2\^^Mil 30 8 2014 DtjijvaE^ L Sir dung phifofng tien day hpc theo nghla dieu ichlen hgc trong cac nha trifofng ThS HA NGOC THANH CN DAO PHU NGHU Khoa KHXH NV, TrUdng ST quan Bde cdng Theo xu hudng hda[.]
30 8-2014 DtjijvaE^ 2\^^Mil L Sir dung phifofng tien day hpc theo nghla dieu ichlen hgc cac nha trifofng ThS HA NGOC THANH - CN DAO PHU NGHU Khoa KHXH - NV, TrUdng ST quan Bde cdng T heo xu hudng hda nhap vdi cac nha trUdng he thdng giao dye qudc dan hien nay, thi phUdng lien day hpc cde nhd trUdng quan dpi dang ed sy phat trien rat mgnh me Bdi vay, vide sd dung, phdt huy tdt da hieu qua tde dyng phUdng lien day hpc, giup nang cao nhdn thQc, kich thfch hogt ddng tri tue cua hpc sinh hpe tap la van de can thilt ddi vdi mSi giao vien giang day Nhilu phUPng lien dgy hpe hien dai md phdng v l ddi tupng nghien cQu cac nha irudng da xuat hien nhU: Phim dUdng ban vdi may chieu phim; may chieu da nang Projector k i t hpp may tfnh, dau video, phan m i m giangdayvdeae phan m i m trp giup,v.v Cac phUdng tien dgy hpc da gdp phan khdng nhd vao nang cao hieu qua, chat lupng giang dgy cda eac nha trUdng Tuy nhien, vai trd cua gido vien rat quan trpng, bdi dgy hpc theo mye tieu ddi hdi giao vien, can xay dUng va xQ dyng phUdng tien day hpc sac cho, vda tgo dieu kien tdt nhat de ngUdi hpe bdc Id, phat Irien loan dien tiem nang, nang lyc, tinh than ddc lap suy nghT, sang tgo, ma lai de cao dUpe nang lyc ty hpe va biet tac ddng vao ddi tupng d l ty hpc tap, ty kham pha td IhQc Sd dung phUdng tien day hpc theo nghTa dieu khien hpe la phUdng tien lam tang gia tr; lupng tin tdc, Irao ddi thdng tin nhanh, nhieu va hieu qua hdn Nham dieu khiln qua trinh nhdn IhQc cua ngUdi hpc day hpc, c6 nghTa la tgo nen cac lac ddng dieu khien co tlnh loan cho trinh dd {kha nang) nhan thde cua ngUdi hpc biln doi theo mdt quy luat thoa man dupc muc tieu, yeu cau day hpc vdi mQc dd da dupc xae djnh, ma khdng phii thudc vao anh hUdng cua cac tae ddng nhilu, Dieu khiln nhan thde cda ngUdi hpc qua trinh dgy hpc e l n chu y tren ca hai phUdng dien (hai mat cua sy tde ddng) la: Mat thdng tin va mat nang lupng Nhieu khdng ed sy phan dinh rd rdng giQa hai mat nay, se lam anh hudng xdu d i n chat lupng, hieu qua day hoc Trong lao ddng nghe sU pham, ddi hoi ngUdi giao vien phai lam viec bang trach nhiem, sy say me, sang tao tren mpi phupng dien, ma chu yeu id tap trung cho sy gia cang thong tin va gia cdng nang lupng dieu khiin cua cac tae ddng su phgm * Gia eong thong tin: La sy lya chpn ndi dung giang d^y eho ed the giai quyet cai khd eda giai dogn hpe, chfi; Chuyen IQ nhQng tri IhQc lanh hdi dupc sang mat hinh thOc hda eac quan he gida chdng vd kha nang van dyng \y luan vao giai quyet cdc van de cy the, de lam cho kien IhQc them sy phong phd De lam tdt dieu nay, giang dgy gido vien can trach kieu dgy hoe nhdi nhet tri thQc Giang day tiSt se la truyin thy eho ngudi hpc mdt dan khung kiln thiJc theo kilu md hinh, de ngUdi hpc ed the ty hoan thien nOi dung hpe va tay nghi hoat ddng sang tgo cda bin thdn gdn lien vdi sy trai nghiem cua mdi ea nhan Thdng tin Id tae ddng dilu khiln dupc truyen dl nhd vdo nhQng d?! lupng vat ly nhu: Am thanh, dnh sang, mdi vj, cac tinh chat eP hpe, dupc gpi Id nhdng dai lupng "mang" Chi sd cOa nhdng dinh IQdng hay thdng sd eda dai lupng "mang" nhil Am thanh, dieu cua tieng ndi, dp sang, mau saccOa hinh anh; tfnh chat eua vat lieu, xae djnh dp biln ddi cila tac ddng dai lupng truyen di dUdc gpi Id thdng sd d|c trung Trong dd, tin hieu la trang thai quy ude (quy djnh tfl trudc) hay Id sy bien ddi trang thai cda thdng sd dae trUng, phan dnh tin IQc chda dyng tae ddng nhu: Td ngO, cdng thde, chd viet, sP dd, tranh ve, vat thdt, Ddi vdl ngudi, ngoai he thdng tfn hieu thQ nhat gdm: Kfch thich tfl mdi trudng d i n cac gidc quan, ed quan phdn lieh cam gidc, cdn cd he thdng tin hieu thQ hai la he thdng ngdn ngQ Lflt ndi la tin hieu trao ddi, Id "tfn hieu" cda tfn hidu Nhuvdy, phQdng lien dgy hpe vda chda dyng tin tdc, vda quy dinh dang nang lupng de truyen dgt thong tin, tin tde ay NJi dung day hpc, chi cd t h i bieu dat bang phUdng tidn dW hpc Moi khia egnh khae cda ndi dung can duyc bifiu dgt qua eac dgng nang lUdng khac nhU: Ndi dung dW hpc la, cong dyng, eau tgo, nguyen ly hoat ddng eda miy thi: Cdng dyng cda may dUpc giang bang ngdn ngd; elutji cua may can dien dgt bang ngdn ngQ, tranh ve va vdt th$t nguyen ly hoat ddng cua may tai dung ngdn ngd, vdt tb^L md hinh, phim anh, , * Gia eong ning lupng diiu khien: La gia cdng tin hi?H nham tgo nhQng phUPng lien dgy hpc hyp ly, edn thilltf^ truyen dgt tin tQc phd hpp, vdi kha nang truyin tac ddng cfi» D^yvoHpci edc kdnh dilu khiln d i n d i n lam biln ddi trinh nhan IhQc cua ngudi hpe Cae kenh d i l u khien ddy nhQ: Kenh am (nghe), kenh dnh sdng (nhln), kdnh mdi (ngdi), kenh vi (nlm), kenh sue giac (sd md) vd khdng t h i ed duge mpt tdc dp truyen tac ddng Idn y, vi khd nang truyen tde ddng cua cdc kdnh dilu khiln chlcd gidi han Kha ndng truyin tin tde cda mdt kdnh bat ky (tnjyln nhOng tin hidu Ihay doi Hen tyc) vd dQpc Sd ndn bilu dat \'^ thuyet thdng tin bang cdng thde: C = L,log (1 + P/W), L, = U2 Irong do: L Id sd tfn hieu sd cap cd the truyin qua kdnh dilu khien Irong mdt ddn vi thdi gian L, Id mgt dge trung tdng hdp nao dd cda kenh dieu khien, khdng phy thude vdo ndi dung dugc truyin di P Id cudng dd trung binh eua tin hieu, xae dmh nhat bdi sy tieu hao ndng lupng cua kdnh dilu khien dang dUpc sd dyng W Id cudng dp trung binh cua nhilu Kha nang truyin lac ddng cua edc ed quan phan tfch cam giac rieng bidt cd t h i ude lupng dugc tren cd sd nhQng sd lieu sinh ly hpc v l kha nang phan biet va v l thdi gian trung binh can thilt d l nhdn thde chung (tdc la tan xuat eye dgi cua vide thay ddi nhQng lac ddng ben ngoai ma vdi tan xuat dd nhdng tde ddng ed t h i nhan thde dupc mdt each rd rang), Dac bidt, kha nang truyen tin tdc eda edc eP quan phdn tfch cam gidc khae la rat khac nhu: Mat ngUdi vdi dilu kien dnh sang tdt.nhat ed t h i nhgn thde dupc thdng tin vdi tde dp cd elp trigu (hay vdl tridu) ddn vj thap phdn mdt gidy; tai eh? nhan thQc duyc thdng tin vdi tdc dd nhd hdn rdt nhilu, cd d p mdt vdl nghin ddn vi thap phan mdt giay; xuc gidc cd khd ndng nhdn IhQc vdi tdc dd trung binh glQa tai vd mat, Nhung can chQ ^ rang ehled mpt phan khdng Idn ldm thdng lin truyin di bdng cde kenh Id nhan thde dUpe mdt edch ddy dd d bd ndo eon ngQdi Trong mpi trudng hyp, eon ngudi chi cd khd ndng nhdn thQc thdng tin da dUa n l u tdc dp truyen tin khdng vUpt qua khodng 15 ddn vj thap phan mdt giay Ngoai ta khdng phdn bigt duge nhdng tfn hieu md gid trj eda nd qud gan Kha ndng truyen tdc ddng eua cde kdnh dilu khiln bi cdc ngudng cdm gidc vd cac ngudng sai bidt cda nhdng cd quan phan tich cam gidc rang budc nhU' Tai chi phdn bidt dupc giOa dm ndy vdi dm neu ehdng thay ddi khdng nhanh ldm, Vdy ndn, l i t cd cde dm ma eon ngudi ed I h l nghe dQyc phdi ed dd ddi tdi thilu xae dinh Ngudi la ch? ed the phan bl$t dupc mdt sd hQu hgn am khdc ve dm luyng vd dd cao, khdng I h l nh^n bilt duyc nhQng am qud eao, qua thip, qud khe, qud to (ngudng cam gidc) Trdn thye t l ch? phdn bidt dupe sy khde gida eac kieh thfch giQa ehdng cd mOt ti sd chenh Idch tdi thieu v l cUdng dp hay ve tlnh chdt NgUdng cdm giac la khac d moi togi cdm gidc khdc vd d moi ngudi cung khae Song edn cd mdt nguydn nhan can trd vigc phan bigt nhdng tfn hieu g i n nhau, dd Id sy nhilu logn truydn Idc dpng Trong mpi kdnh dilu khiln deu cd sy nhilu logn Nhdng nhilu se Idm sal l$ch cde gia trj cua tin higu dd truyin dl Nhieu gdm hai logi chinh: Kilu tda dp (do mdi trudng ben ngodi smh nhUtilng dn ao Ig, tieng khde cua tre eon, liing xe cd ) vd kilu thdng sd (bilu thj hld,y xudt tilp thu cua ngudi hge thap eae gide quan kem, trang thai than kinh khdng thoa mdi,.,,) Ngoai nhilu ed I h l xudt hien ngudl dgy phdt dm khdng chuan, ndi lap hay phUdng tidn dgy hpc thieu ehinh xdc Mdi kenh dieu khien dUde hiln thi bang mdt "dp dn" nhat dinh, tdc bang dp meo cua tfn hieu nhilu gay ndn D I bleu dgtdupc hieu xult cua kenh can phai nduradd tilng dn eua nd va mpt eon sd ndo day eho thay, kenh cho tin tde dl qua tdi den mdc dd ndo cd tac ddng eda nhilu Ngudl ta quy Ude goi he thQc: K = W/P (nhilu/ tfn hieu) Id dp tieng dn, Cd t h i Idm eho dp dn be di bang edch: Lam cho W giam di; Lam tang P; Lam tang dd du thda eda tin tQe, tQe Id nhae lgi nd, hdi Igi nghi ngd nd sai Trong ea ba trUdng hpp hieu xuat dilu khiln deu dupc ndng cao Nhung each nang eao edng xuat eua tin hieu (P) hao tdn nhilu nang lUdng truyin tae ddng dilu khien NhU vay, d l dilu khiln tdi uu qud trlnh nhdn thde d hpc sinh, ngoai viec gia edng thdng tin, e l n cd sy gla edng nang lupng dieu khien Van de quan lam d ddy la e l n tgo va lya ehpn ldi Uu eae phUdng tten dgy hpe ed kha nang truyen dgt thdng tin eao, giQp hge sinh tilp thu in thde mgt each hidu qua, Giao vien can td chQc hpp ly cac hogt ddng dieu khien hgc qua cac kdnh va bill chin ap nhilu, b i l l phdi hpp nhieu dang nang lUpng va tiet kiem nang lupng (sQc lye) dieu kien nhd gia edng tfn hieu mdt each khoa hpc nhU: Ngdn ngQ ehuan xac, sang; chQ viet rd rang; tranh ve cd mau sac phan biet, tUdng phdn; vdt thgt, md hinh, phim anh smh ddng,.,.Ddng thdi cdn thay ddi edc md truyin tin, nghTa la vdi mpl dgng nang lUpng cdn cd nhQng kilu td hpp tfn hieu khac nhu: Thay ddi elu trdc edu, sd dyng tranh ve, md hinh khde diln dgt edng m^t ndi dung de giup ngUdI hpc de ITnh hpi Neu khdng dat van d l nang lUpng dilu khien dung mQc va khdng bill gia cdng nang lupng se khdng tranh khdi met mdi Irong day hpe ma chat lupng, hidu qua v i n khdng dgt dupe Chdng ta dang ehdng kiln sQ phdt trien mgnh me ehua tdng thay Hch sdlren ITnh vyc khoa hpc-cdng nghe, dd cd sy phdt Iriln vupt bac cda ITnh vyc khoa hgc cdng nghe thdng tin vd truyen thdng, Dieu nay, dd tryc tiep tae ddng mgnh den ITnh vye day - hge (giao dye va dao tgo) d Viet Nam Sy ddi eua nhieu md hinh giao dye mdi - md hinh tri thQc, dd sd dyng may tfnh dupc ket ndi mgng, ma trung tam cda qua trinh d^y - hpc Id nhom thi vai trd cua ngUdi hpc (hpc sinh) la thfch nghi vdi mpi hoan canh va mpi dieu kien, NhU vay, cdng vdi ddi mdi manh me ve npi dung va phUdng phap, t i t y l u phai ddi mdi phUdng lien day hpc Khi cd phUdng tidn dgy hpc thich hdp thi lUpng thdng tin truyen dgt cho ngUdi hpe cung tang len vd thdi gian len Idp cung rut ngdn hdn, ddng thdi ca ngUdi dgy (giao vien) va hpc (hgc smh) d i u giam dupe cdng sQc Irong qua trinh day - hpc NgUdi dgy (gido vien), can ty minh sang tgo, tren nhQng phUdng tien dgy hgc hdp ly, cd kha ndng truyin dgt thdng tin eao va lya chgn, ehuin bi ehu dao, sQ dyng tdi Uu cac phUdng tien d^y • hpe Lam dupe nhu vgy, la thilt thyc ndng eao ehat tupng, higu qua d^y - hpeva gdp phan tgo nen ngudn nhdn lye phd hgp vdi yeu eau phdt triln cda sy nghiep CNH - HDH dat nUde tinh hinh hien ... Idn ldm thdng lin truyin di bdng cde kenh Id nhan thde dUpe mdt edch ddy dd d bd ndo eon ngQdi Trong mpi trudng hyp, eon ngudi chi cd khd ndng nhdn thQc thdng tin da dUa n l u tdc dp truyen tin... nguydn nhan can trd vigc phan bigt nhdng tfn hieu g i n nhau, dd Id sy nhilu logn truydn Idc dpng Trong mpi kdnh dilu khiln deu cd sy nhilu logn Nhdng nhilu se Idm sal l$ch cde gia trj cua tin higu... giam di; Lam tang P; Lam tang dd du thda eda tin tQe, tQe Id nhae lgi nd, hdi Igi nghi ngd nd sai Trong ea ba trUdng hpp hieu xuat dilu khiln deu dupc ndng cao Nhung each nang eao edng xuat eua