudc xe du lich dl lit B den A ta lam nhu the nao? + Muon biet thdi gian gid 30 phiit thi xe to di duge bao nhieu quang dudng thi phai lam nhu the nao? + Muon biet khoang each giiia hai xe xe du lich bat dau di tii B ta tam nhu the nao? +Mu6n biet moi gid ca hai xe di duge bao nhieu quang dudng ta phai lam nhu the nao? + Thdi gian de hai xe gap ke tir Iiic gid 30 phiit la bao lau? + Bai loan thugc dang toan nao? Budc 3: Trinh bay ldi giai HS neu cac budc linh, cd nhan xet, bd sung Sau dd yeu cau HS Irinh bay bai giai Budc 4: Kiem Ira va nghien ciiu ldi giai HS ty kiem tra kel qua va nil kinh nghiem HS suy nghi va ty dat cau hdi: Cach giai tihu v|y da ngan ggn chua ? Cd each giai nao ngan hon khdng? Cdn each nao niia khdng? , KET LUAN DH theo thuyll KT se gdp phin phat trien nang lye tim tdi, kham pha, nang lyc giai quyet van de, tu toan hgc, cho HS Tuy nhien, DH, GV can van dung linh hoat cac bien phap cho dat hieu qua cao 120(06): 183-18 Hoc sinh Giao vien 7gid 30 phiit - gid =1 gid 30 phut Doi gid 30 phiit = - gid 50 X - = (km) 420 - 75 - 345 (km) 50 + 65 = 115 (km/h) : 1 - (gid) Toan chuyen dong deu nhat, gdp phin ning cao chit lugng DH mdn Toan trudng lieu hpc Cae bien phap duge de xuat la phii hgp vdi thye tien giao due, van dung duge vao qua trinh DH mdn Toan g cac ldp cudi cap lieu hge TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Bo Giao due va Dao tao (2007), Todn 4, Nha xuat ban Giao dye Bo Giao due va Dao tao (2007), Todn 5, Nha xuat ban Giao dye Pham Sy Nam (2013), Ndng cao hiiu qud dgy hgc mgt sd khdi niem gidi lich cho hoc sinh trung hoc thdng chuyin todn tren ca sd van dgng ly thuyit kien tao, Luan an Tien si Khoa hgc Giao due, Dai hgc Vinh Trin Nggc Bich vd Dtg Tap chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE 120(06): 183 - SUMMARY RAISING EFFECTTVE TEACHING OF M A T H IN F I N A L G R A D E IN P R I M A R Y S C H O O L B A S E D ON CONSTRUCT T H E O R Y IMPLICATION T r a n Ngoc Bich*, T r a n Thi Ngoc Anh, Ngo Thi Duyen, Dinh Thi Huong, P h a m Thi Nhung, Lai Thi T h u Thuy College of Education - TNU Applying the theory of constmct in general teaching, teaching math in particular will conUibute to develop the capacity to learn and improve teaching effectiveness Through learning activities, pupils construct knowledge themselves under the direction and orientation of teachers In particular, for the end of primary school classes (grades 4, 5), the training for pupils having creativity, collaboration capabilities, the ability to self-learning, self- smdy, is necessary For this reason, we propose a number of measures to contnbute to improving the effectiveness of teaching math at the end of primary school classes base on construct theory Keyword: Primary EducationMathemalics, Primary Education, leaching mathematics, construct, construct teaching Ngdy nhdn bdi: 12/5/2014 Ngdyphdn biin-26/5/2014; Ngdy duyet dang: 09/6/2014 Phdn bien khoa hoc: TS Trdn Viet Cudng - Truang Dgi hgc Supham - DHTN Tel 0904 321939, Emad: bichtransptn@gmail.com ...Tran Nggc Bich vd Dtg Tap ehi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE mdt sd bien phap nang cao hieu qua DH mon Toan d Idp 4, ldp tren co sd van dung ly Ihuygt KT Biin phdp 1: DH khdi niem... qua boat dgng cua ban than vdi nhdm va ciing vdi nhdm thdng nhit ket qua hoat ddng Cac nhdm bao cao kel qua boat dgng cua minh trudc ldp va dua vi du de chiing minh eho boat dgng ciia nhdm Budc... dgng nhdm GV ciing cd the dua eac md hinh ciia hinh tam giac yen ciu HS do dai eanh day, dudng cao va tinh dien tich Buoc 3: Ciing cd quy tac, phuang phap GV Id chiic hoan thien va ciing cd quy