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JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OF HNUE Educational Sci 2014, Vol 59, No 2 pp 177 184 This paper is available online at http //stdb hnue edu vn DAY HOC TIENG VIET CHO NGUCJINU6C NGOAI GAN V 6 l DAC TRUNG VAN HOA N[.]
JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OF HNUE Educational Sci 2014, Vol 59, No pp 177-184 This paper is available online at http://stdb.hnue.edu.vn DAY HOC TIENG VIET CHO NGUCJINU6C NGOAI GAN V l DAC TRUNG VAN HOA NGUCtl VIET Nguyen Chf Trung Khoa Ngit vdn, Trudng Dai hpc SUpham Hd Ndi Tdm tat Van hda va ngon ngfl c6 lien he chat che va khong the tach rdi Ngdn ngfl la phUdng lien chuyen chd van hda va van hda chfla dUng ngdn ngfl Ngon ngfl va viin tu la kit tinh ciia van hoa dan loc, van hda nhd ngon ngfl va van tu de dflpc iifu truyin vao lUdng lai, nen van hoa nao cung nhd vao ngon ngfl de phat trien, Mudn sfl dung tot mot ngoai ngfl cin phai nim difdc van hda ciia dan loc sfl dung thfl tilng do, Chinh vi vay day tilng Viet cho ngifdi nfldc ngoai can phai gan vdi dac trUng van hda ciia ngifdi Viet, Tit khda: Van hda, ngdn ngfl, day hoc tilng Viet, Md dau Co the thiy rang thbi gian vfla qua, vin dl ngdn ngfl va van hda da Idi cudn manh me sfl chu y cua cac nha ngdn ngfl hpc Viet Nam Da cd rit nhieu cac nghien cflu cijng nhfl Ciic cudc hdi Ihao vl van de nay, dd cac nha Viet ngfl hpc da chii y den nhflng dac trflng van hda dan tpc eua tilng Viet Irong viee nghien cflu ngfl nghTa cfla tfl, ngfl, phfldng ngfl, tfl vit ngdn ngfl giao liep b ngflbi Viet Cac nha nghien cflu deu cho rang ngdn ngfl dan tpc la mdt bd phan cua nln van hda dan tdc, ngdn ngfl la mdt nhflng phfldng tien bieu hien dac trflng cua van hda dan tpc, gifla ngdn ngfl va van hda cd mdi quan he tae ddng qua lai lin Theo Trin Ngpc Them, mdi quan he bp phan - toan the gifla hai ddi tfldng ngdn ngfl va van hda din din quan he tfldng hd gifla hai phin ngdn ngfl va van hda hpc Ngdn ngfl cd the giup gi cho viec xay dflng van hda hpc li thuylt va ngfldc lai [9; 11] Khao sat nhflng chflng tich ed lien quan den ngdn ngfl va van hda GS Nguyen Tai Can cd cdng trinh Mpl sd chflng tfch ngdn ngfl, van tfl va van hda Trinh Kim Ngpc tfl gdc dp nghien cflu ve ngfldi ndi chung da cho rang khdng the nhien cflu ngflbi vii van hda neu bd qua ngdn ngfl cfla hp [4; 42-50J Ng^iy nhan bar 17/10/2014 Ngay nhan dang: 3/1/2014 Lien he" Nguyen Chi Trung e-mail: lrungncdhsp@gmail.com Nguyen Chi Trung Van de ngon ngii va viec day tiSng Viet tif lau da dtioc dong dao moi ngtldi quan tam, Trong finh hinh ddi mfli nen kinh te Men thi vin de ngoai ngii va tieng Viet cang duac chu y nghien cilu va phat trien Nhu ciu hoc tieng Viet xu the hoi nhap cang phat trien Viec day tilng Viet cho ngudi ntrdc ngoai da dUOc md rong d nhieu Khoa tieng Viet - Van hoa Viet, Khoa Ngon ngii, Khoa Ngir van, Trung tam Ngon ngii va Van hoa Viet nhigu trUtJng Dai hoc Theo co nhieu bo giao trinh day tieng Viet cho ngUdi nudc ngoai dbi nhU: Giao trinh day tieng Viet cho ngudi nildc ngoai cua tac gia Nguyen Viet HUdng, Nxb Dai hoc Ha Npi; Giao trinh day tieng Viet cho ngudi nitdc ngoai ciia tac gia Doan Thien Thuat, Nxb The gidi Tuy nhien qua khiio sat chting toi thay cac bo giao trinh cdn it chu y din vin dl van hda ngUdi Viet day hoc tieng Viet Chiing ta biet rang trinh siit diing mdt ngdn ngC nhii mot ngoai ngii (kha nang nghe, ndi, doc, viet) duoc quyet dinh bang hai ylu td: su am hieu ve ngdn ngii dd va sU hieu ve ngdn ngii dd va su hieu bilt vl kiln thiic van hda bdi canh ciia ngdn ngii dd Su khac biet ve dc tham mi, each tu duy, dac tning tam li va tap quan ciia tilng dan tdc, each giai thich va dien dat cCing mdt sii vat ciing se khac IVIdt ngUdi da nam ducfc nhiing kien thtic ngdn ngii ma khdng giai thich thda dang dUdc ngoai ngii la vi hp khdng cd dii kiln thiic ve bdi ciinh ngdn ngii dd Theo giao su Biii Khanh Thi, viec day tilng Viet cho ngitdi ntidc ngoiii cin phiii chti y den phifdng dien van hda - ngdn ngii cua tilng Viet cung nhif tieng me dii cua hoc vien, viec day ding Viet cin dtidc quan niem nhu day mpt ngdn ngii thti hai cho hpc vien [5; 43-48] 2.1 Noi dung nghien cu'u Hanh dong ngon ngi! - hirdng dan sii dung hanh dong ngon ngft gan v6i dac trung van hoa ngitoi Viet Khi hpc mdt ngdn ngit thi viec niim dudc ttf ngii, ciu triic ngii phap ctia ngdn ngii dd chi la dieu kien cin de stl dung ngdn ngii dd Sti diing ngdn ngii dd d dau, vdt ai, nhu thi nao, hay ndi each khac la nam dupc van hda sti dung mdi lit dieu kien dii de dung ngdn ngii dd hieu quii nhit Do dd day tieng Viet cho ngudi nUdc ngoai ben canh viec cung cip nghia tii ngO va ciu triic ngii phap ciia ding Viet cin cung cip cho ngUdi hpc each sif dung hanh ddng ngdn ngii gin vdi dac tning van hda ciia ngUdi Viet 2.1.1 Ldi chao Ngifdi Viet rit coi trpng ldi chap, ldi chao bieu hien phong each ngitdi, bieu hien ne nep gia dinh, thuin phong ml tiic ciia tiing dia phuong cung nhu ctia ca dan tdc Viet Nam Trpng tilng Viet tit "chao" thudng di vdi til "hdi" va tif "mdi", each chao hdi, chao mdi d mdi dia phifdng cd mdt phong tuc khac, lai cdn le thudc vao doi tifpng difdc chiio va phong each ngitdi chao Ngifdi Viet Nam cd thdi quen chao bang each hdi, hdi de chao: Ong di ddu ddy? Bdc dn cam chua? Bd khde khdng? Hdi ma khdng cin nghe cau tra ldi, nhifng nlu khdng chap hdi thi dieu lanh nhat, khinh ngifdi Khi tra ldi, ngiidi ta cd the dap lai mot each khdng dich xac, hoac khdng tra ldi Ngudi hoi hoan toan 178 Day hoc tieng viet cho ngudi mfdc ngodi gdn vdi ddc intng vdn hda ngudi Viel hai long vdi nhflng cau tra ldi kieu: "Tdi di ddng mdt ti" hoac tra ldi bang each hdi lai mpt cau khac chang ban vdi cau hdi: Bdc dang ldm gi day?, cd the tra ldi: Vdng, chu di ddu ddy? Chao mbi ludn di doi vdi nhau: Can phan biet mdi thflc sfl hay mbi de thay ldi chao Vf du hanh khach tren bai chile thuyen di dpc sdng, ngfldc chilu cflng mbi an cdm, Ibi mbi hoan canh ehi thuin tfly la Idi chao Ldi chao bieu hien phong each ngflbi, bieu hien ne nep gia dinh, thuin phong mi tue cua tflng dja phfldng eung nhfl cua ca dan toe Viet Nam Chao bdi cua ngflbi Viet the hien rat rd truyen thdng van hda dan tpc nhfl tdn trpng ngfldi gia, kinh trpng thiy cd, coi trpng cac mdi quan be xa hpi Xet theo quan he giao liep theo ludi tac thi ngflbi tre chao ngfldi gia trfldc, iheo dia vi xa hdi thi ngfldi cd dia vi thip chao ngfldi cd dia vi cao trfldc, theo tfnh chat quan be giao tiep thi chu chao khach trfldc Neu lam mdt phep so sanh vdi tieng Anh ta se thiy ngfldi Anh chao rat khac Ldi chao liing Anh ddn gian va mang linh khudn miu Dd la nhflng ldi chao theo thbi gian: Good morning, good afternoon, good evening Ngfldi Anh chao cung bil'u Id sfl than thilt giao tilp di cung Ibi chao la cac cfl cbi than thien nhfl bat tay, dm hdn Trong tilng Viet thi khdng cd Idi chao ehung, ldi chao bao gid cung gin vdi mdt ddi tfldng cu the, hoan canh cu the, in dam dau an van hda truyen thdng 2.L2 Lam quen Ngfldi Au-My dl eao chuyen rieng tfl cua ngflbi, coi nhfl bit khii xam pham, nhil Ui vl Ihu nhap, ludi tac cua phu nfl Ngfldi phfldng Tay liim quen thfldng khen Ire dep, quin ao hdp thbi trang, hoac ndi chuyen vl the thao, thbi liet Ngfldi Viet Nam thi cd thdi quen tim hieu, quan sat vii danh gia ngfldi minh tilp xuc Tudi tac, que quan, trinh dp van hda, dia vi xa hpi, cdng viec dang lam, mflc thu nhap ca nhan tinh trang gia dinh (bd me cdn hay mat, da ed gia dinh chfla, da cd eon chfla, trai hay gai, , , ) la nhflng dilu ludn dfldc quan tam va dat cau hdi cho ngflbi ddi dien qua trinh giao tilp cua ngfldi Viet Nam Dac diem van hda ngflbi Viet la tinh cdng ddng cao eua ngfldi Viet Nam Vdi tam ti nhfldng nhm trpng sfl hda thuan Ngfldi Viet Nam lam quen rit it gidi thieu vl minh dac biet la nhflng ngfldi cd vi tri xa hdi Chung la thfldng nhan dfldc thdng lin vl ngflbi A ngflbi B gidi thieu va ngfldc lai 2.1.3 Tiifxurngho Sd Ifldng tfl xflng hd tilng Viet rit phong phu, tinh ll va phflc tap Theo GS Trin Ngpc Them tbi tilng Viet cd tdng eong tren 60 tfl xflng hd Sfl dung nd thi niio de the hien la ngflbi cd van hda giao tilp la khdng ddn gian Khi sfl dung tfl xflng hd tilng Viet ein Iflu y: sfl dung tfl xflng hd lich sfl, dung vai giao lilp le phep, diing hoan ciinh ndi nang, dung mdi quan he than - sd gifla ngfldi ndi va ngflbi ddi Ihoai Tfl xflng hd phu thudc viio vai giao tilp va hoan canh giao tilp Mdt ngfldi cd the ddng nhieu vai khiic nhflng hoan canh giao tilp khac Tfl xflng bd tieng Viet ngoai cac dai lfl nhan xflng nhfl: tdi lao, id, may, nd ban; chung tdi chflng tao chung td chung nd, bpn tao bpn ban edn cd mdt sd Ifldng 179 Nguyen Chi Trung Idn cac danh tfl chi lien he hp hang nhfl: anh - em, ba - chau, chfl - chau cau - chau, bac - chau De thay the cho dai tfl nhan xflng va nhflng danb tfl cd xu hfldng lin at cac dai tfl nhan xflng Cung lilp xfle mpt ngflbi, ngfldi Viet cd the dung cac cap tfl xflng hd khac nhfl: anh - tdi, anh - em, dng - tdi, may - tao theo tflng trflbng bdp Vi dy cung mpl cap ddi ihoai, luc d trflbng hpc thi ngfldi gpi ngfldi la thay, nhflng ve nha thi lai gpi la chu, vi ngfldi thiy chinh la chu rudt (hoac chfl ho) cfla ngfldi Khi day tilng Viet cho ngflbi nflde ngoai cin cd sfl so sanh cho Ihiy sfl tfldng ddng gifla cac ngdn ngfl, ddng thbi cung ehi nhflng dieu khac biet chi cd d tilng Viet Vi du tilng Anh cd lfl grand child (chau), nephew (chau trai), niece (chau gai); tilng Viet chau (trai, gai) chi ngfldi the he sau, nhflng khdng phai la con, bao gdm: cfla anh, cua chi, cua em, cua eon Nhflng eau hdi Em cd mdy chdu roi? thi chau lai lii eon; hay eau: Chdu ddu ddm ndi tbithi chau lai chfnh lii ban than ngfldi ndi Xflng hd tilng Viet cdn rat nhilu dieu da dang va phflc tap Trong khudn khd bai vilt chung tdi chi de cap din mdt sd dae diem cd ban de sfl giup viec sfl dung tfl Xflng hd phu hdp vdi van hda Viet, bdi canh xflng hd luon bil'u Id dac irflng tam li nip suy tfl va van hda dan tdc 2.2 Mot vai phtfdng tien ngon ngu" the hien sti ton kinh va Ijch su" La mdl nflde ndng nghiep cd tfnh cdng ddng cao, ngfldi Viet Nam rat coi irong giao tilp va danh gia cao vai trd cua giao tiep vi giao tiep lao nen sfl hiii hda cac mdi quan he Giao liep quan Irpng din mflc lfl xfla ngflbi Viet da liy nd lam lieu chuan danh gia ngflbi: Vdng thi thi'f lifa thif thau Chudng keu thu tieng, ngudi ngoan ihu ldi Ngay lfl nhd tre em da dfldc day ve each iin ndi Ie phep theo chuan mflc xa hpi vi ngfldi Viel Nam coi Ie dp la lieu chuan diu tien cua ngflbi ed hpc, cd van hda Ve each thflc giao tilp, ngflbi Viet Namflasfl te nhi, y tfl vfla trpng tinh cam, vfla trpng hda Ihuan Trong giao tilp ngfldi Viet sfl dung rit nhilu nhflng phfldng lien ngon ngfl the hien sfl ton kinh va lich sfl mang ban sac van hda rieng cua dan tpc Viel Nam, Ngflbi nflde ngoai hpc tilng Viet can phai Iflu y den dac diem de tranh viec vi pham cac nguyen tac lich sfl giao tilp A Ddng nhfl Nhat, Tay Tang ed hinh ibflc ndi va vilt ton kinh ddi vdi nhflng bae tu himh, lanh dao,., Hinh ihflc dfldc biln cai vao ngdn ngfl d Viel Nam va Trung Qudc dung nhflng tfl ngfl dat them de bay td long quy trpng Vi du: tien sinh, tiln bdi, huynh irfldng, dan anh ,, Rieng d Viet Nam ed nhflng lfl dung de biiy id Idng kinh trpng vdi ngfldi hdn minh ve tudi tac, hpc van tfl tfldng, dia vi xa hdi Vi du: Ihfla kinh trinh, bam (tfl cfl) d diu cau va *'a" d cudi eau Ngflbi Viet Nam lfl xflng thi khiem nhfldng cdn gpi ddi ifldng giao lilp vdi minh thi tdn kinh Vdi ngfldi ngang hang thi xflng la ldi td, lao, minh , vdi ngfldi Iren tbi xflng la em, con, chau , vdi ngflbi dfldi thi xflng la anh/chi, cd/chii, dng/ba, bac Viec Idn trpng, de cao din den tuc kieng ten rieng Ten rieng xfla khdng phai Iii cai dung de gpi nhau, gpi ten rieng nhit la gpi ten 180 Day Iwc tieng viet cho ngifiti mfdc ngodi gdn vdi due tntng vdn hda ngudi Viet bd me la mpt sfl xuc pham - ngflbi ta chi ldi ten bd me chfli Ngay viec gpi ten rieng eua la chip nhan dfldc nhflng goi ten bd me van la dieu tuyet ddi cam kj Chfnh vi kieng ten rieng nen dat ten eon khdng dfldc phep trung vbi ten ngflbi be tren hp hang cung nhfl hang xdm xung quanh Trong tieng Viet viec sfl dijng tfl ngfl Hch sfl cung khac hoan toan vdi ngfldi phfldng tay Chflng ta khdng cd nhflng tfl cam dn, xin ldi khai quat cd the dung eho til ca cac trfldng hdp Mdi trfldng hdp cam dn, xin ldi kbac ta dung tfl ngfl khac Vf du: Cam dn dfldc quan tam: anh (chi) chu ddo qud.' anh tot qua.': Cam dn dfldc giup dd: em dutic nhu hdm tdt cd Id nhd thdy.'; Cam dn dfldc khen: Chj qud khen.'; Cam dn kbi nhan qua: xin cd.', chdu xin bdc.'; Xin ldi lam hdng: tdi vd y qud, tdi nhd lay, mong anh thdng cdm hd qua di cho, Khi chao ngflbi Viet Nam cung cd nhflng cau chao rieng cho tflng ddi tfldng, tflng hoan canh Vi du den chdi nha ngfldi khac liic den cd the dung: Chdu chao bdc.', Chdu chao hd! ve cung cd the dung nhflng cau nhfl vay bdac cd the ndi khae: Xin phep bdc chdu ve!; Bdc nghi, clidu xin phep ve a! chao ngflbi vl sau minh: Bdc d lai chai, chdu ve!, Chdu xin phep ve trudc a!, 2.3, Y nghTa b i e u trurng c u a c u a n g h e t h u a t n g o n tuf Viet N a m Nhflng ndi dung chung tdi de cap d muc I va II lien quan den qua trinh tao lap Ibi ndi Mdl boat dpng giao dep diy du cdn gdm ea viec linh hdi y nghia ben cua eac van ban ndi va vilt, Viee ITnh hdi ngdn ngfl gan vdi kien thflc van hda ma cu the la y nghia bieu trflng cua ngdn ngfl va hit sflc quan Theo chflng ldi day tieng Viet cho ngfldi nflde ngoai khdng the bd qua viee eung cap cho ngfldi hpe y nghia bieu trflng cua ngdn ngfl Viet 2.3.1 Cach siJf diing so cua ngfldi Viet Nam Ngdn ngfl nao cung ed sd dim, nhflng cd nhflng sd cd biim nghia dac biet Con sd khdng cd gi thin bi, nd ehi ed chflc nang djnh Ifldng hay chi thfl lfl cu the, chinh xac khoa hpc lfl nhien, nhflng tfl eho sung bai linh vat vl ngdn ngfl ngflbi ta di din sung biii ve sd Ngfldi ta eho ring cd nhflng sd mang lai diim limb, may man ed nhflng sd mang lai sfl xui xeo Theo Gac - cd viec sfl dung cac sd mdi ngdn ngfl khdng hoan toan gidng nhau, chang ban sd dfldc dung nhilu nhil irong tilng Nga la sd "bay", tilng Phap la sd "bdn" nhflng tilng Viet lai la eae sd "mdl"', "ba" [8,; 4J, Dilu niiy chac chin an chfla nhilu dae die'm van hda - tham mi ddc diio lfl each cam, each nghl den ldi ndi, ldi tfl cua tflng dan tpc Khi giiing day lilng Viet cho ngfldi nfldc ngoai cin chu y din nhflng chi till nhd nhflng lai dem lai gia tri Idn de tfl dd dem lai cho hp sfl hieu bilt sau sic vl ngdn ngfl vii van hda Viet tranh dfldc nhflng hieu lam Irong giao tilp Chung la phai dat viee sfl dung Ciic sd cua ngfldi Viet sfl ddi chieu vdi viec sfl dung cac sd cua mot sd dan ldc khac (ii cac nfldc phfldng Tay sd 13 dfldc coi la sd xiu, ngfldi ta ludn kieng vii Ian tranh sd niiy Nhii ting khdng cd ting 13, benh vien khdng cd giflbng 13, tren may bay, xe Ifla khdng cd sd 13 CJ Nhat ngflbi ta lai kieng sd 4, vi tieng Nhiit sd dpc len Nguyin Chl Trung nghe gin nhfl chit (Xi = tfl, xi = tfl) Vi thi d nhilu benh vien d Nhat khdng cd ting sd 4, phdng sd 4, giflbng sd Tieng Trung Qudc eung vay, tfl dpc len theo phfldng ngfl nao dd nghe ciing gin gidng tfl, nen nhilu ngflbi cung tranh dung sd "Ngifdi Viet rdtjhich diing nhifng can sd Cho nen ndi tii phia mudn mdu, trdm phuang ngdn ke thi de nghe [3; 174] CJ Viet Nam sd 13 cung khdng dflbc fla han ndi tdt cd cdc phia, tdtcdcdcmdu" Ihich, tfl Xfla da cd eau "mung nam, mflbi bdn, hai ba di chdi cdn Id nfla la di buon" Hien cae nha cao ting ngflbi la cung dat ten la tang 12 A, 12 B de tranh di tang sd 13 Gin day anh hfldng cua Trung Qudc ngfldi Viet cung thich sd sd Bat dpc ien gin nhfl phat (tai) Iuc dpc Ien nhfl ldc Mdi eon sd deu an chfla minh nhflng ham nghia dae biet Trong khudn khd bai vilt chflng ldi ehi xin ndi din y nghia cua sd "mdt" Sd "mpt" dfldc ca ngflbi phfldng Tay va phfldng Ddng quan niem la bieu Ifldng eua ban nguyen, ban the chfl dpng, sang lao, Iii trung lam cua vu tru, la tam diem thin bi de trf tue cd the tda sang nhfl mdl ving mat trdi Theo dd mpi dang bieu hien dlu bat ngudn tfl "mdt", va rdi lai trd vl "mdt" cupc sdng phu du chim dflt Theo Kinh dieh, cai nhit the nguyen thuy (Thai cflc) lfl phan cflc, phan hda am va dfldng, tfl sinh mpi sfl vai, hien tfldng eua Ihl gidi vat chit cung nhfl thi gidi tinh thin Trong Dao dflc kinh, Lao Tfl vilt: "Dao sinh nhdt nhdt sinh nhi, nhi sinh lam, tam sinh van vdl" Ndi each kbac, "nhil" chfnh la "dao", la ban nguyen sfl vat Thdi Hi Lap cd dai, sd "mdl" dfldc bieu thi If linh, Iinh hdn ban the, "mdt" la tdi ed ban Ia sfl md diu, cac eon sd khae dlu lfl "mpt" ma A-ri-xtot da ndi: "mdl Id nguyen tdc thif nhdt duac tao thdnh tif sd le Idn so chdn, cd khd ndng tao so le vd sd chdn " [7; 18] Ddi vdi viin hda Viet, sd "mdl" cd nhieu y nghTa ddc dao Sd "mdl" Iii sd Ihieng lieng Irong Ciic nghi ll va phong tuc gan vdi vdng dbi Khi tre dflpc mdt thang, ngflbi ta lam ll diy thang de cung la mfldi hai ba mu, cung thd cdng va eung gia tien Khi tre trdn mdt tuoi thi Ie cung day nam se dfldc coi Irpng hdn ea Le cdn gpi la le thdi ndi "ddnh ddu viec chuyen chd ndm cua diia ire tif cdi ndi sang cdi giudng cho phii hap vdi giai doan phdt tnen sinh hpc mdi dita tre" [2; 179] Sd "mdt" van hda Viet Nam edn the hien rit rd net qua tam li dac biet coi trpng mdng mpt diu nam, diu thang Ngflbi Viet coi dd la thdi diem Ihieng lieng nhit, la "khdi diu cua mpi sfl khdi dau" Sang mdng mdt Tel, gia dinb nao cung lam cdm cflng thd cdng, gia lien (gpi la le chinh diin) vdi long kinh thieng lieng va fldc mong ve mpl nam mbi tdt dep, hanh phuc Nhilu tuc le truyen thdng dac sac dien vao nhfl tue xong dil, tuc xuit hiinh hai Ipe, tuc di ll chua, tuc di ganh nflde diu nam va eung khdng il dilu kieng ki de Iranh cho ca nam xui xeo, mit ldc nhfl kieng quel nha, kieng vay tiln kieng ddi nd, kieng xin lfla, kieng dd vd, kieng khde than, kieng an thit chd, thit vit, ca me Sau liim li kieng ki cua ngfldi Viet cdn dfldc gifl vao dau tien cua mdi thang (mung mdt dau ihang) vdi quan niem "Mong mdl khdng kieng, giu gin cd thdng" 2.3.2 Tiif ngu" tifdng trirng Tfl ngfl Ifldng irflng la cae tfl ngfl cd ham nghia tfldng Irflng van hda, ngoiii viec dinh danh ciic lfl ngfl cdn gdi Ien mdt sfl lien Ifldng nao dd Khi day lieng Viet cho ngflbi nflbc ngoiii chung tdi thilt nghi cin Iflu y din ylu td Y nghia van hda xa hdi cfla tfl Ja 182 Day hpc tieng viet cho ngudi nudc ngodi gdn vdi ddc tntng vdn hda ngifiH Viet nghia bdng an du, tfldng trflng , bieu cam Ngfldi hpc kbi nim dfldc nhflng y nghia dd se sfl dung tilng Viet chfnh xac, chuan mflc, van hda giao tilp Ngflbi Viet tfl nhan minh la rdng chau tien, vi vay tfl "eon rdng" ngoai chflc nang dinh dang la mpl vat khdng cd that, cdn la bieu tfldng cua nha vua thbi xfla va tflbng trflng cua dan tdc Viet Chinh vi vay tilp can van hda, van hpc Viet se thay rdng dfldc xuat hien rit nhieu Iang tam, din, chua milu, tram trd tren ngai vang cua vua chfla thbi xfla, tren tfldng, tren cdng cua cung vua, phu chua Dfldng Tuan Anh bai Nhitng diia ciia rdng da chi mfldi sau bieu trflng khac cua hinh tflbng rdng van hda Viet Cbinh vi rdng la vai linh Ihieng cua ngfldi Viet nen hoang hau mang thai ngfldi ta gpi la mang thai rdng, nha Ly rdi cung chpn mang dit rdng bay len de xay dflng kinh dd mdi Dil Iinh ihieng theo quan niem eua ngflbi Viet phai la the dil rdng cudn hd ngdi, hay Ihe dit ta long hflu bach hd Y nghia cua rdng cua ngfldi Viet gidng vdi ngfldi Trung Hoa nhflng lai khac vdi ngfldi phfldng lay Rdng (Dragon) ddi vdi ngflbi phfldng lay eung la vat huyen thoai nhflng la vat rit ac, ludn lam hai ngifdi Con bd ddi vdi ngflbi Viet la mpt vat ngu ddt, vi vay kbi dung tfl "con bd" cho dd cd nghia am cbi ngflbi dd la ngflbi ngu ddt Ngfldi Viet thfldng ndi: ngu nhfl bd, ddt nhfl bd, diu bd diu bfldu Dilu trai ngfldc vdi ngfldi Trung Qudc, tieng Han ndi ve "con bd vang" (lao hoang ngflu) lii tfldng irflng chi nhflng ngflbi lam viec cin cu, ddng gdp cdng sflc Idn lao vii khdng bao gib khoe khoang De lim chi sfl ngu ddt ngfldi Viet cdn siV dung cae cau nhfl: diu dat, dc ba dau Ngfldi My ndi ve ngfldi kem thdng minh cd cau: dc nhd nhfl bill dau Y nghia cua cac sd vii lfl ngfl tfldng trflng tieng Viet cdn rat nhilu va de hieu thiu diio dfldc tit ca khdng phiii la viec lam de dang ddi vbi ngfldi Viel chfl chfla ndi den ngfldi nfldc ngoai Nhflng thill nghi giang day lilng Viet eho ngflbi nfldc ngoai, ddi vdi mdi trinh dd cin cd sfl giai thich cho ngfldi hpc nhflng Idp nghia an dang sau nhflng sd hay tfl ngfl tfldng Irflng, de ngflbi hpc hieu dfldc van hda viet lfl ndng din sau va sfl dung tilng Viet tdt hdn Ngoai cjie tfl ngfl van hda cdn ril nhieu, nhfl nhflng lfl kieng ki, ngfl, luc ngfl, ca dao, lieng Idng, tfl ngfl chi mau sac Ket luan Day hpc tilng Viet eho ngflbi nfldc ngoai la giiip ngfldi hpc cd kha nang tao nhflng ciu true ngdn ngfl sat dung ve hinh thflc phong phu chinh xac ve nghia vii thich hdp vl mat sfl dung Viec sfl dung tdt tilng Viet ddi hdi khdng chi d ciu true hinh thflc va ngfl nghia, ma khdng kem phin quan la sfl am hieu vl viin hda cua ngflbi Viet Nam Chinh vi vay giang day tilng Viet cho ngflbi nfldc ngoai chflng ta nen chu nhilu hdn nfla viec giang day kiln thfle van hda Dac biet lii lam cho ngflbi hpc bieu dfldc phong luc, tap quiin, sfl dia., cua nfldc minh Hieu van hda Viet Nam, bill each sfl dung lieng Vict viin hda chac chin la muc dich cudi cung mii eac nhii giiio due mudn hpc vien cua minh dat dfldc ... trinh day tieng Viet cho ngUdi nudc ngoai dbi nhU: Giao trinh day tieng Viet cho ngudi nildc ngoai cua tac gia Nguyen Viet HUdng, Nxb Dai hoc Ha Npi; Giao trinh day tieng Viet cho ngudi nitdc ngoai... ngii dd hieu quii nhit Do dd day tieng Viet cho ngudi nUdc ngoai ben canh viec cung cip nghia tii ngO va ciu triic ngii phap ciia ding Viet cin cung cip cho ngUdi hpc each sif dung hanh ddng ngdn... ngfldi thiy chinh la chu rudt (hoac chfl ho) cfla ngfldi Khi day tilng Viet cho ngflbi nflde ngoai cin cd sfl so sanh cho Ihiy sfl tfldng ddng gifla cac ngdn ngfl, ddng thbi cung ehi nhflng dieu